Slavery and Slave trade in Antiquity II: *xolp-/*kolp-

*xol-p, *kol-p "slave"

Vasmer
Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
has:

'xolóp, -а "servant, slave",
xolopáj "servant, servile person",
Ukrainan chołóp "serf, peasant",
Belorussian cholóp,
Old Russian cholopъ, n. pl. -i, g. pl. -ej (Mosk. Urk. 16.-17. Jhdt., s. Sobolevskij Lekcii 198),
Russian - Church Slavonic chlapъ "servant, slave",
Old Bulgarian chlapъ δου~λος, ο`ικέτης (Supr.),
Bulgarian chlápe n., chlapák "boy",
Serbo-Croat hl`àp g. hl`àpa and hlâp,
Slovenian hlâp "boor",
Czech, Slovak chlap "fellow, farmer, man",
Polish. chłop,
Upper Sorbian khłop, khłopc "fellow, chap",
Lower Sorbian kłopc. ||

Proto-Slavic or ORussian *cholpъ was borrowed early in
Latvian kalps "farmhand, worker", s. M.-Endz. 2, 144.
Interpretations this far all uncertain: Comparisons were made with
Gothic halbs "half", originally
"unpaired, with no opposite" (Pedersen KZ. 38, 373ff.) or
"castrated servant" (OÅ¡tir Archiv 36, 444, Sobolovskij RFV. 71,444),
assuming it was related to *cholkъ and *cholstь (aginst it Endzelin SIBEt. 124). Or else expressive reshaping was assumed and distant relationship with
Lithuanian šel~pti, šelpiù "support, help", pašalpà "aid"
(Brückner KZ. 51, 235. Pogodin RFV. 32, 270ff., IFAnz. 5, 260)
or with
Gothic hilpan "help"
(Korsch Potanin-Festschr. 537, against it Endzelin c. 1. 42).
The comparison with
Sanskrit
jálpati "halbverständlich reden, murren",
jālmás "depraved person, rogue", also "mean" (Machek Slavia 16, 195)
should be rejected.
One also compares with
Lithuanian sìlpti, sìlpstu "become weak",
sil~pnas "weak, powerless"
(Matzenauer LF. 7, 220, against it Berneker EW. 1, 394), further
German Schalk (Brückner EW. 180) or
Greek σκόλοψ "pointed pole" (Loewenthal Archiv 37, 386).
Dubious is also the assumption of a loan from
Lower Rhine German dialect halfe "smallholder"
(J. Schmidt Vok. 2, 139ff., against it Berneker c. 1., Brückner KZ. 48, 194).
Uncertain is relatedness with páxolok and xólitь (s. d.),
cf. Sobolevskij c. l., Mladenov 669, Lehr-Spławiński JP. 24, 43.
See xlаp.'


But he also has

'xolúj I. "servant, sycophant, base slavish soul".
Whence Balt-German chaluj id. (Kiparsky Baltend. 150). Related to nаxál "scamp" (which see) and podxаlím, also with páxolok (which see), s. Preobr. 1, 595, Gorjajev EW. 394, Dop. 1, 51. Andere vergleichen auch noch xolóp, xolostój, s. Sobolevskij ŽMNPr. 1886, Sept., S. 146, Lehr-Spławiński JP. 24, 44. Bold assumptions in Iljinskij IORJ. 20, 4, 156.

xolúj II., also
xólujnuk "fish weir", Arch.,
xаlúj "rock protruding under water in river", Arch. (Podv.).
According to Kalima 237 ff. from
Finnish kolu "fish weir constructed with poles and twigs, stone heap".
The sense "stone under water" belongs rather with xolúj I.
Cf. pásynok as "rock under water".

xóluj III. "mud left on meadows by high water, driftwood", Vyatka, Perm (D.), Kolyma (Bogor.), Olon. (Kulik.).
According to Kalima 236 ff. should be explained from
Finnish kаlu, Estonian kаlu "refuse".
Differently Brückner KZ. 51, 237, who improbably wants to connect
Old Bulgarian chalo,ga "fence",
Serbo-Croat hàluga, "weed, dense forest",
Slovenian halóga "shrubbery, twigs".
Different again Petersson IF. 43, 77, who compares
xаlépа "damp snowfall",
Sanskrit cikhallas "swamp",
Ossetian χului "humidity"
(against it Mayrhofer Aind. Wb. 386).
All very questionable.
Komi kelui "refuse" (Wichmann-Uotila 96) is borrowed from Russian.'


which gives some pointers:

1) it seems we should divide *xol-/*kol- plus *-op, and *xol-/kol- plus *-uj, respectively

2) there might be some mysterious connection with catching fish, and with mud(?)


Let's take the *-op "person(?)" suffix first. Vennemann claims such a suffix appears in a pre-Greek substrate:

Th. Vennemann
Europa Vasconica - Europa Semitica
p. 352
(in a text trying to explain -andr in supposed compounds)
'Finally there is the notorious problem of `άνθρωπος "human being, man", also "woman" (usually contemptuous).29 Despite repeated attempts no explanation has been found for this word; in particular, attempts to con­nect it with Gk. `ανήρ, `ανδρός "man" have been unsuccessful (Frisk, Chantraine). Therefore a new proposal may be welcome. As in most of the animal and plant names above, I see `άνθρ- in loan-words as a variant of `άνδρ- and equate it with Vasconic +andera. I identify the π-element in `άνθρωπος with /p/ in names such as Πέλοψ and Κύκλοψ and interpret it as (part of) a suffix meaning "descendant of, relative of. It may be identi­cal with the suffix -(a)ba found as termination of several kinship terms in Basque: a(a)saba "ancestor", osaba "uncle", al(h)aba "daughter", izeba [888 "aunt", neba "(a female's) brother", ahizpa "(a female's) sister". It may also be related to the unexplained πη- in Gk. πηϊ´σκος m. "descendant, son" (for which see Frisk, Chantraine). If this is correct, then the original meaning of `άνθρωπος would be "descendant of a woman" or "relative of a woman", which would be a fine parallel of Gmc. +mann-isk-, G Mensch "human being" in a matrilinear pre-Greek society.30'
29. A Hesychios gloss (doubtful according to Frisk) reads `ανθρωπώ• ´η γυν`η παρ`α Λάκωσιν `ανθρωπώ: "the (word for) woman with the Laconians".
30. If pel- in Пέλοψ is the same as in πέλαγος n. "(open) sea, (surface of the) sea", πελεκάν, -α~νος m. "pelikan", and perhaps Πελασγοί, the literal meaning of Пέλοψ could be "son of the sea", a fitting name if it is true that the Πελοπόννησσος is Πέλοπος νη~σος (cf. Ziegler/Sontheimer 1979: s.v. Peloponnesos). If kukl- in Κύκλωψ is the same as Bavarian kogel "conic mountain peak" (in the names of several mountains, e.g. Ankogel, Keskogel, Lerchkogel, Risskogel, cf. Schindler 1872-1877: 1231) and Finnish kukkula "hill", the literal meaning of Κύκλωψ could be "son of the moun­tain", a fitting name in view of the fact that in Homer's Odyssey the Cy­clopes live in mountain caves (and raise goats and sheep, as did the Vas­conic peoples of Europe before the advent of the agricultural Indo-Europe­ans, according to my theory); the interpretation Κύκλ+ωψ "(one with a) circular eye" (κύκλος "circle, wheel", +`ώψ "eye") is undoubtedly a popular etymology (going back to Hesiod, cf. Frisk, Ziegler/Sontheimer 1979: s. v. Kyklopen), which in turn gave rise to the traditional description of the Cyclopes as one-eyed and to the story of the blinding of Polyphemus by Odys­seus. That /p/ in the second parts, -op(o)- or -ōp(o)-, of the above names may have been +/kw/ throughout is suggested by individual instances (cf. a3tioqo/Î``ιθίοψ and the discussion in Hiller and Panagl 1976: 247 and 80-81). If the Mycenean hapax atoroqo is the same as `άνθρωος (Chan­traine 1968: s.v.), this would provide direct evidence that the second part of this word too contained +/kw/. About older forms of Basq. -aba, which has no etymology, nothing is known (Agud/Tovar 1989: s.v. -aba).'

Let's assume the suffix is *-okW- then.


BTW, Kuhn finds the *-andr- element in NWEurope too.

