Chronology and periodization of the Zarubinetsy culture, transl.

S.P. Pachkova
The Zarubinetsy Culture and the LaTèneized Cultures of Europe
3.6 The Chronology and Periodization of the Zarubinetsy Culture
pp. 105-134
translated to the best of Google translate's and my capability


The chronology and periodization of the LaTèneized cultures since the late 50s were based on absolute dates of the historical periods of the development of the Celtic civilization elaborated by the Czech scientist J. Filip, and of the relative chronology established by correlating materials of cemeteries in North and Central Europe, by the German researcher R. Hachmann [Filip 1956; Hachmann 1961]. All absolute dates were made 50-100 years younger in comparison to those proposed in the beginning in this century by P. Reinecke, as they were guided by the principle of dating "on the latest object", which led to a shift of the whole culture upwards [Shchukin, 1993, p. 75].

This is clearly evident in the works of many archaeologists, including those involved in the problems of the Zarubintsy culture [Kukharenko 1964; Machinsky 1963; 1966; Ambroz 1966 et al.] As a consequence, there appeared discrepancies in the datings of Zarubintsy burials on the basis of fibulae and settlements on the basis of stamps of ancient amphorae. Discrepancies arose also in the elaboration of local chronological schemes in other LaTèneized Central European cultures. There arose a need to find opportunities to overcome this situation.

Recent elaborations of absolute datings are based on the results of dendrochronological analysis of excavation of Latène and Celtic sites. The dates obtained permitted a correction of the chronology of a number of categories of finds from sites in Italy, the Eastern Adriatic and the area between the rivers Rhine and Main. In fact, the P. Reinecke's system was not only restored but greatly detailed and refined [Haffner, 1974, p. 59, 1979, p. 405; Stöckli 1979, p. 270; Polenz 1982, p. 27]. The first results of the reevaluation begun in Europe of J. Filip's chronological scale and R. Hachmann 's periodization were reflected in the work of K. Godłowski [Godłowski 1977].

In accordance with the revision of the chronology of the late pre-Roman period of the Central European territories, some adjustments were introduced into the history of the Zarubintsy culture of Polesie [Kasparova, 1984, pp. 108-118]. However, the most complete work on the synchronization of items of Latène and Roman style from archaeological sites in Eastern Europe was carried out by M.B. Shchukin and W. E. Eremenko [Shchukin 1989; Shchukin, 1993, pp. 75-84; Eremenko, Shchukin 1992, pp. 80-114].

The chronology of the Zarubintsy culture is, primarily, based on sufficiently narrowly dated stamps of shards of ancient amphorae found in the settlements of the Middle Dnieper. Important chronological reference points are also fibulae, which in great quantity are produced from burial grounds and to a lesser extent from the settlements of the Zarubintsy culture. Other finds (antique tableware, shards of amphorae without stamps, belt fittings, various kinds of jewelry, etc.) are dated, as a rule, more widely and play, basically, an auxiliary chronological role or serve for wider datings.

The chronological boundaries of the Zarubintsy culture were determined differently by researchers and, in general, fall within the period from the end of the 3rd cent. BCE. to the end of the 2nd cent BCE. However, the analysis of the actual dating objects in sites of the Zarubintsy culture narrows somewhat this broad framework. The dating objects from sites of the Zarubintsy culture with respect to stylistic features relate to the Middle and Late LaTène and Early Roman time.

According to E.V. Maksimov, on 18 points of the Middle Dnieper area, shards of late Hellenistic amphorae were recorded, and on 11, Early Roman ones [1972, p. 112]. From the late Hellenistic ones, most often are encountered shards of amphorae from the island of Kos and to a lesser extent from other centers - Rhodes, Thasos, Paros and Sinope. Most intensively Kos amphorae entered the Northern Black Sea region in the second half of 3rd and 2nd cent. BCE. and somewhat less in the first half of the first century BCE. [Zeest 1960, p. 104]. Sinope amphorae arrived throughout the whole Hellenistic period until the beginning of the 1st cent. CE. Imports from the island of Thasos stopped at the beginning of the 2nd cent. BCE [Zeest 1960, p. 21]. Rhodes' production, in accordance with an analysis of the political situation in the Greek city-states in the 3-2 cent. BCE could arrive primarily in the beginning of the 2nd century BCE [Eremenko 1992, pp. 22-23]. To the turn of the 3rd-2nd centuries BCE belonged the peak in arrival of Rhodes wine to the Northern Black Sea Coast also N.B. Zeest [1960, fig. 2].

In Early Roman time at the end of 1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE occurs a lively flow of amphorae, the place of production of which was the Southern Black Sea coast [Zeest 1960, p. 108]. According to E.V. Maksimov, of the 22 points, where antique import is noted, on the seven was encountered both Late Hellenistic and Early Roman material - on the mountain Kiselevka, in Hodorov, Zarubintsy (Malaya Gorka), at Babina Gora (Buchak), Pilipenkovaya Gora, in Zhabotina, in Subotov. Whereas in Zhabotina and Zarubintsy Late Hellenistic material was greater than Early Roman, in Pilipenkovaya Gora it was about equal, but in Subotov there was more Early Roman than the Late Hellenistic [1972, p. 95].

Thus, by the amphora material Zarubintsy settlements of the Middle Dnieper are dated from the second half of the 3rd cent. BCE. to the 1st cent. CE inclusively. But finds of stamps on shards of amphorae make this wide framework more concrete. On Pilipenkovaya Gora was found in wine-cellar 32 dwelling 18 a fragment of a rim and double-barreled handle of a Kos amphorae with a stamp consisting of a one-line inscription Î`ΡΟΛΛΟÎ"ΟΣ. As identified by B.N. Grakov, this stamp dates to 230-220 BCE. On Pilipenkovaya Gora shards of Kos amphorae were found together with shards of Thasos amphorae in dwellings 2, 4, 6, 15, 18, 22, 34. Therefore, the researcher of the site believes that these objects date from a time interval that corresponds to the co-occurrence of imports from Kos and Thasos, ie. the period from the last decades of the 3rd cent. BCE to the beginning of the 2nd cent. BCE [Maksimov, 1972, p. 114].

The latest arrivals of ancient amphorae on Zarubintsy sites mark the 1st century. Thus, in the village Monastyrek shards of amphorae from brown clay represent fragments of all parts of the vessels [Maksimov, Petrashenko 1988, fig. 59, 16, 17, 20]. As noted, the time of existence of these amphorae is defined by two centuries (1st cent. BCE - 1st cent. CE). The late temporal limit of the occurrence of these amphorae on the Monastyrek site can be supported by the findings of a red-clay fragments of bowls on a circular foot, which dates from the 1st cent. BCE, and a shard of the profiled horizontal grooved rim of a red-lacquer cup, maybe even 2nd cent. CE [Maksimov, Petrashenko 1988, p. 72]. Fragments of terra sigillata vessels are also among the Zarubintsy materials in Hodorov [Maksimov 1991, p. 7].

The operative period of fibulae found on Zarubintsy sites may be based on absolute and relative chronology of similar types in Central Europe. The dating of the Central European fibulae are supported on the results of dendrochronological analysis and on correlation with various categories of other dating objects.

