Re: Slavery and Slave trade in Antiquity II: *xolp-/*kolp-

I figured that after all that history I'd better try and get back some of whatever cred as a linguist I might once have had, so here:


It turns out that many of the "hook, link, noose" glosses I looked at even earlier could be related to those *kWaN-(l-) "shackles" slave trade glosses.



http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/65984
It seems "tighten one's belt" should be instead "have someone pull your chain".

On further instruments to keep people in place, *ka:g-(/*pag- ?, from *kWaN-, cf. akWa/apa?)
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/34695
cf. *kaN-
in Engl. key <- ME keye, OE cæg, cæge; OFrisian kai, kei "key" (Skeat)

(On a sideline: if this old *kW-/*p- is for real, the 'king as accountant' idea
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66768
would be enhanced with an interpretation of the otherwise mysterious Gmc. *pan-ing- "penny; money" as derived from *kWaN- ("piece of metal"?, "single shackle"?), present also in Baltic and Slavic; Latin pannus "piece of cloth, patch" would then be a p-Italic Sabinism in Latin,
cf.
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66767
('krazna' is misspelt for 'kazna' (-> 'kassa'?), *kYeN- should be *kWaN-))'



Theo Vennemann
Europa Vasconica - Europa Semitica
Etymologische Beziehungen im Alten Europa

232
7.6.9. Haken "hook"
The word is attested with long and short a as well as long o and shows also other peculiarities (Kluge/Seebold 1989: s.v.):
MHG hāke(n),
OHG hākho, hāco, hac(ho), hāho
beside
MHG hāgge,
OHG hāgo
from pre-German *hæ:ggōn m. "hook"
beside *hakōn in
OS hako, hōco,
OE haca,
ON haki
and *hōka in
MLG hōk, huk,
OFrisian hōk,
OE hōc "hook" and
ON hækja f. "crutch".
'Outside Germanic the best comparison is with Russian kógotĭ "claw, curved iron tip"; other glosses are more distant.'
I suggest that it might be a loan from Vasco­nic. In de Azkue we find limited to some regions
Basque gako, gakho "key",
gakulu "sting, spur",
widespread
kako, kakho "hook",
in Löpelmann
Basque khako, kako (auch: gako) "hook, clamp, clasp [etc.]",
with derivatives
khakodun "hook-shaped",
kakola "staff with crook, crutch, crooked wood, stilts"
and others.
Löpelmann explains inversely the Basque word as loanword from Germanic, without going into details. I consider this not very probable.



245
'7.6.23. Enkel "metatarsal bones"
Kluge/Seebold says of this word beside
OHG anka "back of the head, limb",
MHG anke "joint",
which is compared to
Sanskrit án.ga- n. "limb":
'Further provenance unclear.'
A semantically better connection is offered by
Basque anka, hanka "foot, lower leg, lower extremities of an animal"
- this is the most widespread sense in de Azkue. Only locally, towards France, occur also senses like "leg", "buttock" and "hip". Löpelmann, who deals with exactly those Basque dialects spoken in France, lists the senses "hip, loin, leg". As origin of
Spanish Portuguese Provençal Italian anca,
French hanche,
Med. Latin hancha "hip"
he points to
Gmc. hanka, MDutch hanche "hip",
which he connects with
hinken "hobble".
This Gmc. hanka would in its origin be nothing but the loanword anka provided with an unorganic h-, where possibly in the genesis of this h- phonetic contamination with the hinken- "cobble" word played a role. In any case, an independent Germanic inherited word hanka doesn't exist. To the basic sense of the Basque word (h)anka
German Enkel,
OHG anhala, enkil "metatarsal bones"
would be an excellent match.
I propose that at least Enkel "metatarsal bones" rests on
Vasconic +anka "foot, lower leg (etc.)",
but also further that
OHG anka and
Sanskrit án.ga-
in the last analysis go back to the same etymon borrowed from Vasconic.