Hans Kuhn:
Vor- und frühgermanische Ortsnamen in Norddeutschland und in den Niederlanden

'A third pre-Germanic suffix, of which our Northwest has it share, is -andr-. It is probably most well-known from Homer. He mentions there in Asia Minor the rivers Maiandros and Skamandros and the Trojan woman Kassandra. In the Troas was furthermore an Antandros, Phrygia had the river Alandros. The Greek language also had loanwords with this suffix (among them our salamander), probably also from this Orient. The predominance of a is rarely as great as in this group. Outside this area there exist smaller nests of such names in the countries in the western Mediterranean and then a larger group in western Germany and Belgium (cf. Bach, D. Namenkunde 2, 1, 215 f.). Most frequent there they seem to be in the area of the middle Rhine and Maas rivers. Already Plinius testifies here, in eastern Belgium, to the tribe name Texuandri. The group does however with 8 to 12 names reach across the Rhine in our field of investigation. First the certain cases:

Asendere, old seat of a court of law at Tungerloh, west of Coesfeld,

Callendoorn (or Collendoorn), at Hardenbergh, Overijssel, 1381 Calendoren, Kaldern, on ther Lahn northwest of Marburg, earlier Calantra Calderen; these two names seem to be related to Greek kálandra kálandros "lark",

Geseldorn, at Sendenhorst, southeast of Münster, earlier Gesondron Gisenderne,

Vragender, at Lichtenvoorde, west of Winterswijk, Gelderland, earlier Vragender and also Vrageren,

IJsendoorn, eastnortheast of Tiel, Betuwe, earlier Isandra Isendra,

Zevender (Zeventer), southwest of Utrecht, earlier Zevendre Suvendere Zevender.

Besides those there are some dubious cases:

Attendorn, in the Sauerland, earlier Attandarra Attindarra Attindere etc, according to Dittmaier (Siedlungsnamen und Siedlungsgesch. d. Bergischen Landes, 50) formed from a name of a person and darra "kiln", like Odenthal (s. beow) and Lausdorn, at Clerf, Luxemburg (earlier Lutteres- and Liutardesdarra). But since att- belongs to the most widely dispersed old name stems (with a in anlaut: Attakon Attalia Attika etc., further in the neighbourhood a deserted Attepe), and the town further is situated in a limestone hollow which was settled early - in the neighbourhood of Ennest -, I believe rather in an *Attandra.

Deventer, Overijssel, earlier Daventre u. a.; here the suffix seems to have participated in our sound shift. There does however exist a Daventry in England (Northamptonshire), further Dentern, at Schwitten, north of Menden, around 1230 Deventer, all with the same phonetic development. Perhaps the name (in the germanicized form) originates in the Netherlandish Deventer.

Ferndorf, brook and village north of Siegen, earlier Berentraph Ferentreph.

Hellendoorn, west of Almeloe, Overijssel, earlier Hellendoren Helendoren u. a.; related to Kaldern and Callendoorn, but with H- instead of K-, or perhap 'Höllentore' "Hell gates", as probably that Hellendoren, which Jellinghaus equates with this name.

Kiliandr, mentioned by an Icelander around 1150, between Paderborn and Mainz.

Odenthal, northeast of Cologne, earlier Vdindar Udendare -darre, according to Dittmaier a composite (cf. Attendorn).

Öhndorf, brook, to the Sieg river at Betzdorf, dial. Ürndoff, by Dittmaier (Das apa-Problem 49) explained from *Urindr-apa.

Varentrappe, brook and place, near Hattingen, 837 Farnthrapa; according to (loc. cit.) from *Farandr-apa.

Waroldern, south of Arolsen, 1106 Waroldoron, Weselderen, earlier part of Dolberg, eastnortheast of Hamm, 1269 Wiselderen, 1293 Wisel-dorle; since *Gesandra has become Geseldorn, Waroldern and *Weselderen might go back to *Warandra and *Wisandra; they would then belong to widely known river stems.'


So much for *-andr-. Now the question is what *xol-/*kol- is-. Let's see if we can find words of that form with similar senses of 1) "swamp" 2) "trap" 3) "booty". As some might have guessed already, I am trying to establish whether there existed a technology for catching slaves and for transporting them in a subdued state. It turns out, that the testimony from unrelated language families is pretty overwhelming with respect to words of the shape *xol-/kol- with those senses, and besides, with torment and death:


UEW:
'kala "fish" Uralic
Finnish kala "fish";
Estonian kala |

Saami
N guolle -l-,
L kuolle:,
K (328) T kī,lle,
Kld. ku~,ll,
Not. kuo,ll |

Mordvin E M kal |

Mari KB U B kol |

Khanty (OL 281) V kul, DN xut´, O xul (Vj. ńärək kul usw. "raw fish" >
Komi I Ob ńarxul) |

Mansi (WV 115) TJ kōl, KU So. xūl, P kul |

Hungarian hal ||

Samoyedic
Nenets (165) O xāľe, Nj. kār´e;
Enets Ch. kaðe, (Donn.-Joki: ISFOu. 58/1: 13) Ch. kare, K kare B kare;
Nganasan kole, (Donn.-Joki: a.a.O. 16) kuale, kuolle;
Selkup (Donn. Mskr.) TaM kel, qel, Ty. kel, (MSFOu. 49: 32) qeli, Ke. k,uel,
(Leht.: MSFOu. 122: 320) Tur. qe:li:
Kamassian kola;
Koibal (Klapr., reported to Donn.: MSFOu. (64, 32, 41) kola;
Mator (ebd.) kele;
Karagass (Pall., reported to Donn.: MSFOu. 64: 17) kalè;
Tavgy (Klapr., reported to Donn.: MSFOu. 64: 41) kallà.

Cf. ? Altaic:
Manchu-Tungus *k´olo ~ *k´oltō
Tungus ollo, oldo, olro,
Lamut olra "fish",
Orok xolto,
Udege oloxo,
Nanai xolto(n) "cooked fish";
IE: Latin squalus "a large sea fish" (<*(s)qalo).



kalma "corpse; grave" Uralic
Finnish kalma "smell of a corpse; corpse, death;
(Lönnr.) grave, the underworld; (SKES) spirit of the graveyard"
(> Saami
N gaľbme -lm- "place where a corpse or the bones of a dead person are found; corpse which is found out in the open after it has lain there a considerable time",
L
kālma "smell of a corpse",
kaľme:
"place where someone had a fatal accident and was later found;
grave (not in the graveyard),
place where a corpse has been lying unburied for an extended period",
K T kā,lme,
Kld. kā,lm,
A ka,lm "grave");
Estonian kalm (gen. kalmu, kalma) "grave site (unhallowed), pagan sacrificial or burial place" |

? Saami
N guolmăs- -ľbm- "(noun) the innermost, soft white layer of the bark of conifers; (adj.) pale, pallid, wan", guoľbmă- "appear, rise (only of the moon)",
L kuolmōi "dusk, morning and evening dusk", kuolmuti- "it is dusk" |

Mordvin E kalmo, M kalma "grave", E M kalma- "bury" ||

Samoyedic
Nenets (166) O xāľm'er "corpse", χaľmer? "the deceased, graveyard (> Komi I Ob χaľimer : χ. kojd "like a dead man (bad)");
Enets Ch. kámeðo, B kámero "a dead man, a corpse";
Kamassian kolmə, -i, -ù, -u "spirit of the deceased, spirit, evil spirit, devil; spiritual helper of the shaman".

Whether Saami N guolmâs belongs here is doubtful, since the sense "the innermost, soft white layer..." seems to be primary (E. Itkonen: UAJb. 28: 63).
Saami. N guoľbmă- "appear, rise..." etc for semantic reason can only be placed here with a ?.
On the sense Saami "pale" ~ Finnish "death" cf. Hungarian hal- "die" ~ halvány "pale".
Connecting Finnish kalma "smell of a corpse..." etc with Finnish kuole- "die" usw. (Steinitz: CIFU 58) is because of the different vowels not possible.'

I see. But if the word is a loan from a substrate with a/u 'ablaut', it should not be a problem so ...

'kola- "die" Uralic
Finnish kuole- "die" (> Saami L kuolati- "kill");
Estonian koole- |

Mordvin E M kulo- |

Mari KB U B kole-|

Udmurt S K kul-, (Wichm.) G kulî.- |

Komi S kul-, P kuv-, PO kul- |

Khanty (OL45) V kăla-, DN χăt-, O χăl-|

Mansi (WV87) TJ kāl-, KU χōl-, P kōl-, So. χōla |

Hungarian hal- ||

Samoyed
Nenets(174) O χā-;
Enets Ch. B kā-, (Donn.-Joki: JSFOu. 58/1: 13) Ch. K ka-;
Tawgy kū.?a-;
Selkup (Donn. Mskr.) TaM qū-, U qump-, Ty. qū-, Ke. kua-, kú:a-;
Kamassian kш-;
Koibal (Klapr., mitg. Donn.: MSFOu. 64: 34) kube "death";
Mator (ebd.) chadaibaga,
Tavgy (Janh., SW 57) kcháima "mortuus".