The earliest of the fibulae found in closed complexes is the splitting up of the Middle Latène scheme. The variations with eight-shaped loops on the back, rather than on the leg represent the earliest ones - type P2. Their roots stretch out on the territory of the Celtic-Illyrian culture of the Balkan-Danube region [Wożniak 1974, s. 39-40]. Fibulae with beads on the back (Type P1) are associated with the northern regions of the Jastorf culture [Babeş 1985, p. 107]. The emergence of these types of fibulae belongs to phase 1 of LaTène C, which, according to K. Godłowski begins about the middle of 3rd cent. BCE [Godłowski 1977, pp. 42-47].

However, in the first decades of this period still continue to exist objects of Early LaTène style, therefore the researchers split off the transitional period from stage LaTène B2 to LaTène C1 as LaTène B2/C1, which ends at the end of the 3rd cent. BCE [Bujna 1982, fig. 3.45; 5.47]. In any case, the remains of charred wood from burial 96 in the cemetery Wederat on the Rhine with fibulae of stage LaTène C1b by dendrochronological analysis indicated the possible date of felling of the tree of 208 BCE [Haffner 1979, pp. 405-409]. The change of style of things from LaTène B2 to LaTène C1 is connected to the migrations of the Celts, forced out of Italy in 250-235 BCE [Polenz 1982, pp. 120-124]. Burial complex 127 on the Gubin cemetery Luboszyce on the Middle Oder (Poland), in which was found a fibula with balls with a neck-ring type O/1, according to T. Voigt, which dates from the end of 3rd dent. BCE [Domański 1975, s. 19] also confirms the beginning of the dissected fibulae at this time. Thus, the dissected fibulae P2 and P1 could theoretically get to the sites of the Zarubintsy culture already in LaTène C1, ie, in the last decades of the 3rd cent. BCE or at the very beginning of the 2nd cent. BCE (burial 26 of the Pirogov cemetery, burial 108 of the Velemichi-1 cemetery, burial 4 of the Voronino cemetery). Dissected fibulae existed throughout LaTène C. Thus, fibulae P3 (with small bumps on the stem) from burial 129 of the cemetery in Pirogov K.V. Kasparova compares with the Mechvil type and attributes it to LaTène C2 [1984, p. 115], although in Celtic cemeteries of Moravia, similar fibulae also date to LaTène C1 [Cižmař 1975, s. 417-437].

T. Dąbrowska, analyzing materials of the Przeworsk culture, came to the conclusion that the long fibula of type A-and B-Kostrzewski decorated with small bulges (in our typology type P3) is stylistically related to LaTène C1 and signal the beginning of the formation of Przeworsk culture [Dąbrowska 1988 p. 302].

The non-ornamened wire fibulae in LaTène cultures appeared at the same time as the disjointed ones in LaTène C1 and various modifications of them existed for the duration of LaTène C and D. As the earliest ones of these were considered the long wire fibula with gently curved back and leg, attached about the middle of the back is type A-Kostrzewski rectangularly bent curved back and leg, attached to the back close to the head is type B-Kostrzewski. In the Zarubintsy culture there are no fibulae of type A, but there are isolated imitations of fibulae of this type - this is Ak from burial of the 128 Pirogov cemetery and type Ba from burial 70 from the cemetery Velemichi-1. Long fibulae of type A-Kostrzewski, especially with small bulges, quickly disappear from use in the cultures of Central Europe and are replaced by type B-, and then type C-Kostrzewski (with a sharp kink at the back of the head), the last ones point to phase LaTène C2.

The boundary between LaTène C1 and C2, according to H. Polenz, occurs in 185-170 BCE which was established for them by correlating fibulae and coins in the cemeteries between the rivers Rhine and Main [Polenz 1982, p. 123]. To similar conclusions arrived B. Stöckli the analysis of amphoras from Manching [Stöckli 1979, p. 185]. In LaTèneized cultures fibulae of type B are encountered with different types of fibulae, characteristic for different time periods. Thus, in the Jastorf cemetery Kammer (Brandenburg) in burials 1 and 12, in the Poieneşti cemetery in burial 48 and in the Gubin group cemetery Luboszyce on the Middle Oder the are accompanied by dissected fibulae with balls (type P1) [Hachmann 1961, p. 99, fig. 31; Vulpe 1953, p. 327; Domański 1975, s. 19]. In burials 105 and 147 they are recorded together with fibulae of fig. 19 Kostrzewski (M. Babeş' type III.1), which also mark LaTène C [Vulpe 1953, p. 349, 362]. In burial 4 of the cemetery Kammer, in burial 56 of the Przeworsk cemetery Zaguzhin fibulae of type B have been found together with fibulae of types H- and G / H-Kostrzewski, which date back to LaTène D1 [Hachmann 1961, p. 99, fig. 31; Dąbrowska 1988, s. 18].

Thus, the functioning of fibulae of Type B in the LaTèneized cultures of Europe embraces a wide enough chronological range - LaTène C and D1, and possibly up to the age of Augustus, as considered I. Deshelett, that is, all of LaTène D. In the cemetery Voronin a type B fibula was found with a dissected fibula with eight-shaped loops on the back (P2) in burial 25, in Pirogov together with a fibula ЗТ-II in burial 150, in Otverzhichi in burial 31, in Velemichi-1 in burial 60, and in Chaplin in burial 117 together with fibulae ЗТ-III; in the same burial 70 of the cemetery Velemichi-1 together with Late Latène fibulae of type N1в. Thus, in the Zarubintsy culture fibulae of type B co-exist with the materials of Middle and Late LaTène.

As the transition from Middle to Late LaTène researchers unanimously determined approximately one and the same chronological interval - 120/116 or 120/105 BCE.

Dendrochronological research on logs of the Tille Bridge (Switzerland), where all the accompanying finds belong to LaTène D, showed that these logs could have been cut somewhere between 120-116 BCE [Hachmann 1961, p. 258; Polenz 1971, p; Haffner 1979, pp. 405-409].

Thus, in 120-116 BCE started the Late LaTène period - LaTène D. The main historical events of that time, influencing the change in the style of jewelry and other categories of objects, were the wars of Caesar in Gaul, the defeat of the Boii and Teurisci by Burebista, the movements of several Germanic tribes on to Celtic lands, the migrations of the Helvetii and Sueui, the occupation by Rome of Noricum and Raetia. The chronology of this time period is based mainly on material of Celtic oppida.

Researchers divide LaTène D into two phases. Phase D1 is diagnosed by Nauheim fibulae. There are many of them in the materials of the oppidum Manching. It was destroyed, as now believed, in 60-58 BCE or as a result of the campaigns of Burebista, or of some Germanic tribes, or perhaps as a result of inner-Celtic conflicts [Godłowski 1977, pp. 61 - 63], and not as a result of the occupation by Rome of Raetia and Noricum, as J. Werner previously believed [Werner 1979, p. 113]. At oppida destroyed later, in 15-10 BCE we no longer encounter Nauheim fibulae, but there are things of Early Roman style [Godłowski 1977, p. 60-62].