246
7.6.24. Schenkel, OE sceanca; thigh
Kluge/Seebold says of Schenkel:
'MHG schenkel,
MLG schinkel,
MDutch sc(h)enkel;
diminutive to
OE sceanca,
MLG schinke "thigh"
(a diminutive to Schinken ["ham"]... may have played a role).
Here belongs perhaps with dissimilated anlaut
Sanskrit sákthi n. "thigh".
Presumably to a basis with the sense "lopsided", which would be preserved in
ON skakkr "limping, lopsided".'
The latter is further connected with
hinken "limp" etc.
In my opinion
Basque zango "foot, leg"127 (de Azkue)
should be compared; further
sanga, sango, sanka, sankho, şango, šango, šanko "foot, leg [etc.]" (Löpelmann)128,
further there
Å¡ungo "back part of thigh (cul., horse)",
which matches well semantically with
German Schinken, Schunke "ham".
Proto-Vascon. +skanko "foot, leg"
would be a good basis for the Indo­-European (probably above all or exclusively Germanic) loanwords as well as for the Basque words, the latter after the phonetic rule
+sk > s / #___,
more generally
+sP > s / #___ for plosives, P = p, t, k
(since Basque does not permit anlaut clusters).129
Basque s~anku "limping" (de Azkue) is probably formed as diminuitivising palatalisation to zango "foot, leg". It seems that an old corresponding derivative was borrowed by Germanic together with the "foot", where it is preserved in ON skakkr (+skanka-) "limping, lopsided".
127. The meaning varies regionally as also for German Fuß, "foot", which in southern German in wide areas means as much as "leg".
128. Löpelmann derives the word from Romance; but the Romance words he refers to have no good etymology, according to himself, so that I inversely consider them as borrowed from Bask.
129. In Finnish this occurs in older loans, although only attested for st-; cf. J. Koivulehto, Reallexikon, vol. 9: s.v. Finnland, 1. Sprachliches, p. 85: "The reflexes of the Gmc. cluster st in anlaut before vowel:
a) early Proto-Finnish s-;
b) late Proto-Finnish t-.
Examples:
a) Finnish (older, dial.) suota "herd of mares or horses in heat" <
early Proto-Finnish *sōta bzw. *sōδa ~
early Gmc. *stōδa- (pre-Gmc. *stādho-) >
OHG stuot, OSwedish stōþ id. [
cf. German Stute, Gestüt];
b) Finnish tanko "bar" < Late Proto-Finnish *taŋko ~
Gmc. *stangō > ON sto,ng "bar".'
cf. further ibd.
"[Finnish] saura "drying rack for hay, leaves; single pole from that"
< *sapra ~
early Gmc. *staura- > ON staurr "pole"
(early Proto-Finnish -pr- for -vr-, which it didn't have)."'

Note the widespread variant with k- in gakho/kakho. The development k > g (cf. gakho/kakho) is late in Basque, note Aquitanian Cisson, name of a person -> Basque gizon "man", k- occurs otherwise only in loanwords. This may point to the word being borrowed even later than Roman times(?)



Parallel to
*kWl-aN- -> Latin clau- "key, nail"
I think there is
*kWl-aN- -> *klaŋg -> PGmc. *hlank-

de Vries

'hlekkjast Swedish v. "lapse into sin", lit. "become fettered" (< Gmc. *hlankjan)
Icelandic hlekkja "put in irons, fetter",
Norwegian lekkja "fetter".
- OE gehlencan "twine, plait",
MLG MHG lenken "bend"
[German lenken "steer"].
- Further hlekkr m. "chain, ring" (< Gmc. *hlankja-),
Icelandic hlekkur "ring, fetter",
Norwegian lekk "ring of a chain", lekkja "fetter",
OSwedish länk,
Danish lÅ"nke.
- > MEnglish linke, English dial. link "sausage" (Björkman 146).
- OE hlence "link in a chain; armour", besides
hlanc "slender, thin", lit. "flexible",
German gelenk "flexible", further
OS, OHG hlanka "hip, loin" and
OE hlinc "incline, hill".
- Latin clingere "girdle",
OSlavic klęknąti "kneel down",
pro-klęčati "bow, hobble"
(Jo­hansson, PBB 14, 1889, 298,
cf. further Tocharian B klenke, A klank "riding animal" (v. Windekens 40).
- cf. hlykkr.'

Note the connection with sin/guilt/debt (German Schuld "guilt", Schulden "debt") and being put in irons, cf
Tacitus, Germania, 24
http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania
'Strangely enough they make games of hazard a serious occupation even when sober, and so venturesome are they about gaining or losing, that, when every other resource has failed, on the last and final throw they stake the freedom of their own persons. The loser goes into voluntary slavery; though the younger and stronger, he suffers himself to be bound and sold. Such is their stubborn persistency in a bad practice; they themselves call it honour. Slaves of this kind the owners part with in the way of commerce, and also to relieve themselves from the scandal of such a victory. '
(the Latin text
http://la.wikisource.org/wiki/De_origine_et_situ_Germanorum_%28Germania%29#XXIV
has "pudor", perhaps better translated as "shame")

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/45248

*kWl-aN- -> *klug- -> PGmc *hluk-

hlykkr m. "noose, kink" (< Gmc. *hlunki-),
Icelandic hlykkur. -
cf. hlekkr.