Finnish kuole-, Estonian koole- moved from the group with original a- stem into the group with e- stem.



kolja "evil spirit" Finno-Ugric
Finnish (Szinnyei) kolja "giant", koljo "colossus, shapeless figure, monster, (Renvall) enormous";
Estonian koll (gen. kolli) "bogey" |
?Saami L kal`ja "tall, straight pines with branch-free trunk" |

Udmurt S kiľ, K kə^ľ "severe, infectious disease; an evil spirit spreading severe diseases", (Wichm.) G kî.ľ "fever, typhus; spirit of disease" |

Komi S P V kuľ "water sprite (S P), devil (V)", PO ku.ľ "nixie"
(> Khanty Mj. kŏl., DN kŏl, O kŏľ "devil; water sprite"; Mansi KU küľ, So. kuľ "devil, evil spirit") |

Mansi (Kann., mitg. Set.: FUF 12: 174â€"5)
KM kooľnö:jər "unclean spirit (also invective)",
P kulnājər "judge of the underworld; devil" (nö:jər "prince"),
So. χuľ-ōtər "ruler of the underworld (he's the one who turns loose the disease; also invective)" |

? Hungarian (dial.) hagy: hagymáz "violent fever, in which the patient phantasizes; Typhus; (Old Hungarian) falling sickness".



kulз-1 "come to an end, end, perish, cease" Finno-Ugric

Finnish kulu- "perish, become blurred, pass by; become worn or consumed, wear down";
Estronian kulu- "become worn, used up" |
? Saami
N go,llâ- -l- "go, pass, pass by (of time); decrease, become exhausted, through being used, get used up (of money, food)",
L kållå- "consume, get rid of" |

Khanty (OL 110) V kŏla-, DN χŏta-, O χŏl "come to an end, perish" |

Mansi
(Kann.-Liim.: MSFOu. 111: 181) TJ kol- "come to an end",
(Kann., reported to Liim.: MSFOu. 127: 127) KU χool- "end, come to an end, cease",
(Kann.-Liim.: MSFOu. 114: 440) P kol- "end, perish, be annihilated, dwindle",
(Stein., WogVok. 32, 34) So. χol- "cease, end, perish" |

? Hungarian hull "fall, fall off, fall down; (hair) fall out, go out; (blood, tears) flow; (animal) croak".

The Saami word is possibly a loan from Finnish.
Hungarian ll is the result of an intervocalic gemination.
On the Hungarian woгd s. also *kulз- "be dissolved, go out, fall out, fall off" Finno-Ugric.



kulз-2 "be dissolved, go out, fall out, fall off" Finno-Ugric

? Komi V gilal- "fall down and scatter over time, fall down, fall out, scatter, decay (eg. potatoes from a sack, leaves from a tree, hair from the head)" |

? Mansi
(Kann., reported to Liim.: MSFOu. 98: 143) KU χol-, P kul-, So. χul "go off, become detached (bark of tree),
(KU So. also) raise (leg sinews eg. when skiing, armsinews when chopping ice)" |

? Hungarian hull- "fall, fall off, fall down; (hair) fall out, go out; (blood, tears) flow; (animal) croak".

Komi al is a frequentative suffix.
On the Komi word s. also *kilз- (*külз-) "decay..." Finno-Ugric.
Hungarian ll is the result of an intervocalic gemination.
On the Hungarian woгd s. also *kulз- "come to an end ..." Finno-Ugric.
Khanty (300) Trj. kŏļekint: punəl k. "the hairs have decayed and fall out" (Liimola: MSFOu. 98: 142) does not belong here, it is a derivation of (300) Vj. kŏlək "bald (head)".



kilз- (külз-)2 "decay, fall off, fall out; become worn" Finno-Ugric

? Komi V gilal- "fall down and scatter over time, fall down, fall out, scatter, decay (eg. potatoes from a sack, leaves from a tree, hair from the head)" |

? Khanty (398) Ni. kuləj- "crumble (ice in spring)", Kaz. ko,ləm- "decay, fall apart, crumble" |

? Mansi (Kann., reported to Liim.: FUF 26: 84) So. kūlat- "become worn (clothes), perish, so that only the bones are left (fish, when they have been cooked a long time)".

Komi al und Khanty əj are frequentative suffixes; Khanty əm and Mansi at are also verbal suffixes.
The Mansi word is possibly a loan from Khanty
On the Komi word s. also *kulз- "be dissolved,.." Finno-Ugric.



kalæ 1 "net" Uralic
Finnish (T. I. Itk.: JSFOu. 32/3: 66) kalin (gen. kalimen) "rectis quaedam species ad sagenam pertinens"
(> Saami Ko. Not. kāl,em "the second partial net of the seine counted from the net pouch");
Estonian kale "dragnet" |

Komi
S kulem "approx. 10-15 fathom long net mit floats and sinkers",
P kuve:m "purse seine, weir basket (?)" |

Khanty (OL 88) V kaləw, DN xotəp, O xaləp "net" |

Mansi (Kann. Mskr.) KU xuləp, P kūləp, So. xūləp "net" |

Hungarian háló "net; fishing net; snare" ||

Samoyedic
Enets Ch. kuoðese?, B kuorese?.

Finnish and Komi m, the Ob-Ugrian p, and Hungarian ó (< *p or *m) are denom. nominal suffixes.


kälä- "wade" Finno-Ugric
? Finnish kahlaa-, kaalaa- "wade" (< ? Saami);
? Estonian (Eesti-venesõnaraamat 1955) kahla- "wade, cross" (< ? Finnish) |
Saami
N galle-, -āl- "id., (tr.) wade in",
L kālle:- "waten", K (321) T Kld. Not. kā,lle- |

Mordvin E. keľe-, M käľe- |

Mari KB kelä-, U B kela-|

Udmurt
S kol- "step into the water",
(Wichm., reported to Uot.: 65: 190) G kolî- "wade" |

Komi S kel-, PO kó:l- |

Khanty (OL 213) V kül-, DN kit-, O kil- "get up; land, (465) get up" |

Mansi
(Kann.: FUF 14:35, 73) TJ koäl-, KU koöl-, So. koāl- "get up; land",
(Kann.-Liim.: MSFOu. 101: 376,134: 94,251) P kāl- ~ koal-, kal- "get up, go, come" |

Hungarian
kel- "get up; rise; rise (sun); sprout",
átkel- "go across; cross (a river)",
kelet "east; (Old Hungarian) ford, crossing",
kelö´ "ford over small brooks)".

Cf.
Yukaghir kel-, kolu "come, go";
Altaic:
Turkish kel- "come".

Because of the ah, aa of the first syllable it is uncertain whether the Finnish word belongs here.
In the Ugric languages a semantic development
"wade" -> "land" -> "get up"
may have occurred.
Selkup qəl- "walk" (Györke: MNy. 37: 304) because of its velar vowel does not belong here.

kälæ 1 "(coagulated) blood" Uralic

? Saami
N gielo, gīllum- ~ gil'lu- ~ gīlum-, ~ gīlum "clot of coagulated blood",
L kielōv ?|

Khanty (462) Ni. katə, Kaz. kali "blood; (rare) juice from berries (red)" |

Mansi (WV 41) KU ke:ləp, VN So. ke:lp "blood; red"] ||

? Samoyedic
Nenets (436) OP Nj. śelw "hard coagulated blood"
(> Komi
I śelja "coagulated (of blood)",
I śelmi-, śeljaś- "coagulate (of blood)",
Khanty O śeləw "lumps of coagulaqted blood").

Saami o, m, Khanty ə, Mansi p and Samoyedic Nenets w are derivational suffixes.

Because of the ś in anlaut it is uncertain, whether the Nenets word belongs here; as continuation of Uralic *k you would expect s.

Khanty
(OL 61) Trj. kålpən, wåjəγ "sacrificial animal (in prayer formulas)" (wåjəγ "animal"),
DN xatəp "blood" (Lehtisalo: MSFOu. 58: 134 mit ?) can because of the velar vowel not be placed here.



kälæ 2 "(overgrown) lake, bay" Finno-Ugric, ? Uralic

Udmurt
S kalem "bay in river",
(Wied.) kalim "puddle" |

Komi
Lu. Peč. Ud. VU ti-kela place name (at this location there is only a lake) (Lu.),
"small forest lake (Peč.),
place with many small ponds closew to each other (Ud.),
small bay in lake (VU)" (ti "lake") |

Khanty (397)
Vj. köl,əγ: jiγi töj k. "small treeless swamp near the springs of a river or at a branch of river",
DN kalə "passable, rather firm moor between areas of hard ground, depression",
Kaz. kal, "treeless, wet moor, swamp, with open spots in winter" |

Mansi (WV 138)
KU ke:li (?> Khanty Kam. kelə "non-frozen (place)"),
P ke:ləγ, So. ke:liγ "morass"
(> Khanty šerk. kelə "clear treeless swamp") ||

? Samoyedic
Selkup kêľ, kueľ "bay of lake or river",
(Donn. Mskr.) Ty. köl "bay of river".

Udmurt m, Komi a and Khanty, Mansi γ are derivational suffixes.
Because of the k in anlaut it is uncertain, whether the Selkup word belongs here.
Selkup Ta. kaaldš "narrow, low, wet tundra with forest on both sides" (Gombocz: NyK 32: 193) does not belong here, for phonological reasons.


kältä- "catch fish (with seine)" Finno-Permian

Mari
(Beke: MSFOu. 76:55) *kelðə- "catch fish",
(MRS) kelðe "net",
B kelðe "a type of big linen net for two fishermen" |

Udmurt
S K kalt-, (Wichm.: MSFOu. 36:73) G kaltî.- "catch fish with seine",
S K kalton "seine" |

Komi
S Lu. kelt-, V kevt- "catch fish with seine (S V), fish out the best bits of the soup" (Lu.),
S keltin "small seine".