The period from 60-50 BCE to 15-10 BCE (from the defeat of Manching to the occupation Raetia and Noricum) is assigned by researchers to phase LaTène D2. At this time disappears the LaTène culture in Moravia, in the Czech lands cremation spreads, similar to those that have been recorded on the Elbe, in the LaTène sites of Slovakia appear Dacian ceramics. In Pannonia for some time still continued to function a few oppida. From Roman provinces on the Danube began to spread things of Early Roman style, but the transition to Early Roman time stretched for a hundred years. In the Przeworsk culture Roman times begins with the appearance of fibulae Almgren 68 in 40-70 CE. [Liana 1970, pp. 429 - 491; Dąbrowska 1976, pp. 153-165]. It is true that in a later paper by T. Dąbrowska limits it to the end of the first or the beginning of the second decade of the 1st cent. CE [Dąbrowska 1988, s. 305]. According to M. B. Shchukin, Roman times take pan-European significance only at stage B2, the beginning of which is synchronized with the beginning of the Flavian age (70-90 CE). [1993, p. 79].

Indicators of LaTène D1, besides Nauheim fibulae are various modifications of the wire Middle LaTène fibulae of type D, E, G, H and Late LaTène of type K, F, J-Kostrzewski. In the Zarubintsy culture fibulae of such a type, as also fibulae of type C, did not become widespread, which indicates a significant weakening of its ties with Central Europe at the end of LaTène C2 and D1. We do encounter certain derivatives of type D/E in burial 109 of the Pirogov cemetery and some similar to types G and H in burials 7 and 246 in Chaplin, some similar to the type D/A arched in the cemetary Velemichi-1 and D/A in burial 80 in the cemetery Velemichi-2, of type D/B1 arched in burial 124 and of type B/C in burial 193 of the Pirogov cemetery. Besides that, there are fibulae, which to some extent are collated with the fibulae of type Nauheim - they are Late Latène fibulae of type M3a (burial 78 in Velemichi-2, burial 5 in Vishenki, burial 20 in Semuradtsy), type M3б (burial 1 in Otverzhichi, burial 61 in Pirogov, burial 3 in Vishenki) and type N3б (burial 21 in Semuradtsah, burial 22 on Devich Gora).

LaTène D2 is determined by the types of fibulae M-and N-Kostrzewski. In Zarubintsy materials we encounter fibulae as well analogous to these - the types N1в, N2в, as also some similar to them - this is the non-arched fibulae of the types M1a, N1a, N2a, and the weakly arched types M1б, N1б, which indicates a revival of ties at this time between the Zarubintsy culture, on the one hand, and the Przeworsk and Oksywie cultures, on the other side.

Yu. Kostrzewski attributed fibula types M, N, O, to Late Latène and even to Early Roman time [Kostrzewski, 1919, p. 37, 39, 40]. Modern researchers attribute to the indicators of LaTène D2 the strongly arched fibulae M1в and N1в and the non-arched and slightly arched ones (M1а, M1б, N1а, N1б) they consider possible to put in later positions - in the period of the experience of Late LaTène traditions, that is, in the Early Roman period A1-B1a [Shchukin 1989, part. 2, ill 19]. Type O-Kostrzewski or "Boii" fibulae come from burial 47 (2 ex.) of the cemetery Velemichi-1, burial 81 (2 ex.) of the cemetery Velemichi-2, and also 1 ex. from Grishchentsa, Kiev obl. They are dated to the end of the 1st cent. BCE. and the beginning of the 1st cent. CE [Ambroz, 1966, p. 25], not later than 40-50 CE. [Kasparov, 1981. 16].

Fibulae of the Late Latène scheme are also known in the materials of settlements: in Tatsenki - M3б and N1б, in Trubezh in the site Volchkov - N1в, in Obolon - N1а [Shovkoplyas 1988, p. 237]. In the settlement Korzhi in Trubezh - a fibula of Late Latène scheme of "Pochep" type [Savchuk, 1969, fig. 1, 22]. An iron fibula of Late Latène schemes with framed receiver was found by V. Geze in 1901 in the settlement Sahnovka (Devitsa Gora) [Maksimov, 1972, p. 53].

Thus, the fibulae mark in Zarubintsy materials all phases of the LaTène period C and D. However, the foundation of the fibula complex of the Zarubintsy culture constitue fibulae of the Middle Latène scheme with a triangular ending of the leg, which are the ethnographic sign of the Zarubintsy population. In the scientific literature was expressed the opinion that the appearance of early examples of these fibulae in Zarubintsy cemeteries mark the onset of the formation of the Zarubintsy culture [Kasparova, 1981]. But the excessively increased dating of these fibulae at the time led several researchers to express a proposal of the existence of a pre-fibula phase in the Zarubintsy culture [Maksimov 1972; Pobol 1971-1974]. This opinion was subjected to criticism [Kasparova, Machinsky, Shchukin 1976, pp. 241 - 253].

In recent years, the idea of a pre-fibula stage in the Zarubintsy cultur comes back in a slightly modified form - the fibula-less period is about the absence in the Zarubintsy culture of not all fibulae in general, but only of fibulae of Zarubintsy type. As reason serves the discrepancy between the definition of the beginning the Zarubintsy culture by ancient stamps (at the end of the 3rd cent. BCE or at least at the turn of the 3rd/2nd centuries - early 2nd century. BCE.) and by the time of appearance in Zarubintsy culture of fibulae of Zarubintsy type, by the proposal by KV Kasparova only after the Balkan campaigns of the Bastarnae in 178-169 BCE [1981].

A thought has been expressed of a pre-Balkan phase of the Zarubintsy culture, in which there were not yet fibulae genetically related to the Celtic-Illyrian world [Abezgauz, Eremenko, Zhuravlev, Kargopoltsev 1992, pp. 34 - 55, Eremenko, Zhuravlev 1991, pp. 55-80]. In this case, the earliest in Zarubintsy culture could be dissected fibula with beads, which are known in Zarubintsy materials in a single case, and fibulae of type B-Kostrzewski that existed in all periods Zarubintsy culture, but not on LaTène D1 inclusively, as the authors of the hypothesis in question write. That is, for the first phase - the time of formation of the Zarubintsy culture - there are practically no chronological reference points.

There appears a great artificiality and strained-ness in the constructs of the hypotheses, both of the routes and time of the spread of prototypes of fibulae of Zarubintsy type into the Zarubintsy environment, as well as the justification of the chronological phase of the culture preceding the dissemination of fibulae of Zarubintsy type. The proposed hypotheses can not explain: firstly, why the Zarubintsy Bastarnae adopted the form of the spear-shaped fibulae, and the Bastarnae of the Poeneşti-Lukashevka culture didn't, and secondly - why this borrowing happened so late, seeing as Bastarnae in the Danube area are known since the 30s of the 3rd cent. BCE. At the end of this century, at least, to 213 BCE the Sciri together with the Galatians were under Olbia. And it was at that time they could take in all the new and unusual.

The Middle Dnieper fibulae of Zarubintsy type on a greater number of signs are closer to the spear-shaped ones than the Polesie ones do [Pachkova 1988, p. 17]. It is fully reasonable to assume that members of the population of the emerging Zarubintsy culture themselves adopted the form of fibulae with a triangular catch-plate on the leg, when they participated in Bastarnae campaigns in the Balkans. Together with them from the Balkan campaigns to the Dnieper could come representatives of Celtic-Illyrian tribes, and bring the fibulae into the territory of the Zarubintsy culture. As proof of this can serve a fibula, found in an area s. Borodyanka, Kiev obl. (fig. 26, 1). It is characterized by the fact that its catch-plate is a crushed back, and on the leg there is no catch-plate. But such a modification of fibulae with a triangular catch-plate did not take root among the population of the Zarubintsy culture.

