> 1. Frá Hringi ok sonum hans.

> Concerning Hringr and his son.

> Of Hringr and his sons.

> 1. About Hringr and his sons (plural).

Of Hring and his sons.

> Hringr hefir konungr heitit, er réð fyrir
> Eystra-Gautlandi.

> A king who ruled over East-Gautland was named Hringr

> Hringer had been named king and ruled over Eastern
> Gautland.

> A king has (present tense) been-called Hringr, who
> had-authority over Eystra-Gautland
> (More-Eastern-Gautland).

A king who ruled over Östergötland (More-Eastern Gautland)
was called Hring.

The Old Norse is a present perfect, <hefir heitit>, but the
sense seems to be best expressed by the English past tense.

> Hann var sonr Gauta konungs, sonar Óðins, er konungr var í
> Svíþjóð ok kominn var utan af Asíam ok frægastar
> konungaættir eru frá komnar hér á Norðrlöndum.

> He was a son of King Gauta, Odin's son, who was king in
> Svithjod and had come out (to Iceland) from Asia and the
> most famous peace between kings of all times had come here
> to the North-lands.

> He was the son of King Gauti, son of Odin, who was king in
> Sweden and had come from abroad from Asia and the most
> reknown royal lines are come from here to Northlands.

> He was (the) son of King Gauti, son of Óðinn, who was king
> in Sweden and was (had) come from-abroad from Asíam and
> (the) most-famous royal-lines (lit: descents of kings)
> here in Scandinavia (lit: north-lands) are (have) come (ie
> descended) from (him, Óðinn?).

He was [the] son of king Gauti, son of Óðin, who was king in
Sweden and had come out of Asia, and [the] most famous
lines of kings here in [the] Northlands are descended from
him.

Yes, the descents referred to are from Óðin.

> Þessi konungr, Hringr, var bróðir Gautreks ins milda at
> faðerni, en móðerni átti hann göfugt.

> This king, Hringr, was brother of Gautrek the Mild of
> paternity, and on his mother's side, he had nobility.

> This king, Hringr, was a brother of Gautrek, the mild, on
> the father’s side, and the mother’s side had nobility.

> This king, Hringr, was (the) brother of Gautrekr the mild
> on by paternity (ie on the father’s side), but (and) he
> had a noble (adj) mother’s-side.

This king, Hring, was brother to Gautrek inn mildi [‘the
gentle’] on the father’s side, and he had a noble maternal
origin.

> Hringr konungr átti Sylgju, dóttur Sæfara jarls af
> Smálöndum; hún var fríð kona ok vel skapi farin.

> King Hringr married Sylgju, daughter of Earl Saefara of
> Smalondum (Small-lands); she was a beautiful woman and
> well tempered. (Z. skap-farinn, pp. disposed, tempered (=
> skapi farinn))

> King Hringr married Sylgja, daughter of Earl Seafarer of
> Smaland, she was a beautiful woman and of a good
> disposition.

> King Hring had (in marriage) Sylgja, daughter of Earl
> Sæfari (Sea-Voyager) of Smálönd (Small-Lands, in Southern
> Sweden); she was a beautiful woman and well tempered (=
> skap-farin).

King Hring married Sylgja, daughter of Sæfari, jarl of
Småland [‘small lands’]; she was a beautiful woman and
good-tempered.

The name <Sylgja> is etymologically identical to <sylgja> 'a
brooch, a buckle'. The name <Sæfari> is etymologically
‘sea-farer’, though if we had only this instance to go on it
could also be <sœfari> 'the slaughterer, sacrificing priest'
(from <sæfa> 'to kill, to slaughter [beasts]’. Fortunately,
there is other evidence for <Sæfari> as opposed to <Sœfari>.

> Bræðr hennar váru þeir Dagfari ok Náttfari.

> Her brothers were Dagfari (Day-traveller) and Nattfari
> (Night-traveller).

> Her brothers were these, Dagfari and Nattfari.

> Her brothers were they, Dagfari (Day-Voyager) and Náttfari
> (Night-Voyager).

Her brothers were Dagfari and Náttfari.

The names are literally ‘day-farer’ and ‘night-farer’.

> Þeir váru hirðmenn Haralds konungs hilditannar, er þá réð
> fyrir Danmörk ok mestum hluta Norðrlanda.