Mari e (< *ek) in kelðe is a derivational suffix.
Finno-Permian *kältä- might possibly be a causative derivation of Finno-Ugric *kälä- "wade" in Finno-Permian time.
Placing the Perm. words with Saami gō,ľde- "rummage about..." usw. is not acceptable.
See also *kulta- "catch fish (? with seine, drift net)" Finno-Ugric, ? Uralic.

kulta- "catch fish (? with seine, drift net)" Finno-Ugric, ? Uralic
Saami
N go,ľde- -ld-
"rummage about,
dabble in something,
ladle or take food out of the cooking-pot for the animals' food;
deplenish a river of its fish",
L kålte:- "scoop out an object from a fluid, take out",
N go,ldâ ľdag- "linked drift-nets",
L kåltå "a seine"
(> Finnish dial. kulta-, kuulta- "catch fish in the spawning period; dig in;
(SKES) lippoa (sukoja koskesta);
catch maraenas (type of fish) in the rapids (with a hand net)",
kulle (gen. kultern) "a kind of salmon net, drift net",
kar. kuulta-, kuullatta- "fishing during the spawning period") |

Khanty (378)
Trj. kol- "catch fish in some particular manner",
Kaz. xo,lt- "fish with a floating bow net",
Vj. koltə: k. joγəlpon "a kind of drift net" (joγəlpon "pouch-like net"),
Kam. xuttə : x. pun "drift net",
O xolti: x. pon "floating bow net, sack-like drift net" (pun, pon "bow net") |

Mansi (VNGy. 1: 265,264)
LM khult-: lunt khulti "the goose searches with its beak",
LO xult- "use a kalydan (type of net)", xultne pon "kalydan" (...) ||

?? Samoyedic
Selkup (Erd.) Ta. qoltæi- "schöpfen".

Selkup æi is a derivational suffix.
The Finnish word does not belong, pace several researchers (s. literature), in the inherited lexicon of the Finnish language.
According to (KSVk. 1978: 61) the Finnish kuulta-, kulta- is from the word kuule- "hear".
The sense "catch fish" might well be explained on basis of the dialectal sense "feel, grope" of the Finnish verb kuule-.
In the Khanty Trj. form the t has disappeared from the stem.
The Selkup word belongs here only if its orginal sense was "catch fish".
Udmurt kalt- and Komi kelt- "fish with seine" might conceivably, because of the sporadic sound change Finno-Ugric *u > Proto-Permian *i > *o (> Udmurt a, Komi e), be explained as cognates of Saami go,ľde-, but they belong however phonetically as well as semantically rather in another etymological complex
(s. *kältä- "fish (with seine)" Finno-Permian.)'



Note the confusion in UEW:
Hungarian hull is assigned to both
kulз-1 "come to an end, end, perish, cease" Finno-Ugric and
kulз-2 "be dissolved, go out, fall out, fall off" Finno-Ugric, and
Komi gilal- is assigned to both
kulз-2 "be dissolved, go out, fall out, fall off" Finno-Ugric and
kilз- (külз-)2 "decay, fall off, fall out; become worn" Finno-Ugric
and then cross-referenced, as if that solved anything.
Obviously a set of words which are difficult to account for, when assuming they are inherited.



Vasmer
Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch

'kal G. -a "filth, refuse",
Ukrainan kał "filth, mud, dirt",
OBulgarian kalъ pe:lós (Supr., Euch. Sin.),
Bulgarian kalъ´t,
Serbo-Croat k`ào G. kâla,
C^akav. kál, G. kála,
Slovenian kâł,
Czech, Slovak kal "muddy water, mud, swamp, filth",
Polish kał "filth, puddle, swamp, dirt". ||

Related:
Sanskrit kālas "bluish black", kalan,´kam "stain, blemish",
Greek ke:l`as ´e:méra "black day", ke:l`as a`íks "goat with patch",
Latin cālidus "with a white spot on the forehead",
cālīgō "fog",
...

Elsewhere
Slavic *kalъ
is compared to
Greek pe:lós,
Doric pālós "clay"
(Meillet MSL. 13,291, Et. 418, Slavia 3,676ff.),
but the latter can hardly be separated from
palkós: pe:lós Hesychius
and from
Lithuanian pélke. "stretch of moor",
s. W. Schulze loc. cit.,
Persson 943,
Walde-Hofmann 1,139; 2,239,
vs.
Berneker EW. 1,476 and
Preobr. 1,287 ff.'


Helisii appear in
Tacitus, Germania, 43
'Behind them the Marsigni, Cotini, Osi, and Buri, close in the rear of the Marcomanni and Quadi. Of these, the Marsigni and Buri, in their language and manner of life, resemble the Suevi. The Cotini and Osi are proved by their respective Gallic and Pannonian tongues, as well as by the fact of their enduring tribute, not to be Germans. Tribute is imposed on them as aliens, partly by the Sarmatae, partly by the Quadi. The Cotini, to complete their degradation, actually work iron mines. All these nations occupy but little of the plain country, dwelling in forests and on mountain-tops. For Suevia is divided and cut in half by a continuous mountain-range, beyond which live a multitude of tribes. The name of Ligii, spread as it is among many states, is the most widely extended. It will be enough to mention the most powerful, which are the Harii, the Helvecones, the Manimi, the Helisii and the Nahanarvali.'

and Hilleviones in
Pliny, Naturalis Historia, Book IV. XIII.:
http://tinyurl.com/nmmg7j

96. From this point more definite information begins to open up, beginning with the race of the Inguaeones, the first that we come to in Germania. Here there is an enormous mountain, the Saevo, as big as those of the Ripaean range, which forms an enormous bay reaching to the Cimbrian promontory; it is named the Codanian Gulf, and is studded with islands. The most famous of these is Scandinavia; its size has not been ascertained, and so far as is known, only part of it is inhabited, its natives being the Hilleviones, who dwell in 500 villages, and call their island a second world. Aeningia is thought to be equally big.
97. Some authorities report that these regions as far as the river Vistula are inhabited by the Sarmati, Venedi, Sciri and Hirri, and that there is a gulf named Cylipenus, with the island of Latris at its mouth, and then another gulf, that of Lagnus, at which is the frontier of the Cimbri. The Cimbrian promontory projects a long way into the sea, forming a peninsula called Tastris. Then there are twenty-three islands known to the armed forces of Rome; the most noteworthy of these are Burcana, called by our people Bean Island from the quantity of wild beans growing there, and the island which by the soldiery is called Glass Island from its amber, but by the barbarians Austeravia, and also Actania."




On those Hilleviones:


http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/58290

More ethnics/geography interesting stuff on Kalisz:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalyzians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvalisy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khvalynsk
Koldouoi, Quadi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadi

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/16813

http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/65197



Note the Hallins:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilleviones
'In the 6th century AD, Jordanes wrote that among the many tribes inhabiting the island of Scandza were the Suehans and the Hallins'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalundborg
at the end of a fjord
http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolindsund
once a narrow overgrown strait
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolding
at the end of a fjord

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calates

Aage Houken
HÃ¥ndbog i danske stednavne

'KOLD, adj. ODa. kaldær, West Nordic kaldr.
Used in cmpds. of acidic, humid earth, or in cmpds. in which cold location might be referred to.:
Koldmose, Koldkilde, Koldbæk, Kuldbjerg, Gadbjerg s. Tørrild h.

1. Kasted s. Hasle h. *1215-24 Calztat. See reg. A: STED 88.
2. Kolding, see reg. F: 25.
Kolind s. Djurs Nørre h. *1416 Kollingh, 1467 Kalingh.
Both names go back to an orig. *Kaldung, a derivative of the adj. kold "cold"; the towns are both situated at the end of fjords.
Accordig to Hald *Kaldungh* is the original name of the reclaimed Kolindsund. In the local dialect -ing has become -ind. Hald VS 44.
3. Koldby, Hjerpsted s. Højer h. 1543 Koldebuy.
According to DS V, 314 contains in the first element a derivative *kalda, West Nordic kalda "cold spring".
4. Kollemorten, Ø. Nykirke s. Nørvang h. *1401-50 Kallæ Martin, 1466 Kollemorten.
The last element is tun "farmyard, enclosure", the middle element mark "field" or mar "swamp". See DS VIII, 63. Reg. A: TUN 4.
5. Kaldred, Bregninge s. Skippinge h. c. 1370 Kaldruthæ. [near Kalundborg]
Last element rud "clearing" with vowel reduction to e, probably pronounced [ə] in unstressed position. It is poss. the noun re:th, West Nordic rétt "enclosure".
See reg. A: RE:TH 3, RØD 63.
NOTE On names like Koldkur, Kollekolle, Koldkåd se below under KÅD.
On Kolby, Samsø, see reg. A: KARL.
[but Kolby (Kolby KÃ¥s) is the old ferry port of the island]
Danish kås (hypothetically from ON *kās, but not found) is (outside of Bornholm) a harbor consisting of two rows of stones set out from a coast.
http://www.naturbornholm.dk/default.asp?m=287
http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A5s
Since it seems to belong with this set of words:
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/64139
it is reasonable to assume *kal-/*hal- (obviously pre-Germamic) does too.
...
Kalveboderne,
Jens Sørensens nautical map 1697 Kallebo Gat,
Meier's map 1656 Kalleboe
as name of a settlement on the south coast of Amager inside 5 small islands.
...
Kalvø, several locations, often doubtlessly islands where calves have been taken for grazing. None of the Danish Kalvø's are situated near a larger island.
... *1320 Kalløff, 1340 Caluø.'