There are discrepancies between the researchers also in the dating of concrete variations of fibulae of Zarubintsy type, and in determining the pace of their development and replacement [Pachkova 1988, p. 12, fig. 1]. An analysis of the co-occurrence of variations of fibulae of Zarubintsy type with fibulae of other types establishes the correctness of the opinion that the fibulae of Zarubintsy type outlive all types of fibulae of Middle Latène and Late Latène schemes, which were widespread in the Zarubintsy culture. The latest variants, as known from the materials from the cemeteries of Rakhny and Hryniewicze Wielkie accompany oculate fibulae of the Early Roman period B2. Thus, marking the process of formation of the Zarubintsy culture and its finale, the fibulae of Zarubintsy type, for which the Celtic-Illyrian spear-shaped fibulae served as prototype, are indeed the most expressive ethnographic feature of the Zarubintsy culture throughout its functioning.

The transition from the LaTène style to the Early Roman one in the Zarubintsy culture is represented by fibulae of type Ambroz gr. 12 var. 7 - spring with a smooth body and a button on the end of plate receiver. They date to the 1st cent. CE, mainly its first half [Shchukin 1989, part. 2, ill. 20, 17]. One of them comes from burial 3 in the Subotov cemetery.

To this period belong the arched tied fibulae of type Ambroz gr. 15 series 1 var. 1 (pseudo-LaTène) [Ambroz, 1966, p. 48]. They are found in burials 162 in the Pirogov cemetery, 2 at Devich Gora, 56 and 58 in Chaplin, moreover in burial 56 paired with a fibula of type N1a.

The arched tied fibulae of type Ambroz gr. 16 subgroup 1 of the Upper Dnieper series is dated to the 1st cent. CE [Ambroz 1966, p. 57]. One copy of this fibula was found in burial 25 in Chaplin together with a fibula type N1a. In the only copy on Zarubintsy territory found bi-partite tong-shaped fibula in burial 152 in Chaplin. Its body is close to Late Latène fibula, but instead the spring head ends with two hooks, as if with tongs. This fibula is rare in Eastern Europe, it is related to the type of Provincial Roman ones. A.K. Ambroz included it in a group of fibulae of diverse forms and diverse times, united by the structure of the hinge [1966, p. 28]. The highest concentration of tong fibulae is observed in the eastern Alps, northern Italy and Rome's Danubian provinces in the 2nd - 3rd cent. CE. Fibulae similar to those of Chaplin some researchers attribute to the 1st cent. CE [Kuha-Renko, 1964, p. 53; Pobol 1971. 119] but others to the second half of the 1st cent. BCE - Early Roman time A1 [Shchukin 1989, part. 2 .- ill. 19].

The very latest fibulae are oculate. At the settlement Lyutezh in the upper layer of one of the pits was found an instance of type Almgren 61 (type IV of Jamka's series). These mark the beginning, middle, and even the third quarter of the 2nd cent. [Jamka 1964, p. 75, fig. 55]. However, later in Early Roman B2a times oculate fibulae is no longer found [Wolągiewicz 1974, s. 129 - 152]. The same kind of fibulae has been found in the cultural layer of the settlement Tatsenki [Maksimov, 1969, p. 45, fig. 6, 12] and in the destroyed cemetery in Zarubintsy [Petrov 1969, p.. 45].

In the Middle Dnieper region of the Zarubintsy culture have been discocered fibulae temporally belonging to the Zarubintsy culture, but the circumstances of their findings are not always known. They were collected by L.A. Tsyndrovskaya [1988, pp. 85-94, fig. 1, table 1]. They are Late Latène fibulae close to types M, N, O-Kostrzewski (end of 1st cent. BCE. - beginning of 1st cent. CE) from Grischentsy, Zarubintsy, Tatsenki, Vovchki, a fibula of Late Latène scheme of "Pochep" type (1st cent.) from Korzhi, sharply profiled ones of type Almgren 84 (second half of 2nd cent.) from Rudyakov and Pasechnaya, oculate fibulae from Kononchi and the Kiev region. A large part of them could be connected with the sites of the Zarubintsy culture.

Having examined the fibula complex of the Zarubintsy culture of those regions where the processes of its formation proceeded, we can conclude that the later fibulae from burials belong to the Early Roman period B1a, B1b, which, according to M.B. Shchukin, in this area corresponds to the transition period from LaTène to Roman. In the materials of the same settlements appear separate instances of fibulae of the next chronological stage and style - Early Roman B2, signaling the finale of the Zarubintsy culture also on the Middle Dnieper. There are also some other objects, marking the finale of the Zarubintsy culture - these are two buckles and spurs of group 1, according to K. Godłowski [PZP 1981, p. 174], found in the settlement in Novye Bezradichi in the cultural layer and objects together with Zarubintsy ceramics. They belong to the middle or second half of 2nd cent. [Terpilovsky, Abashina 1992, p. 79]. Spurs of Roman types were also found in Obolon and Monastyrka. Thus, also in the Early Roman period B2 separate Zarubintsy sites continued to function.

Questions of the periodization of the Zarubintsy cultures characterizing the phases and the rate of development of its individual regions are repeatedly raised in the scientific literature. There are variants of the construction of periodization of on materials of settlements, which reflect changes in material culture deriving from large chronological temporal caesuras, often associated with external events (the threat of external attack, the change in external trade links, etc.). On the settlements there are almost no closed systems, few whole vessels, and a dearth of dating objects. It is difficult to grasp the nuances in the changes in the individual categories of objects, and therefore are recorded the most global transformations - the construction of additional fortifications, change in the character of imported products, changes in topography of populated points etc. It is a different matter with cemeteries: closed complexes, a large number of intact vessels, fibulae, different types of jewelry, weapons, work tools, a variety of funeral rites. The correlation of the co-occurrence of the various artifacts in one burial permits one to observe the slightest changes in the material complex, which, in the final analysis, also correspond to the rhythms of the development of the culture itself.

As one of the first Yu.V. Kukharenko elaborated a periodization of the Zarubintsy culture. Having identified two stages - the 1st cent. BCE and the 1st cent. CE, he noted that in the material culture big changes in the later period compared to the earlier one are not observed [Kukharenko 1964, p. 54].

L.D. Pobol identified three stages in the development of the Zarubintsy culture. The first stage - the pre-fibula one - was genetically linked to the Milogradskiy culture and dates from the middle of 3rd to the middle of the 2nd cent. BCE. The second stage is marked by fibulae of Middle Latène scheme from the middle of 2nd to the middle of the 1st cent. BCE. The third is determined by Late Latène fibulae from the mid-1st cent. BCE to the beginning of the 2nd cent. CE. [Pobol' 1971, 1974]. However, such a clear separation of the periods by fibulae does not correspond to the stages of development even in the Celts themselves, moreover, it can not correspond to the rhythms of development of the outskirts from LaTèneized cultures. All this has led to criticism in the scientific literature [Kasparova, Machinsky, Shchukin 1976. pp. 241 - 253].

E. V. Maksimov divided the time of functioning of the Zarubintsy culture into the first (early) period - from the last third of the 3rd cent. BCE to the end of the 1st cent. BCE (or to the middle of the 1st cent. BCE), the second (later or middle) period from the end of 1st cent. BCE (or from the middle of 1st cent. BCE) to the end of the1st cent. CE (or to the middle of the 1st cent CE), the third (final or late) from the turn of the 1 / 2 cent. BCE (or from the middle of the 1st cent. BCE) to the end of the 2nd cent. CE [Maksimov 1972, 1982, 1994, p. 51]. E.V. Maksimov's conclusions are, in the main, based on material from settlements of the Zarubintsy culture.