> They were king's men of King Harald "battle-tooth," who
> then ruled over Denmakr and most parts of Nordland
> (North-lands).

> They were king’s men of King Harald battle-teeth? who
> ruled then over Denmark and most parts of Northland.

> They were kingsmen of King Haraldr’s “Battle-Tooth (gen
> sg),” who then had-authority over Denmark and (the)
> greatest part (dat sg) of Scandinavia (North-lands)

They were kingsmen of king Harald hilditǫnn
[‘battle-tooth’], who then ruled over Denmark and [the]
greatest part of the Northlands.

> Þau áttu einn son, er Herrauðr hét.

> They had one son, who was named Herraudr.

> They had one son, who was called Herraudr.

> They (ie Hringr and Sylgja) had one son, who was-called
> Herrauðr.

They had one son, who was called Herrauð.

> Hann var mikill vexti ok fríðr sýnum, sterkr at afli ok
> vel at íþróttum búinn, svá at fáir menn máttu við hann
> jafnast.

> He was large in size and fair of face, strong in physical
> strength and endowed with accomplishments, so that few men
> could call themselves a match with him.

> He had grown very tall and handsome of face, strong in
> power and well prepared in skills such that few men might
> equal him.

> He was large in stature and fair-of-face (lit: beautiful
> to (the) sight), strong of physical-strength, and well
> endowed with skill, so that few men could
> call-themselves-a-match for him.

He was large in stature and fair of face, physically strong
and well endowed with accomplishments, so that few people
could call themselves a match for him.

> Hann var vinsæll af öllum mönnum, en ekki hafði hann mikit
> ástríki af feðr sínum, ok olli þat því, at konungr átti
> annan son frilluborinn, ok unni hann honum meira.

> He was popular among all men, but he wasn't much loved by
> his father, and it was the cause of that: that (the) king
> had another, bastard-born, son, and he loved him more.

> He was beloved of all men, but did not have much affection
> from his father, and for all that, that the king had
> another son born out of wedlock and he loved him more.

> He was popular with all persons (men), but he had not
> great affectionate-tenderness from his father, and that
> was-caused (valda, Z3) by that, that (the) king had
> another son, free-born (ie out of wedlock), and he loved
> him more.

He was popular with everyone, but he was not much loved by
[‘did not have much affectionate tenderness from’] his
father, and the cause of that was that [the] king had
another son, bastard-born, and he loved him more.

> Sá er nefndr Sjóðr.

> That one is named Sjodr.

> That one was named Sjodr.

> That-one (ie he) was named Sjóðr (Money-Bag).

That one is named Sjóð.

The name is etymologically identical with <sjóðr> 'money
bag, purse'.

> Konungr átti hann í æsku sinni, ok var hann nú fulltíða
> maðr.

> The king had him in his youth, and he (i.e., the son) was
> now a full-grown man.

> The king had him in his youth time and he was now a full
> grown man.

> (The) king had (ie fathered) him in his youth, and he (ie
> Sjóðr) was now a full-grown person (man).

[The] king begot [‘had’] him in his youth, and he [= S.] was
now a full-grown man.

> Konungr fekk honum lén mikit, ok var hann ráðgjafi konungs
> ok tók saman skatta hans, leiðangr ok landskyldir, ok var
> hann fyrir öllum inntektum ok útlátum, ok þótti flestum
> hann frekr í útheimtunum, en fastr í lyktum ok launum, en
> hollr var hann konungi ok vildi hans jafnan fullastan, ok
> hófst af því sá málsháttr af hans nafni, at sá er öðrum
> kallaðr sjóðfelldr, er honum sér mesta hagsmuni ok geymir
> bezt eftir.

> The king got him a large royal grant, and he was the
> king's counsellor and collected his taxes, levies, and
> rents of land, and he was over all the revenues and
> outlays, and he seemed to most greedy in
> cravings-for-payment, but close-fisted in payments and
> rewards, but he was loyal to the king and always wanted
> his (i.e., the king's) fullest, and the proverb of his
> name began from that, to that which others called
> lucrative, which to him is seen most profit and watches
> best for.