http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%B8
http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%B8_Slotsruin

Kalundborg (with Kaldred) - Kolby - Kalø is the old direct route between Sjælland and Jutland (now ending instead in Århus slightly to the south of Kalø Vig).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halland

de Vries:
'halr m. "man"
(< Gmc. * haliþ, with loss of dental in auslaut), Old Swediah hälith. -
Whether WGmc. Halamardus "divine name in a dedicatory inscription" belongs here, as v. Grienberger Zfda 35, 1891 assumes, is rather uncertain; cf.
OE hæle, hæleð "man, hero", OS helið, OHG helid "held". -
Greek kéllō "propel", kélomai "drive forward",
Latin celer "rapid",
Sanskrit kaláyati "drives". -
cf. halda and ho,lðr.
Acc. to IEW 524 rather to
Sanskrit kalya "healthy, calm",
Greek kállos "beauty". -
Not to be interpreted as "man from Halland", as F. Jónsson, Sprogforh. 307 considers (thus like virðar, ýtar).
Run. Norw. hali acc. sg. (Wetzstein von Ström 7. Jht) must be another halr, which might have not have been shortened as early from *haliþ. Therefore Kiil ANF 68, 1953, 89-95 assumes a word *hali-, related to hel, and which also should mean "dead, moribund, doomed to die". In several places in the ON literature the word halr has a pejorative sense.'

From *Kal-et- "kal- inhabitant"? The double-valued connotation might indicate an old ethnic conflict.

*kald-ward- > Hal-bard-, Hað-bard-?

Is -inde/-inge = -iþi = -isь ?


I suspect that the *xol-/*kol- itself is composite; something like *kaN-l-, where *kaN- is "key, nail; trap, net, loop, snare, device for catching prey" and *-l- an adjectival suffix, *xol-/kol- itself meaning (also) something like "neck, neck ring, iron collar"

Note:
Latvian kakls, Livonian kaggõl, Estonian kael, Gmc. xals- "neck"

There seems to be a navigational sense of the "neck" word too: "narrow difficult passage"
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/48805


Georgij A. Klimov
Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages

Georgian-Zan *q.wan- 'to conduct, bring (of animate objects)':
Georg. q.van- 'to conduct, bring (of animate objects)';
Megr. 'on-, 'un-;
Laz (q.)on-, 'on-, jon-.
Verb stem amply attested in Old Georgian (moiq.vane q.rmaj... 'bring the boy...' Gen. 21.18). It is formed from a simple base *q.aw- : q.w- 'to lead' by an extension -an. In modern Georgian it occurs also in the meaning 'to have' (cf. 3mebi mq.vanan 'I have brothers').

Common Kartvelian *q.el- 'neck':
Georg. q.el- 'throat, neck of vessel';
Megr. 'al- 'neck, neck of vessel';
Laz (q.)al-, 'al-;
Svan [q.l-] 'neck'.
In Old Georgian the word meant 'neck' (šeexvia q.elsa missa... '(he) fell on his neck...' Lk. 15.20). In Megrelian the lexeme has been almost completely replaced (cf. its derivative o'aleš- 'collar'). The Svan cor­respondence is preserved in the derivative mə-q.l-a 'neck, throat'.

Georgian-Zan *q.wl-iw- 'bone':
Georg. q.vliv- 'shoulder bone';
Megr. 'vil-, 'vile- 'bone';
Laz q.vil-, 'il-, il-.
The protoform is reconstructed tentatively because of the obscure structure of the word end. Its meaning also remains uncertain in view of competing *33wal- 'bone'.
[cf. Latin clavicula "collarbone"]

Common Kartvelian *q.em- : q.m- 'to thirst':
Georg. q.m- 'to hunger';
Megr. 'um- 'to thirst';
Laz (q.)om-, mb-;
Svan q.m- 'to choke'.
[ie. "to torment"]
Although its continuant does not exist in modern Georgian, the verb stem is well represented in Old Georgian: cf. the action noun si-q.m-il- and da-q.m-oba- as well as the derivative da-q.m-eda- 'to fast' (Abulage 1973: 129). In the Zan languages the stem is extended by affixation (action noun Megr. 'um-en-, Laz o-(q)om-in-u) and reflects the full ablaut grade. The Svan action noun is li-q.m-e. In view of Common Kartvelian *mš(i)- 'to hunger' the meaning of the Zan cognates must be the original one.


S.L.Nikolayev, S.A.Starostin
A North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary

'*qHwangwV (~-a-,-ŏ-) nose, muzzle:
Lak. qanqa;
Darg. *q:Iwanq:I;
Lezg. *qIwaqIw(a).

| Lak. qanqa dried snivel in nose.

| Darg. *q:Iwanq:I nose: Ak. q:alnq:; Chir. q:Iuq:I.
Cf. also Ur. q:Iwanq:I, Tsud. q:IwanqI, Kub. q:waqI etc.

| Lezg. *qIwaqIw(a) 1 nose 2 cheek: Lezg. qweq 2; Tab. qIuqI 1; Ag. qIuqI 1.
Cf. also Tab. Düb. qIaqI, Ag. Fit qIwaqIw. Obl. base unknown (Lezg. qüq:we- may point to *-a or -ā).

...

[] An expressive reduplicated root, spread only in the Eastern area.


*qHwołwV neck, collar
Av.-And. *qwilu (~xw-);
Darg. *qIwab;
Lezg. *xIaw.

| Av.-And. *qwilu (~xw~) back of the head: Tind. xolu.
Isolated in Tind., but with probable external parallels.

|Darg. *qIwab 1 neck 2 collar Ak. qaIb 1; Chir. qIwab 2.
Cf. also Ur., Tsud. qIwab, Kub. qIab "neck" etc.
|
Lezg. *xIaw collar: Lezg. xew, Tab. xIaw; Ag. *X'aw; Rut. xIïw; Tsakh. xIow (Mishl.).
Cf. also Tab. Düb. xIaw, Lezg Khl. xIäw, Ag. Bursh., Burk. X'aw, Tp. h/aw,

Obl. base *xIowa- (cf. Lezg. xiwe-, Rut. xIïwï- - whence also the direct base -xIïw, Tsakh. xIowa-). 3d class in Rut. and Tsakh.
See Khaidakov 1973, 90.
Reconstructed for the EC level. Correspondences are regular.'


Vasmer
Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch

'xólka, "shock of hair, prominent bone between a horse's neck and back".
Probably belongs with xoxól "tuft of hair",
s. Gorjajov EW. 399, Iljinskíj IORJ. 20, 4, 155.'


August Fick. Hjalmar Falk, Alf Torp:
Wortschatz der Germanischen Spracheinheit

kvel 1., kvelan kval "suffer pain, die", kval­jan "torment, kill".
OE cwelan st. vb. "die";
OHG quelan, MHG queln st. vb. "suffer pain". -
ON kvelja kvalda "torment";
OS quellian "torment",
OE cwellan "kill";
OHG quellen "torment";
OE cwealm m. "murder, death, plague, pain",
OS OHG qualm "torture, downfall".
Cf.
Lithuanian gélti "prick, stab", gėlà "violent pain", gãlas "downfall",
Old Prussian gallan "death";
OChSl žalĭ "pain",
Old Irish at-bail "dies".

- if the basic sense is "prick, stab" (cf. Lithuanian) the following might belong here
Gmc. kveli, kvelja in
MEngl. quille, Engl. quill
MHG kil m. German Fe­derkiel "quill" (Bavarian kil also "tine on a fork"),
Westphalian kwiəle;
Rhineland dialect keil (mixed up with German Keil "wedge").
Cf.
Lithuanian gyly~s "sting". (62:2)


kvalô, kvêlô f. "pain, death".
ON kvo,l f. "pain, torment";
OE cwalu f. "murder, violent death". -
OS quâla f. "torment, torture";
OHG quâla, chuâla f. "torment, torture, violent death",
MHG quâle, kâle,
German Qual.
Cf.
Lithuanian gėlà f. "violent pain", OChSl žalĭ (from gWe:li) "pain". (62:3)

kvelda u. "evening" ("end of the day"), kveldi m. f. "evening, death".
ON kveld n. "evening";
OE cwieldtîd "evening time", cwield m. f. n. "death";
OHG quiltiwerc "evening work".
Cf.
Lithuanian giltinė "the godess of death, death". (62:4; sky)


kvel 2., kvellan kvall "swell". Root extension kvelh.
OE (ge)collen "swollen"; [and. quellan;]
OHG quellan st. vb. "well forth, swell",
German quellen;
MLG qualm m. "steam, smoke".
ll probably from ln -.
Further
OHG quella, MHG quelle f., German Quelle, MDutch quelle, Engl. dial. quill "source, spring".