A detailed analysis of the funerary complexes can complement and refine this periodization, which practically does not single out the period of emergence and formation of the culture. To the present time, several periodizations of the Zarubintsy culture as a whole or its regions have been worked out, done on materials of cemeteries.

K.V. Kasparova, exploring the materials of the Zarubintsy culture of the Pripyat Polesie, came to the conclusion that it was impossible to use the signs of the burial rites to solve the questions of chronology and periodization. However, as the most sensitive bits of chronological indicators stand out ceramics, as the most bulky material, and fibulae are the most volatile jewelry with respect to time. The Polesie cemetery she divided into four phases and allocated transitional sub-phases. All the cemeteries, in her opinion, arose approximately in one period and the basic phases of their development coincided, although Otverzhichi and Voronin ceased to function a little earlier than the cemeteries in Velemichi, but also in the fourth chronological phase [Kasparova, 1981, pp. 15-16]. Weaknesses of the proposed periodization were laid, in my opinion, in the visual method of typology of ceramics, in which are not defined clear criteria for selection of its classification levels. This leads to subjectivity in the selection of types and the impossiblity not only of verifying the correctness of the author's conclusions, but also of other researchers using the proposed typology.

For periodization of the materials of the Upper Dnieper version of culture A.M. Oblomsky used the method of correlating chronological indicators with pottery. The positive side of his work is that the typology of the pottery and fibulae was performed using a mathematical algorithm of successive division into classes. However, this typology suffers from some drawbacks [Pachkova 1989, p. 34-37; Eremenko, Zhuravlev 1992, p. 55-56; Abezgauz, Eremenko, Zhuravlev, Kargopoltsev 1992, p. 34-41]. Also the typology of fibulae of Zarubintsy type proposed by AM Oblomskiy [Pachkova 1988, p. 11] drew criticism, as the fibulae play an important role in providing chronological periods.

Yet another variant of the methodology of chronologically dividing the Zarubintsy culture based on materials of the cemetery complexes has been published. It is based on the use of a cluster typology of ceramics and correlation with the groups of vesels with chronological reference points separately for male and female burials [Abergauz, Eremenko, Zhuravlev, Kargopoltsev 1992, p. 34-45]. This method was used by V.E. Eremenko in his work 'The 'Celtic Veil' and the Zarubintsy Culture" [1997]. But the separation of burials into male and female one turns out to be to a significant degree imaginary, as based on a complex of objects, but not on the results of anthropological analysis. In the proposed typology of vessels have not been taken into account the angular parameters of the proportion (the degree of deviation of the neck and shoulder convexity) that are the chronological signs. Finally, ignoring the proportions connected with the parameters of the neck (its diameter and height), can lead to enrollment into one cluster-type of vessels of class A (with necks) and class B (without necks). All this does not permit to recognize the cluster method in its proposed form as flawless, and, most importantly, as suitable for the treatment of questions of periodization.

The authors of the method argue that the cluster method "identifies the basic patterns" of the material. Perhaps, in some degree this is true. But the cluster method in its proposed form, identifies, apparently, the patterns of construction of varieties of the shell of Zarubintsy vessels on the chosen correlation of parameters as an object, characterizing the tradition of the Zarubintsy ethnic community, namely of Zarubintsy potters. But these are not chronological patterns in which even the distribution of Middle Latène fibulae in the given chronological periods is very convincing. There appears also an arbitrary establishment of the chronological frame for the groups of clusters, accompanied by the same types of fibulae. For example, in Voronino the fibula type B-Kostrzewski mark phase 1, belonging to LaTène C1b, and in Chaplin the same fibulae although also phase 1, dates already LaTène C2. And in what the chronological differences of pottery of these phases, identified by a single type of fibulae into one (the first) phase, are, belonging to different cemeteries for different time periods, remains unclear.

In addition, cluster analysis is conducted separately for each site, and not on materials of the whole culture, or at least region. "As the tempo of existence of similar borrowed things, by which usually is dated the burials of LaTèneized cultures, is different in male and female burials, the synchronization of the periodization can be done on those objects of which the occurrence tempo in male and female burials is about similar - for example, on the ceramic" [Bajan, Eremenko 1992, p. 16]. With this we can completely agree. I'll add that if in the ceramic there will be provided chronological evidence, then in the periodization there is no need for separate treatment of male and female burials.

In this paper we propose yet another variant of periodization of the Zarubintsy culture, in the elaboration of which was based on the materials of the cemeteries. Its differerence from others lies in the fact that the correlation of fibulae and other dating objects is carried out with the ceramic, divided not into types or cluster-types, but on the signs of the schemes 1-2. This made it possible to detect vessels with such a set of signs that occur predominantly in the earlier types of fibulae, and vessels with a set of signs that were accompanied in the burials by later fibulae. These signs usually come in different typological categories (section-type-variant-variety).

Analyzed were 215 burials in which the fibula were found together with intact or fully restorable profiles of vessels. They cover different regions of cemeteries of the Zarubintsy culture. From the cemetery Voronino were used 13 burial complexes, from Velemichi-1 - 36, Velemichi-2 - 38, Otverzhichi - 18, Pirogov - 29 Vishenki - 9, Chaplin - 57, Devich Gora - 6 Vitachev - 2 Dedov Shpil' - 2, Semuradtsy - 4, Remel' - 1, Goroshkov - 1. As the latest systems were used materials from cemeteries Rakhny and Hryniewicze Wielky. Such a number of complexes is sufficient for statistical analysis. The degree of probability of each event of a joint find of a vessel with a fibula is 0.68 [Rychkov, 1982, Table. 1]. These burials contain virtually all types of vessels with fibulae of different types. Class A vessels, having neck, shoulders and lower part, were detected with all types of fibulae. The most frequently recorded together with fibulae were pots, bowls and cups, which also constitute the main body of pottery. Goblets and chalices of class A in isolated cases occur with the earliest types of fibulae, namely with B-Kostrzewski. And conversely, a significant portion of them were found in burials with fibulae of Late Latène scheme. Class A pitchers more often occur with the earliest types of fibulae. A Scythoid bowl of class Ð` from burial 26 of the Pirogov cemetery was found with dissected fibula P2 (with eight-shaped loops on the back). A ribbed bowl of Class Ð` in burial 25 of the Chaplin cemetery was together with a arched fibula and a Late Latène weakly profiled type N1a, a bowl of Class Ð` in burial 37 of the same cemetery was together with Late Latène weakly profiled type N26. A bowl of Class B on a ring-shaped tray in the Subotov cemetery was accompanied by a spring fibula with a button at the end of the receiver. Also in the Rakhny cemetery, in burial 4, a Class A bowl was found with an oculate fibula type Almgren 58/59 and with a spring fibula with a weakly outlined button at the end of the receiver.