> The king gave him much royal revenue and he was king’s
> counselor and took his tribute, levies and land rent, and
> he was before all contents?? and outlays, and he seemed to
> most? greedy in craving for payment, and hard in ending?
> and secrecy, but he was loyal to the king and he wanted
> always most full?, and began of that phrase of his name,
> that that one is otherwise called money bag cloak, which
> to him is most ?? and best watched after.

> (The) king obtained for him a large royal-emolument, and
> he was (the) king’s councillor and took together (ie
> collected) his taxes, levies and land-rents, and he was
> in-charge-of all revenues (in-takings, CV) and outlays,
> and he seemed to most (persons) greedy in the-cravings
> (demands?)-for-payment, but (and) firm (ie stingy,
> tight-fisted) in conclusions (settlements?) and
> recompenses, but (and) he was loyal to (the) king and
> wanted (the) equal fullest of him (the king?), and from
> that (circumstance) began that phrase (term, figure of
> speech) (derived) from his name, that that-one (ie he) is
> called “fitted for money-bags (adj)” by others, who sees
> the greatest-profit (hags-munir, pl, CV) for himself and
> keeps back (withholds) the best .

[The] king gave him a large fief, and he was the king’s
counselor and collected his taxes, levy and land rents, and
he was in charge of all income and outlays, and most thought
him greedy in his demands for payment, and tight-fisted in
payments and recompense, but he was loyal to [the] king and
always wanted his fullest income(?), and from that the term
[derived] from his name came about, that he is by others
called ‘purse-natured, purse-minded’ who sees the most
profit for himself and best looks after [it].

Although none of my usual dictionaries mentions such a
possibility, context seems to demand that <lykt> here be
synonymous with CV’s <lykting> 'payment'. I am thoroughly
puzzled by <ok vildi hans jafnan fullastan>. <Fullastan>
can only be masculine accusative singular, presumably
modifying the object of <vildi>, but unfortunately that
object has been omitted, and I have no idea what it should
be. The context suggests that the sense should have to do
with the king’s financial well-being.

> Sjóðr samdi til þess punga þá, er síðan váru kallaðir
> fésjóðar, at geyma í silfr þat, er tekit var í skuldir
> konungs.

> (The) purse befit to that taxation then, which since were
> called money-bags, to keep silver in that, which was taken
> in taxes.

> Sjodr ill befitted this to load? then, which after were
> called moneybags, to watch in that silver which was taken
> in debts of the king.

> Towards that (end?) Sjóðr put-into-place (semja) those
> pouches, which afterwards were called money-bags, to keep
> in (ie to hold) that silver which was taken (received) in
> king´s taxes.

For that [purpose] Sjóð arranged those pouches that were
afterwards called money-bags, to keep therein the silver
that was taken for debts to the king.

> En þat, sem hann tók meira en til stóð, þá gerði hann þar
> at smápunga, ok kallaði hann þat slæg, ok umvendi hann því
> til kostnaðar, en landaurum var óbrigt.

> But that, as he took more than was expected, then he made
> there small objects, and he called that cunning, and he
> changed that to expenses, but the land-money was
> unchanged. (Z. standa 15: stendr til e-s = it is to be
> expected, feared)

> And that, which he took more than expected, then he made
> there small loads, and he called it profit, and he
> diverted it to maintenance, but the land dues were
> unchanged. (I am not clear how he is cooking the books
> here, but for sure he is.)

> But (And) that, as he took more than was due (expected),
> then he made there-at (ie for that) small-pouches, and he
> called that “profit”, and he converted (re-assigned?) that
> towards (his own?) expenses, but (and) (it) was unchanged
> for ‘land-dues’

But that which he took more than was due [‘expected’] he put
there into small pouches, and he called that profit, and he
used it for [‘converted/shifted it to’] expense[s], and
land-dues [a tax paid to the king by foreign ships and
travellers] were unchanged.

> Ekki var Sjóðr þokkasæll af mönnum, en konungr unni honum
> mikit ok lét hann einn öllu ráða.

> Sjodr was not well-beloved by men, but the king loved him
> much and sought him alone for advice. (Z. leita 2: l.
> ráða, to seek for advice)

> Sjodr was not in favor with people, but the king loved him
> much and allowed him to decide everything.

> Sjóðr was not well-beloved by persons (men), but (the)
> king loved him greatly and permitted him alone to counsel
> everything.

Sjóð was not well-liked by people, but [the] king loved him
greatly and let him alone govern everything.

Brian