Presumably two roots have fallen together here:
PIE gWel "fall down, drip down", in Sanskrit gálati "drips down" etc., Greek βλύω, βλύξω "well forth, overflow", βαλανεύς "baths"; and
PIE gWel "squeeze into a ball, swell" in Greek βάλανος "acorn", Latin glans id., Lithuanian gìlė, OChSl žlěza id.,
Cf.
Armenian kel "tumor". (62:5)


kvelh "squeeze into a ball".
OS gequalhit "coagulatus".
Derivative of kvel 2. (62:6)


kvalhstra m. "tough slime".
MLG qualster m. "tough thick slime".
Cf.
German Qualle, Dutch kwal "jellyfish". (62:7; health)





Ernout-Meillet

ce:lō, -ās, -āuī, -ātum, -āre:
hide (aliquid aliquem).
Ancient, common.
Well represented in Romance; M.L.1800.
Ce:lāre alternates with a thematic form with ĕ, preserved in occulō, -is, -luī, -cultum, -ere, from *ob-kelō, rare, but ancient and classical, used esp. in the ppp. occultus, and which tends to be replaced by anitérative-intensive form occultō, -ās (already in Pl.), whence occultātiō,-tor. The root is *kel-; the written form oquoltod - occultō of SC Ba. CIL I2, 581,15 is from an epoque where they had the idea that to a con­temporary -cu- group corresponded an older -quo-, and where they did the transformation mechanically, even in those forms where there never was a labiovelare (cf. colō, quolundam; quom (preposition) CIL I2 583,50), in order to give the text an archaic appearance.
Ce:lō, -āre ist a durative present in -ā- (cf. -ducō, -ās, and dūcō, -is); on the length, cf. ue:nor, le:gō, etc.
Ce:lātor is only attested twice., once in Lucan, another in Cassiodorus;
ce:lātiō only once,
ce:lātūra only appears in the Salic Law.
Cicero and Caesar say occultātiō;
ce:lātim is found in Sisenna.
Compounds: con-, oc-, sub-, subterce:lō; ince:lātus; M.L.4345 *incelāre.
Relatives:
cella, -ae f.: "ā ce:landō" Varr. L.L.5,162; small chamber (with a connotation of hide-out); chapel (of a place of worship); storeroom, cellar:
c. oleā­ria, uīnāria; cell, M.L.1802;
MHG këlle; Celtic: Irish cell, etc.;
cellula, cellāris, cellārius ,-a, -um and cellārius m.: sommelier, treasurer;
cellārium: pantry, office, storeroom, M.L.1804,
passed to Germanic,
OHG kellari "Keller", and Finnish;
Icelandic celloir;
*cellāriārius M.L.1803.
Late compounds:
circumcelliō, -onis, name of a category of migrant and mendicant monks "quī circum cellās ībant", cf.
circelliō s.u. circus;
excellō, -ās (Gloss.): be outside the cell;
clam: "secret, hidden [from]" adverb and preposition. Opposite of palam. As preposition governs in the main accusative (as in ce:lāre aliquem) then ablative, no doubt after cōram (also clam uobis, Caes.B.C.2,32,8). From clam is derived:
clanculum (clancule:,-lō) arch. : no doubt diminutive of familiarity formed like plūsculum. From clanculum is secondarily derived
an adj. clanculus (Gloss.). Cf. also clanculārius (Martial);
clandestīnus: ancient adjective (Law of the XII tables.; Plautus, etc.). Formed on the model of intestīnus, its semantic neighbour (cf. Cic. Sull. 33, and ad Fam. 5,2,1), perhaps through an intermediary clam-de, *clande, cf. quamde.
The theme of (oc-)culō is found corresponding exactly in Celtic:
Old Irish celim "I hide",
and in West Germanic:
OHG helan "hide", etc.,
but nowhere else. The formations ce:lō and clam have no corres­pondents outside Latin.
Besides that, Germanic has a present in -ye-: Gothic huljan "περι­καλύπτειν", etc. The e: of Latin ce:lāre is also found in OHG hāli "hidden", ON háll "cunning". Greek has an elarged form καλύπτω "I cover, I hide", cf. κέλυ~φος "bark, peal", etc.; the form is reminiscent of κρύπrω (κρύφα) bearing in mind OChSl kryti "hide".
Isolated with respect to its form, cella semantically is reminiscent of
Irish cuile "cave",
OHG halla "hall",
Greek καλι:ά: "hut, nest".
One hesitates more in comparing it to Sanskrit çá:lā "hut, residence" which is isolated among the eastern languages; all the other attestations of *kel- "hide" are from the west.
The facts do not permit us to decide whether it is appropriate to add Gothic us-hulon "λατομει~ν", hulundi "cavern", and the various
Germanic words going back to the idea of digging.
See also cilium and color.

caelebs, -ibis c.:
celibate (said of people, animals, plants, and, in a transferred sense, of objects).
Attested since Plautus; not opposed to uidua.
Derivations:
caelibāris (-bālis): -i hasta caput nubentis comebatur, P.F. 55,3;
caelibātus, -ūs m.: celibate; word of the imperial epoch, formed after the verbal nouns in -ātus, and grouped with caelum in the late epoch by folk etymology, cf. Iul.Val.3,42,24; and Thes. Gloss., s.u.;
caelibātus, -a, -um (Gloss.).
It is tempting to connect it with Sanskrit kévalah. "particular to, alone, whole" and with OChSl cěglŭ "alone". This doesn't explain the word in all detail. Latvian kaîls "nude, weaponless", cited by M.Endzelin, only has the root element in common with it; the sense is distant. Latin caelebs does not have a very Indo-European appearance; in any case, word of the popular type.
...


clāuis, clāuus, v. clau-.

clau-; clāuis, clāuus (clāuos), claudō.
1° clāuis, -is f. :
key, latch, bar.
Ancien, common.
Common Romance, M.L.1981.
It is difficult to determaine whether the word is inherited or borrowed from Greek Doric. κλα:ϊ´ς (ion. κληϊ´ς, acc. Attic κλει~ν from *κληίν), itself from *κλαFίς. But its development is purely Latin:
clāuīcula (vulgar doublet cabicola): small key; vine tendril, M.L. 1979;
clāuiculārius; clāuiger: key-ring (Janus);
conclāuis: whence conclāue n. Conclauia dicuntur loca quae una claue clauduntur, P.F.34,8;
conclāuātus, id.50,21.
Besides clāuis and clāuos designated the same object at first, the primitive lock consists of a nail or a peg stuck through a ring. As things got more complex, the language made a distinction in the use of clāuis and clāuos,
2° clāuus (clāuos), -i m.:
peg (no doubt originally of wood, then of iron), nail (clāuus annālis P.F.49,7) = ´ηλος; in the nautical language: peg holding the helm of the rudder, then the rudder itself (cf. Enn. A.483);
in medical language: furuncle, spot, corn (on foot);
in rustic language: branching, nodosity;
...
Ancient, common; the Romance forms mostly go back to claus.
M.L.1984.
Irish clό, Welsh clau.
Derivations and compounds:
clāuulus: small nail;
clāuellus M.L.1977;
clāuicu­lus;
clāuātus: -a dicuntur aut uestimenta clauis intertexta, aut calciamenta clauis confixa, P.F.49,5,
whence in the late epoch
clāuō, -ās, and
*conclāuo M.L.2116a;
*inclāuō 4358;
clāuārium: quantity of nails given to soldiers for their shoes (cf. salārium, calceārium);
clāuiger (Ov.),
clāuifixus (Ignat.) -fixor (Gl.).
3° claudō, -is, -sī, -sum, -ere (et clūdō doublet extracted from compounds in ex-, in-clūdō, etc.):
fermer, clore; enfermer, enclore.
Ancien and common. -
Common Romance, M.L.1967;
clausum n., rustic term "enclosed field" M.L.1973; and also clausa fém. extracted from n.pl. clausa, -ōrum;
clausūra (clū-), -ae f. : enclosure, M.L.1974.
Derivations and compounds:
claustra n.pl. (the sg. claustrum is not attested before the impériale epoch): everything that serves to close, fence, lock etc., in particular "ring fixed on the door post, into which the closing bolt fits". M.L. 1972; Gmc. Kloster; cf. also OE clústor, etc., Irish clabhstur; and from clausula: clausul, clusenair.
Whence
claustellum (written clōstellum), M.L.1971;
claustrārius (clōs-);
claustritumus (Laevius);
clausura f.(Low Latin) M.L.1974;
clausula, attesté depuis Varr. and Cic. in the technical sense of "end, conclusion" of a work, or of part of a, letter, story, etc., and especially "end of a phrase, cadence of a sentence". In the legal language "article added at the end of a law, clause". It's only in the very late epoche that the word designated a "close area". -
Technical: handle of a strigil or any other instrument, which, when you inserted your hand in it, formed a ring or gard around it; cf. Rich., s.u.