That is, with the functioning of the cemetery is traced a definite change of appearance of the pottery in the burials of the Zarubintsy culture. Frequency analysis of the co-occurrence of Class A pottery with fibulae in one and the same burials shows that what changes is not all the selected signs in the pottery, but only some of them. Among the measurements are the signs that determine the degree of profiling of the necks in bowl-like vessels (the degree of its deviation) and signs determining the degree of profiling (convexity) of the shoulders in pottery of both bowl-like and pot-like proportions. Among the descriptive (morphological) signs are the signs of a combination of forms of outer lines of neck, shoulder and lower part of the vessel, the character of the transition of the neck to the shoulders and from the shoulders to the lower part of the body, that is, the outer lines of the silhouette of the vessel. Among the signs of ornamentation is the presence of a polished groove and ledge on the shoulders or below the neck. A certain set of signs of the shown combinations is encountered in vessels, accompanied in burials by these or the other fibulae, that is, these signs are chronological for Zarubinetsy ceramics.

Fibulae of the types P1, B-Kostrzewski, ЗТ-II and ЗТ-III are found in some burials together with pots, pitchers and goblets, which usually have very strongly and strongly profiled shoulders (Ð"9, Ð"8, Ð"7), a straight neck line, a bulging line of the shoulder and lower part of the body, a sharp transition of the neck to the body and a polished groove and ring-shaped ledge under the neck or on the shoulders, which creates their duality. These signs we conventionally call early.

With fibulae of different types of M and N-Kostrzewski and fibulae of Early Roman style has been found ceramics in which dominate medium and weakly profiled shoulders, an arched neck, blending smoothly into the body of the vessel, straight lines and even concave lines of the shoulders and the lower part of the body, which is sometimes ribbed or close to ribbed. These signs we conventionally call later.

A similar pattern is observed with mugs. With a set of early signs have been dicovered mugs, which are accompanied by fibulae of type B-Kostrzewski and ЗТ-III, and those that are found together with fibulae of types M and N, are characterized by late signs. Chalices are chiefly encountered with late fibulae, and they themselves are marked basically with late signs. Among them specimens with a set of early signs are rarely encountered. In addition, it should be noted that for the mugs, and for chalices the degree of profiling of the shoulders (indicator Ð"6) belongs to the category of early signs.

Of bowl-like vessels with fibulae are found mostly bowls. With fibulae types of P3, B, ЗТ-I, ЗТ-II, ЗТ-III are mainly bowls with a set of early signs. In bowls, to the number of early ones belong signs, corresponding to classes with neck bent from strongly to very strongly outwards - an indicator of form Ð`6, Ð`7, Ð`8, Ð`9, and also descriptive signs of the bottom - close to round, which are characteristic to a large degree for the Upper Dnieper area. Early are signs such as: the bowls have a groove, drawn on the neck or under it with a finger and creating like a ribbing on the shoulders - this is also a feature of the Upper Dnieper pottery. As well as on the mugs, the indicator sign Ð"6 for bowls is early.

With fibulae of Late Latène scheme are encountered basically bowls with a set of late signs that have necks bent slightly outwards or even placed vertically, is encountered ribbed torso, the neck line concave, the line of the shoulders and the lower part straight or concave. Something similar is observed also in cups, and in soup tureens.

The mentioned uniquenesses of co-occurrence of pottery with fibulae in closed complexes made it possible to identify the groupings of vessels by the number of early and late signs, to which correspond more or less stable combinations of certain types of fibulae.

To the first belong vessels with four, five or six early signs and no more than one or two late signs. In addition to pots and bowls in this group are pitchers, and also a small number of goblets, mugs, cups, chalices. Certain types of pottery in this grouping differ from each other in the quantitative and qualitative composition of the early signs. If among the pots more than half have very strongly and strongly profiled shoulders, among the bowls there are many with medium and even weakly profiled shoulders. But among the bowls predominate specimens with straight necks, abruptly connecting to the shoulders. In the pots is encountered an ornament in the form of a polished groove and ring-shaped ledge on the shoulders or below the neck. Generally pots of this group have more clearly expressed early signs than bowls do. As already noted, the vessels with the highest number of early signs are accompanied by Middle Latène dissected fibulae, of wire, non-ornamented of type B-Kostrrzewski and ЗТ-I, ЗТ-II, ЗТ-III. Temporally this is the earliest period of the Zarubintsy culture, which, possibly, coincides exactly with LaTène C1b and almost the whole interval of LaTène C2 (from the end of the 3rd cent. BCE to 120-116 BCE) or a little earlier, which, possibly coincides with phase A1 of the Przeworsk culture, according to T. Dąbrowska.

To the second grouping belong vessels with three early signs and, accordingly, with two - four late ones. In this group, increases the number of cups and there are less pitchers. Among the pots there becomes fewer specimens with very strongly and strongly profiled shoulders. Significantly was reduced the quantity of vessels with a straight line of the neck, abruptly turning into shoulders. The number grew of vessels with a straight line of the shoulders and the lower part. The vessels of the second group were accompanied by fibulae type B-Kostrzewski, ЗТ-I, ЗТ-II ЗТ-III and also ЗТ-IVа. Chronological reference points of this grouping are derivatives of fibulae of type D, G, M-Kostrzewski (as proposed in the typology work - D/E, D/B, G/H, M3a). Burials with vessels and fibulae of this grouping represent the second chronological period, which covers the very end of LaTène C2 and all of LaTène D1 (from 120/116 BCE or a little earlier to 60/50 BCE) which almost corresponds to period A2 of the Przeworsk Culture, according to T. Dąbrowska.

The third grouping combines pottery with a minimum quantity early signs (one - two) or with only a few late ones. In pots and mugs of the early signs most often are encountered a raised line of the shoulders or the lower part. However, in a single vessel both signs are rarely encountered. Among the bowls predominate specimens with one early or only with late signs. Of the early ones more often than not is encountered a straight line of neck or convex line of shoulders. Among the fibulae, which mark the chronology of this period, there are varieties of Late Latène schemes of types M-and N-Kostrzewski and also of the fibula of Early Roman style. Of the fibulae of Zarubintsy type predominate with a developed catch-plate ЗТ-IVа, ЗТ-IVб and even ЗТ-IVв. Occasionally type-B-Kostrzewski is also still encountered. Materials of the third grouping represent the third chronological period. It covers LaTène D2 and the transition period from Late Latène to Early Roman in Eastern Europe, which includes the periods A/D3 and partly Early Roman B1. In absolute dates that fits into the framework of 60/50 BCE to 50-70 CE. Towards the end of that period cease to function the cemeteries of Polesie, known to date.

Pottery of classes Ð`, Ð' and Ð" was also manufactured by local Zarubintsy craftswomen, although it was not particularly widespread in Zarubintsy culture. Therefore, it also should have reflected to some degree, the style trends of pottery trade, of the time of its manufacture. Almost all kinds of pottery of Class Ð` (bowls, cups, pots, goblets, chalices) are recorded in the burials with different types of fibulae. But because of their scarcity no clarification can be obtained of any patterns in the change in the individual signs. It is only possible to cancel that class Ð` pottery is encountered as well with those fibulae that record the begin of the Zarubintsy culture, as with those which mark its late period. Thus, in burial 26 of the Pirogov cemetery was found a Scythoid bowl with raised strongly profiled shoulders, but the quality of the polishing was already Zarubinetsy. The bowl was found together with a shard of a black-polished Zarubintsy vessel with a fibula of dissected type P2. Fibulae of types N1б and Ambroz group 15, series 1, variant 1 in burial 25 of the Chaplin cemetery accompanied a bowl of Class B with late chronological signs - a straight line of the shoulders. A fibula of type ЗТ-IVб accompanies a chalice in burial 66 of the cemetery of Velemichi-1, in which were reported only late signs - medium profiled concave shoulders and a straight line of the lower part.