Dansk Etymologisk Ordbog
I. løkke en "noose";
ODanish lykki "close",
Norwegian løkke,
Swedish lycka,
ON lykkja f."bend, curve, noose";
from Proto-NGmc. *lukjōn, to II. lukke. - Cf. II. løkke.
II. løkke en "fenced-in piece of land, enclosure";
ODanish lykki,
Norwergian løkke,
Swedish lycka.
To a deriv. verb. corresponding to
Norwegian dial. lykkja "enclose",
OSwedish lykkia "close, enclose".
Or same word as I. løkke. - Cf. I. lukke.

*kl- -> *l- ??

lúka, ljúka st V. "close, open; fence in; agree on, pay",
Icelandic Faroese lúka,
Norwegian lūka.
- Aorist present as
Gothic galūkan,
OE lūcan,
OFrisian lūka,
OS lūkan,
OHG lūhhan "close".
- Assuming a development approx. "bend" > "pull a door close" > "close" (IEW 685), related to Greek λυγίζω "bend, turn".
- cf. lok 1, loka, lokarr, lokkr, lukta 2, lykill, lykja, lyk­kja, lykna, lykt 1 und lykta 1
The sense "close" stems simply from the wicker fence, with which one can close a piece of land, but also a doorway. The original sense of wicker fence is apparent in lokkr, cf. further ló.



Ranko Matasović,
An Etymological Glassory of Proto-Celtic
University of Zagreb

Proto-Celtic: *kambo- "crooked, twisted" [Adjective]
Old Irish: camm[o]
Middle Welsh: cam "wrong, evil" (OW and MW)
Middle Breton: camm (gloss) obliquus (OBret.),
MBret. kamm
Cornish: cam (gloss) strabo, cam-hinsic (gloss) iniustus
Gaulish: Cambo[PN], Cambo-dunum[Toponym]
Proto-Indo-European: *(s)kambo- "crooked"
Page in Pokorny: 918 IE
cognates:
Gr. skambós
Notes: These words are probably borrowed from some ancient non-IE substrate; it contains two very rare sounds in PIE (*b and *a), both of which are indicative of loanwords.
[me: *kaN# -> *kamb#]

Proto-Celtic: *kaxto- "prisoner, slave" [Noun]
Old Irish: cacht[ā f] "female servant"
Middle Welsh: caeth [m and f]
Middle Breton: quaez, kaez "poor, unfortunate"
Cornish: cait (gloss) servus (OCo.)
Proto-Indo-European: *kap-to- "captive"
Page in Pokorny: 527
IE cognates:
Lat. captus, Go. hafts
Notes: It is possible that these words are borrowed from Lat. captus; however, they could also be inherited.
[me: *kaN-tó "taken prisoner, shackeled, in irons" -> *kaŋ-tó- -> kaŋ.-tó- -> *kax-tó-]

Proto-Celtic: *kengeto- "warrior" [Noun]
Old Irish: cing[t m]
Gaulish: Cingeto-rix[PN]
Proto-Indo-European: *keng-o- "tread, step, walk"
Notes: The same root is probably found in PN like Gaul. Es-cinga, Eskeggai(D at.).
[me: pre-ablaut loan: -> PPIE *kaN- -> PIE *keng-(/*king-)]

Proto-Celtic: *keng-o- "tread, step, walk" [Verb]
Old Irish:
cingid, -cing;
céiss, -cé [Subj.];
cichis, -cich[Fut.];
cechaing [Pret.]
Proto-Indo-European: *(s)keng- "limp, walk lamely"
Page in Pokorny: 930
IE cognates:
Greek skázō, OHG hinkan
See also: *kengeto- "warrior"
[me: pre-ablaut loan: -> PPIE *kaN- -> PIE *keng-(/*king-)]

Proto-Celtic: *klawo- "bolt" [Noun]
Old Irish: cló [o m] "nail"
Middle Welsh: clo[m] "lock, bolt"
Middle Breton: clou (OBret.) (gloss) acutamenta
Proto-Indo-European: *kleh2w- "bolt, bar, hook"
Page in Pokorny: 604
IE cognates:
Lat. clāuis "key, bolt",
Greek kleís




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