Cf. again
M.L.1970 *clausiō and
1997a clūdicāre.
con- (M.L.2116 *conclausum),
dis-, ex- (M.L.2974, 2975 exclūsa, 2976 *exclūsōrium),
in- (*inclaustrum M.L.4357),
inter-, oc-clūdō, in which the prefix adds to the idea of "closing" the expected nuances.
Note only reclūdō "open" (like reserō, -ās) opposed to occlūdō, in which the prefix indicates the one has done the act in the opposite sens of that expressed by the simple verb (cf. reprobō, retractō, reue:lō). The Romance languages have preserved on the other hand the sense "contain" cf. M.L.7124 rĕclūdĕre, *reclaudere, reclausum, which was used in the popular language, cf. Vulg. Num. 15,34 reclūdere alqm in carcerem (the pre­fixe indicating in this case the act of pulling back the door to close it); likewise Irish racles. The classical language knew neither clausus, -ūs, nor clausiō, nor clausor, but conclūsiō is common. Clūsiō appears in the glosses, CGL V 487,25, like prae-, proclūsiō; clūsor appears in Vulgata.
The adjectives clūsāris, clūsilis do not appear before Plinius and Hyginus.
One is tempted to connect clāuus with -cellō (per-cellō), clāde:s, etc., and, without discarding the connection with Greek κλα:Fις to assume that there was between clāuus and this Greek loan a contamination from which clāuis might have appeared. Besides, there is claudō which seems to indicate an idea of closing, and which is a present based on clă:u-; the perfect is secondary: clausī. The groupe of Lithuanian kliu,vù, kljúti "get stuck somewhere" and ofSerbian klj`ùka "hook, key", OChSl ključĭ "key" is reminiscent of claudō, clāuus, and Greek κλα;Fίς are difficult to connecv. In other words, an unclear collection, which is not surprising in technical words.

[*man-okW-ol- ]
manipulus (-plus), -Ä« m.:
1° handful, and especially handful of stalks which a harvester takes in his left hand in order to cut it with his right hand; sheaf, bundle, bale;
2° standard, ensign of a company, because, it was said, under Romulus it was a bale of hay carried on a pike, cf.Ov., F.3,116-118; Rich, s.u. Perhaps humorous from the miltary language, the pole which the standard-bearer holds being likened to a handful being held by the hand? In any case, like cohors, term borrowed from the rustic language;
3° maniple, company: manipulus, exercitus minima manus quae unum sequitur signum, Varr., L.L.5,88.
Manipulus the formation of which was not apparent was treated like a diminutive of manus, whence manuculus, commanuculus, and perhaps manuciolum (-lus, s. manus).
Attested since Pl.
The Romance forms go back to manupulus, manuculus, M.L. 5306.
Derivations and compounds:
manipulō, -ās;
manipulōsus;
manipulāris (-plāris), -rius, and
com-manipulus, -lāris, -lō, -ōnis;
manipulātim.
Cf. further M.L. 5305 *manipellus.
Compound of manus the second term of which is obscure (cf. pleō?) and populus? On the sense, cf. Cornish manal "sheaf" (v. H.Pedersen, V.G.d.k. Spr. I p.493) [or Dutch maand "basket", <- "armful"].


ple:bs, ple:ps (ple:bis), -bīs, and ple:be:s, -ei (-ī) f. (the word vacillates betweeen 3rd and 5th declension; the forms of the second type are the most ancient; nom. ple:be:s is found in Enn. Sc. 228, Lucil. 200 CIL I2 583, 13 (123/2 BCE), 585,78 (111); pleps is attested in the mss. of Cic., Pis.64, and confirmed by the metric in Hor., Ep. I 1, 59; epigraphically: pléps, CIL XII 4333, 1,12 (11 BCE); gen. plebei and plebi in the same inscriptions of the republi­can epoch CIL I2 582,7 and 15; and also plebe (with closed e) 585, 11 (et plebi 1, 6), cf. ple:bi-scītum and tribūnus ple:bī; abl. ple:bĕ in Ov. and Juv. Pleps must have been reshaped on ple:bem after the type urbs/urbem) plèbe, the collective of non-noble Roman citizens. Plebes a populo eo differt quo species a genere; nam appellatione populi uniuersi ciues significantur, connumeratis etiam patriciis et sena­toribus; plebis autem appellatione sine patribus et senatu ciues significantur, Just. Inst. 1,2,4; cf. the quote in Titus Livius 2,56, modeled on the word populus. Subsequently "multitude, populace". At first different from populus (which see), lated confounded with it; but the exam­ples of ple:bs in the sense of populus are very rares.
Ancien, common.
Has only survived in some Italian dialects, M.L. 6591.
Passed into Brittanic plwyf.
Derivations and compounds:
ple:bei(i)us, -a; ple:bitās (Cat., Cass. Hem., d'après cīuitās);
ple:be:cula (et tardif ple:bicula);
ple:bi(s)scītum: décret, décision de la plèbe (ancient juxtaposé opposé à senātūs cōnsultum);
ple:bicola (Cic., formé d'après Publicola).
M.H.Pedersen, La 5e déclinaison lat., p. 62 ff. and 70 ff., indicates and seems to accept Brugmann's hypothesis according to which Latin ple:b- would rest on ple:dhw- and should be connected with Greek πληθύ:ς, an ingenious hypothesis, but in which one can only see a possibility, the only admissible, it must be said, among the proposed Indo-European etymologies. Couldn't the word be borrowed? The type and form of ple:be:s is remiscent of pūbe:s.

populus, -Ä« m. (popol-, Lex Bant. CIL I2 582,14; poplo CIL I2 40
The corresponding adjective is pūblicus. Epigraphically we have poplicod S. C. Bac, poplice Lex Bant., and the proper name Poplilius, but the written form puplicis found in Lex Acilia repetundarum hints that poplicus is an etymological written form in stead of pūblicus; cf. also puplicum given by A in Plautus, Ru. 562. The adjective serving populus has nothing to do with it etymologically. The literary texts only know pūblicus (with ū, cf. poublicom CIL I2 402).
Derivations and compounds:
populāris: of the people, popular; corresponds in particular, in the political language, to Greek δημοτικός, δημαγωγός, as opposed to optimāte:s = ο´ι `άpιστοι: populāre:s "les démocrates"; populāris a pris vite la même nuance péjorative que populus, de même populāriter. Populāris désigne also designates one who is of the same people, of the same country (Pl., cf. Poe. 1039,1041) and as a consequence, assumes a sense analogical to that of familiāris. From that comes the use in the sense of "who is au courant with, accomplice": populares coniurationis Sall.;
populāritās;
populātim;
populātiō (late Latin, Sedulius; the classical language only knows populātiō derived from populor);
populōsus, populōsitās (late);
popellus: common people;
Pop(u)lifugia, -ōrum.
See also populō.
Umbrian has puplum, poplom, "populum". The word is not found elsewhere. It is a reduplicated form (cf. titulus, tutulus); the single form perhaps appears in the compounds mani-pulus (which see). There is nothing which permits us to decide what might be the root, that of pellō, that of pleō or some other one, nor there is a connection with the root of ple:bs. A loan is not improbable, just as for ple:bs (cf. Etruscan pupluna, and the city name Populōnia). Populus ist the term Titus Livius uses in several places to refer to the twelve confederated cities of Etruria, cf. IV 23,5, and IX 37,12.
- On a possible connection betwen Etruscan fufluns/pupluna and populus, s. Devoto, St.Etruschi 6,243 ff.

pūblicus, -a, -um (poublicom, CIL I2 402): which concerns the people or state, public (opposed to prīuātus as δημόσιος is opposed to `ίδιος); cf. re:s pūblica "the business of the State".
Nouns.
pūblicus, m. "servant of the State" (= ´ο δημόσιος);
pūblicum n. "public domain";
in pūblicō "in public".
Adv. pūblice:. -
Ancient, common, classical. The Romance forms are learned, M.L.6805;
likewise,
Irish puplach, puplican.
Derivations:
pūblicō, -ās: make public, place at the disposal of the public; whence "confiscate" (cf. δημοσιεύω,-σιόω). The sense of "publish" does not seem to be attested before the imperial epoch, M.L.6804 (learned formes).
Thence:
pūblicātiō "confiscation" (Cic);
pūblicitus "in the name of the people or of the State";
pūblicānus, -a, -um, above all as noun:
pūblicānus, -ī m. "who strengthens the revenues of the State; tax farmer, publican".
S. pūbe:s and populus.

cleps: fur CGL V 349,51. Only preserved in this text; was eliminated by fūr, loanword: clepta in Plautus, Tru. 102, is a loan from Greek κλεπτης. The verb clepō, -is, -psī, -ptum is glossed as fūrārī, Non. 20,7: steal; Cic. opposes it to rapiō, Leg. 2,22 sacrum ... qui clepsit rapsitue.
Rare and archaic: was replaced by the deno­minative fūrārī, and in the popular language, by inuolāre, *uolāre.
Frequentative: cleptō,-ās (St Cypr. ).
Cf.
Gothic hlifan "steal (by deception)"
and, with another formation,
Greek κλέπτω "I steal".
The agent noun cleps has correspondents in
Greek κλώψ
and, with extension -t- followed by arrangement, in
Greek κλέπτης and
Gothic hliftus "thief".
Irish has cluain "deception" which might rest on klop-ni-.
Term of western Indo-European only. -
Theft by deception is expressed by the idea of "hide" in
Irish tāid "thief",
Greek τητάω "I steal",
OChSl tatÄ­ "thief",
hitt. tāy- "steval",
along with
Sanskrit tāyúh. "thief", and
Slavic tajiti "hide",
Doric τα:ύσιος,
Homeric τηύσιος "deceptive, vain".
This permits us to connect
OChSl za-klepe "κατέκλεισε",
Old Prussian au-klipts "hidden";
but the connection has little significance.