Class Ð' bowls by themselves are an indicator of the concluding period of the Zarubintsy culture. A.M. Oblomsky believes that they appeared in Zarubintsy culture as an imitation of the antique red-lacquered prototypes in the middle of 1st cent. and may indicate the existence of Zarubintsy sites still in the framework of the third quarter of the first century. [Oblomskiy 1987, 1993, p. 43]. A bowl of Class B is recorded with ЗТ-IVа fibulae in burial 125 on the Pirogov cemetery, and in Rakhny a bowl of class B in burial 4 was found with a shard of fibula ЗТ-IVв, shards of oculate fibulae Almgren 58/159 and an Early Roman fibula with weakly planned button.

Pottery of class Ð" (beakers) were marked with fibulae ЗТ-I and of Middle Latène type II.2, in burials 4 and 9 of the Voronino cemetery, with type ЗТ-IVа in burial 159 in Pirogov and with Late Latène types M2а in burial number 20 in Semuradtsy, that is, with fibulae of various periods of the development of the Zarubintsy culture. Saying anything definite about the chronological signs of pottery of class Ð" is difficult because of the limited number of both the signs themselves in the vessels of this class, and because of the very small number of the pottery itself.

Thus, about the chronology of vessels of classes Ð` and Ð", if they are taken by themselves, to say anything definite is often difficult. But they usually are found in the burials with pottery of class А, which helps to refine their chronology and to correlate with this or the other chronological period.

So, based on materials investigated to date cemeteries can be divided into four periods in the development of the Zarubintsy culture, which by dating objects fit into the framework from Middle Latène period C1b to Early Roman B2a, inclusive, when in the Middle Dnieper there remained settlements, mainly with floodplain topography, although also encountered on capes. Dating objects point to a continuation of their functioning also in the Early Roman period B2b. These settlement points belong to the concluding period of the Zarubintsy culture, which begins about from the middle of the 1st cent. from the appearance of bowls of class Ð'.

Life on the individual Zarubintsy sites proceeded at different time intervals in the framework of the functioning of the culture itself. Chronology and periodization of some of them can be clarified.

The cemetery Voronin.
By the excavations, which were carried out by Yu.V. Kukharenko, were opened 52 burials, chronologically determinable are 45 or 86.5% of the burials (Table 7).

To the first period, the earliest, may date back three burials. Those are burial 21, in which a woman was buried. (At the division of burials by sex sign were used the guidelines of V.E. Eremenko and other researchers). To this period may date back burial 26 (male) and 31 (cenotaph). In it were not found dating objects, but the pottery is characterized by a complete set of early signs. The pottery in the male and female burials are of various kinds and types (pot, goblet, cup).

Second period - 14 burials. In burial 14 (male) were combined vessels with the maximum set of early signs, that is corresponding to the first period, and vessels with three early signs, corresponding to the second period. This is phase "a" of the second period. In this burial there are no dating objects either.

To phase "b" of the second period date back 13 burials in which was found pottery with only three early signs. Eight female burials (4, 7, 9, 16, 24, 25, 36, 37), are dated by fibulae of type LT. 11.2a of burial 4, the combination of a dissected fibula P2 and of type Ð' from burial 25, of type ЗТ-I of burial 9, of type Ð' of burial 16, ЗТ-IVа from burial 37. Male burials are 12, 13, 20 and 39, in the last one of them was found a fibula of type Ð'. To this same phase dates back the destroyed burial 51.

Ceramics of the second period was varied in its composition of object types (bowls, chalices, mugs, goblets, pots). In the male and female burials is found pottery of one single kind.

To the third period can be assigned 28 burials (approximately 53.8%).

To phase "а" - the female burial 48 with a fibula ЗТ-III and male burials 3, 15, 22, 27, diagnosed by a fibula of type Ð'. In these burials were found together with vessels with the presence of early signs characteristic for the second period, and pottery, in which predominate late signs characteristic of pottery of the third period.

To phase "б" - burials with pottery, distinguished by a minimum set of early and dominated or only with late signs. These are female burials (1, 5, 8, 19, 29, 33, 35, 40, 42, 47), which are accompanied by fibulae ЗТ-IVа (burial 47), a fibula ЗТ-IVв (burial 19) and a combination of fibulae Type Ð' and ЗТ-IVб (burial 29). Male funerals (6, 17, 18, 23, 30, 38, 43, 44, 46, 50) are accompanied by a fibula of type B. The burials 11, 34 are cenotaphs, burial 52 is destroyed.

In terms of kinds and types ceramics of the third period is varied, in male and female burials is sometimes found pottery of a single type.

In the cemetery Voronino there are no fibulae of Late LaTène scheme, which in other cemeteries diagnosed LaTène D2, and there are also no bowls of Class Ð' - indicators of 50-70 CE, but there is encountered pot-like pottery with very weakly and weakly profiled shoulders, which also indicates the possible existence of the burial ground for some time in phase "в" of the third period of Zarubintsy cemeteries.

In the burials of the second and third phase are recorded things of long chronological range - namely single-loop and multi-loop bronze bracelets, safety pins with a ring-shaped multi-loop head, pendants, beads, spirals, iron rings, paste beads.

The cemetery Velemichi-1.
Opened were 126 Zarubintsy burials, chronologically determinable turned out 95, or 75.4% (Table 8).

The first period.
By the combination of pottery with the highest number of early signs and fibulae accompanying such pottery to this period may date back seven burials. Female burials of this period (88 and 99) are accompanied by fibulae ЗТ-II, five male ones by fibulae P1 (in burial 108) and B1 (in burial 67).

In the burials of the first period have been recorded bowls, pots, mugs, goblets and pitchers.

Second period - 25 burials. Female burials (in all 11 of them) are dated by fibulae of Zarubintsy type ЗТ-II (in burial 56) and ЗТ-IVа (in burial 4), as well as by the combination of fibulae ЗТ-III and B1 (in burial 60). To this period date back 13 male burials, in one of them (10) was found a fragment of a fibula of Middle Latène type. To this period belong two cenotaphs (7, 16) without dating objects.

The range of pottery in the second period is wider than the first. Cups and chalices appear, mugs increase.

Third Period - 65 burials (around 50%).

To phase "a" may date back five male burials, one of which (89) is accompanied by a fibula of type D/A arched. In these burials is jointly recorded pottery with a set of early signs, characteristic of the second period, as well as with a minimum set of early or only with late signs.

To phase "b" date back 24 female burials, in which were discovered fibulae ЗТ-III, ЗТ-IVа, ЗТ-IIIб, ЗТ-IVв, type B, as well as Late Latène type M1а, N1б, M1в, as well as burials with a combination of fibulae of different types (in burial 26 - ЗТ-IVа and M1а, in burial 70 - type B and N1в, in burial 75 - N16 and N1в). The group of male burials of phase "б" of the third period, has 29 burials, which are dated by fibula of type B, B arched, M1а and N1в. There is also six cenotaphs without fibulae, but with ceramics, in which predominate late signs.