Prellwitz
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Sprache

κλέπτω "steal, do stealthily" (Homer),
κλώψ, κλοπεύς, κλέπ­της "thief",
κλοπή "theft";
cf.
Latin clepo "steal" =
Gothic hlifa id., hliftus "thief",
Old Prussian au-klipts "hidden",
OChSl po-klopÅ­ "cover".
√klepo "cover up, steal".
Are
Latvian slepét "hide, cover up"
Lithuanian slė~pti "hide"
also somehow related?

κλείς, Doric κλαϊ´ς, acc. κλει~ν (*κλα~Fιν), κλειδός
"key" =
Latin clāvis id., with Doric κλάιξ id.
cf. OChSl ključi "key", ključiti "close together";
cf. Latin clāvus nail, clavicula "vine tendril", Old Irish clúi "nails";
κληίζω, κλείω close, Latin clau-do id.;
κλει~-στρον "lock", Latin claustrum; cf.
Lithuanian kliūrù, kliú:ti "latch on to, hang on to, join",
√klāv : klū "close, fixate".

κλοιός (Xen.), Attic κλω,ος (Ar.) "dog collar, neck iron" :
*κλωFιός in ablaut relation to klāv (s. κλείς) "close"?

Let's assume we have here originally a verbal form with the suffix *-aN-. ie.
*kWaN-l-aN- -> *kWl-aN-


Since Pompo is the Sabine version of the Latin name Quintus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompilia_(gens)#Origin_of_the_gens
the Sabine language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabines#Language
must have been p-Italic, and since the Roman ple:bs might have been Sabine in origin, we might reconstruct
*kWl-ekW-s -> plep-s "person of the swamp"
Similarly, we might reconstruct *kWokl-okWs (se Vennemann's Κύκλωψ "son of the Mountain" above) -> *popol-op-s -> populus "person of the heights".
Or perhaps κύκλος and *kWekWl- itself is not originally "wheel" but "neck ring"?


*kWaŋ-l-ekW-s -> *kWl-ekW-s -> clep-s "unworthy person"

*kWaŋ-l-ekW-s -> caelebs

(and *man-ekW-l- -> manipulus, maniculus)


Here's my go at the Gmc. *skat- "treasure; tax" word:

'Zbigniew Gol/a,b
The Origins of the Slavs
pp. 368-9
13) skotъ "cattle." Its semantic relationship to Slav. gove,do is not clear, although we should assume a primary distinction; the word is attested in all Slavic languages, e.g., OCS skotъ "pecus, iumentum," Russ. skot "Vieh" (in ORuss. also "Besitz; Geld, Steuer," the latter under the influence of ONorse), Pol. skot, S-C sk`òt, etc. idem. Most scholars derive it from PGermc. *skatta-, attested by Goth. skatts "de:nárion, mnã," OHG scaz "denarius," OE sceatt "Schatz, Geld, Besitz, Reichtum; Münze, Denar, etc.," OIc. skattr "Steuer," and only in OFries. skett "Schatz, Geld" and "Vieh." This semantic difference, Germc. "treasure, money" ~ Slav. "cattle," against a comparative background would rather point towards Slavic as the source of the borrowing (cf. Latin pecus "cattle" -> pecunia "money," etc.), the more so that the word does not have any satisfactory etymology in Germanic. So it is at least questionable that it was borrowed by the Slavs from Germanic (Kiparsky, 1934:186-88). In view of the above Martynov (1963:183-87) has proposed a Slavic etymology of the word and included it in his list of prehistorical Slav. loanwords in Germanic with the medium degree of plausibility. Martynov's etymology (skotъ is allegedly related to OCS sъčetati "connect, unite" etc., and its primary form is *sъkotъ and the meaning "increase in breeding" as in S-C and Sloven.) is too speculative and does not explain important formal problems, among other things the double consonant in Germanic (skatta-). All difficulties would be removed if we derived PSlav. skotъ from the primary *skok-to-, a noun based upon the Slav. verb skočiti, etc., "jump" (for the formation cf. potъ from *pok-to- "sweat" ~ *pek-ti "bake," mostъ from *mot-to- "bridge" ~ *mesti "throw," etc.)22 and reconstructed its primary meaning as "calf, calves (collective)," i.e., "jumping (young animal[s])"; the semantic content is obvious to anybody familiar with the behavior of calves. So the geminate in Germanic could easily be interpreted as reflecting an earlier PSlav. stage *skotto- before the ultimate simplification of the consonant clusters (*skokto- > *skotto- > skoto- ). In view of the above, skotъ should rather be removed from the list of Germc. loanwords in Slavic and qualified as a Slav. loanword in Germanic. The above etymology of skotъ as *skok-to- was proposed by M. Rudnicki (Prasl/owian´szczyzna-Lechia-Polska, 1961, II, 79). There is, however, another etymology, that by E. Stankiewicz (in A Festschrift in Honor of Boris O. Unbegaun, 1968:219-26), deriving skotъ from *skop-to- cf. Slav. skopiti "castrate"). This latter seems to have better semantic justification against a wide background of cultural and linguistic facts, although formally either one explains satisfactorily the geminate in Germc. skatta-.

Kuhn thinks the -tt- of skatt- proves it can't be other than borrowed in Germanic:

H. Kuhn
Chatti und Mattium
Die langen Tenues des Altgermanischen

"The Gotic Bible from the 4th century contains only a very small number of words with a long tenuis, and none of them can be inherited. They are atta "father" and skatts "coin" (with skattja "money changer"), aikklesjo "congregation", sakkus "sack" and smakka "fig", further the Biblical names Arkippus, Filippus and Zakkaius. Besides these last mentioned foreign provenance is also certain for aikklesjo and sakkus and for smakka and skatts very likely for empirical reasons. The Germani took over monetary matters from other peoples, but did not wait to learn from Greeks and Romans. Of the attested Gothic names of coins assarjus and drakma are probably foreign, kintus and skatts of unclear origin and only skilliggs Germanic, at least its suffix is. But also the probably foreign *panning- / *paning- "penny" has the same suffix. That skatt is attested later also as "cattle" says just as little of its provenance as Icel. peningur "penny" in the same use and ON eyrir, from Latin (solidus) aureus, in the sense of means of payment and also "possession" in general. Here a decline and extended depression of money economy is in play. G. Kossack drew my attention to a Germanic cultural group of the 1st century BCE in Bessarabia and Moldavia, in whose non-Greek neighborhood money already circulated. In such an environment words like skatts and kintus would have come to the eastern Germani. Other than that, the Bastarnae had already lived in those parts for a long time."

So the geminated -tt- of *skatt-, if it is the result of -kt- or the like (but see fiurther down), that process probably took place outside of Germanic (or there would be many more geminates in early Germanic).

Here is a verb which seems more semantically relevant than "jump" or "castrate" for explaining skatt-/skotъ-

http://runeberg.org/svetym/0828.html

"sko sig, in selling etc take an undue or illegal profit, grab, eg sko sig på någons bekostnad "enrich oneself at someone's expense" eg. ...
At least in Norw. merged with sko(a) in appr. the same sense, from
sko "greedy" etc, sideform to
skjød = Icel. skø´dr "harmful", from
Gmc. *sko:þia-, potential adj. to skada ..., cf. also
Norwegian skaa seg =
Icelandic skásk "improve one's lot",
from the adj. skaa "exposed to", in cmpds. ..."


Compare also

"skock, also: set of 60, OSw. skokker "bundle, flock" =
da. skok id., in No.-Da. and also Da.: "flock, crowd";
presumably loan from
MLG schock n., 60 sheaves, set of 60,
from OS. skok n. = MHG schoc m., "flock, heap", as n. also: "set of 60" (German schock n., set of 60),
MEng. schokke, "stack, stook" (Eng. shock),
from Gmc. *skukka-,
besides skuk- in MHG schock(e), small heap,
from PIE *(s)kug-, rel. to
Latvian (s)kauds^e, large straw or haystack, and prob. also
Lithuanian kúgis id.,
MLG, German hocke "stack", plus poss. (acc. to Fröhde i. a.) also
Latin cumulus "hill, heap" (if so then from *kug-mulus); prob. ultimately to the basic root of hög. -
Wrt. the sense of "60", a relic of an old counting system with 12,
see tolv."
[cf Wennemann's -kogel in Bavarian mountain names]

Related to Eng. sheaf. Recent history as a loan includes "shock" from "shock troops", from the large number of pikes of such troops (coordinated mass attack).


http://runeberg.org/svetym/0812.ht<br/><br/>(Message over 64 KB, truncated)