Phase "в" of the third period.
To the latest burials may date back burials 19, 29, 30, 47, 49, 80, in which pot-like pottery is characterized by very weakly and weakly profiled shoulders. However, the fibulae of type O in burial number 47 and type N1в in burial 48, and the absence of bowls of class Ð' in the materials of the cemetery may indicate that the cemetery functioned only in the second half of the 1st cent. CE, perhaps, in its very beginning.

For the third period of the cemeteries all kinds of Zarubintsy pottery are typical. Changes are observed only in the correlation of quantities. Pitchers with a high neck practically do not occur, much more appear cups. Completely disappear bowls with handles. In general, all kinds of pottery are smaller in absolute size.

In the burials of all chronological periods, but mainly in the second and third, found jewelry, more rarely objects of the outcome of a wide chronological range. This is bronze safety pins with a spiral head, beads of vitreous paste, bronze pendants, rings and beads, details of the set of the zone.

The cemetery Velemichi-2.
Opened were 116 burials of the Zarubintsy time, of which 94 are chronologically determinable or 81% (Table 9).

First period - eight burials, five of them female, accompanied by fibulae ЗТ-I, type B, and by the combination in one grave of fibulae of types ЗТ-I and P3. Male burials - two, the chronology of which is determined by a fibula of type B. One infant burial without dating objects. Pottery found in these burials, is characterized by a maximum range of early signs.

The second period has 20 burials. It begins, probably, with three female burials, which are dated by fibulae ЗТ-III and ЗТ-IV6, - these are burials of phase "a". To this phase, perhaps, belongs also the male burial 80 with a fibula - derivative of type A and with traits of type D (D/A). In each burial of this phase is jointly found pottery with a maximum range of early signs and with three early signs. Only a pot from burial 80 is characterized by a full set of early signs, but the fibula does not correspond to the period of formation of LaTèneized cultures.

To the next phase "b" belong six female burials accompanied by fibulae of type B, ЗТ-II and ЗТ-III. To this same phase dates back a double burial of a woman and an infant (109) with three fibulae ЗТ-III. Seven male burials and two cenotaphs have no dating objects. The pottery of these burials is characterized by three early signs.

The third period unites 67 burials. It begins with nine female burials, which are diagnosed by fibulae ЗТ-IVа in burial 7, fibulae type ЗТ-III in combination with ЗТ-IVа in burial 5, 21, and ЗТ-IVб in combination with arched wire type N in burial 85.

To phase "б" we attribute 54 burials, in which there is pottery with a minimal set of early signs and a maximum of late ones. These are female burials with fibulae of type B, ЗТ-IVа, ЗТ-IVб, ЗТ-IVв and in isolated cases with fibulae with undeveloped catch-plates - ЗТ-III, as well as with different combinations of types of fibulae ЗТ, as, for example, ЗТ-IVа and ЗТ-IVб in burial 25, ЗТ-IVб and ЗТ-IVв in burial 14, or by a joint find in one burial of fibulae of Zarubintsy type and of Late LaTène, for example, in burial 93 - ЗТ-IVв and N1а, in burial 85 - ЗТ-IVб and N, in burial 86 - ЗТ-IVв and N. There have been recorded burials with combinations of different types of Late LaTène fibulae: in burial 100 - M and N, in burial 81 - N2б and O3, or with a few Late Latène fibulae: in burial 78 - M3а, in 102 - N1а, in 101 and 50 - N1б, 52 and 90 - N2в. Burials of men are usually accompanied by fibulae of types B, N1а, N1в, N2в. One infant burial and six cenotaphs had no fibulae.

Pot-like pottery from female burials 58, 70, 73, 84, accompanied by fibulae with developed catch-plates, with a minimum of late signs, is characterized by very weakly and weakly profiled shoulders, which allows to attribute these burials to the end of the cemetery operation (phase "a"), which, perhaps, goes somewhat beyond the middle of the 1st cent. CE.

As also in the cemeteries Voronino and Velemichi-1, besides fibulae and pottery, in a few burials were found objects, the dating of which is wide and they can not substantially affect the chronology and periodization of the cemetery. Among them predominate bronze safety pins with a spiral head, beads of vitreous paste, bronze pendants, beads and rings.

The cemetery Otverzhichi.
Opened were 98 Zarubintsy burials, of which 81 are chronologically determinable (82.9%) (Table 10).

The first period
begins with burial 33, which was, probably, destroyed, and from which survived a pot of Milograd type with a rounded bottom. Perhaps this burial precedes the immediate LaTènization of the local culture (phase "a"). The earliest Zarubintsy burials are two female ones with fibulae of type B/A (21) and with fibula of type ЗТ-I (80). Three male burials and one cenotaph are without dating objects. The pottery of all these burials are with a maximum quantity of early signs (phase "b").

The second period
is opened by burials of phase "a", in which is found pottery with a maximum set of signs together with pottery, in which are already only three early signs. That's four female ones, one male one and one cenotaph - in none of them have been found dating objects.

To the following phase "б" of this period belong 12 female burials with pottery in which there are three early signs, and some burials with fibulae ЗТ-II, B, and ЗТ-III and B; seven male burials, one infant one and a cenotaph without dating objects.

Phase "а" of the third stage has six female burials, two male ones, one cenotaph, which have no fibulae in their inventory, and among the pottery there are specimens with three early signs and specimens including the maximum set of late signs.

To phase "б" belong 12 female burials with fibulae of types ЗТ-IVа, ЗТ-IVб, ЗТ-IVв, M3б. Among the two infant burials is a burial with a fibula ЗТ-III; among 14 male burials are burials with a fibula M1в. In six burial-cenotaphs there were no dating objectss.

Perhaps, the latest may be burials 28, 46 and 68, in which were found pot-like vessels of small forms (goblets, mugs, chalices) with weakly profiled shoulders.

The cemetery Pirogov.
On the cemetery were opened 260 Zarubintsy burials. This paper uses materials of 128, excavated by A.I. Kubyshev (Table 11).

The first period
of the cemetery begins with burials, done by cremation, but with a some details characteristic for the population of the preceding, Scythian period.

This refers to burial 7, in which the bones of the dead are not completely burned, in the grave was supplied a Scythoid bowl, but having already Zarubintsy character of the polishing, and placed a stone pestle, which gave a basis for Scythologs to attribute this burial to the Middle Scythian period, ie, to the 6th - 5th cent. BCE [Kovpanenko, Bessonova, Skoryy 1989, p. 256]. However, a stone pestle was found also in burial 6 of the Chaplin cemetery, and in burial 14 of this same cemetery was found a piece of a stone grinder [Pobol' 1971, pp. 127-128]. So also in the Middle Dnieper in the burial rites might well appear relics of previous customs. So much more since there is also burial 26 with a Scythoid bowl, the polishing of which is Zarubintsy, but it is accompanied already by a small fragment of Zarubintsy black-polished pot and a fibula of type P2 - with eight-shaped loops on the back - an attribute of the period of formation of the LaTèneized cultures. These burials symbolize the transition to the LaTène traditions in the cultural appearance of the indigenous population. The described burials may belong to phase "a" of the first period.

The remaining burials of this period are fully consistent with the Zarubintsy culture. The pottery has a maximum range of early signs (there occur a direct line of the neck, bulging strongly profiled shoulders, the line of the lower part is also convex). The pottery is varied in kind - pots, pitchers, bowls and cups, moreover are occur specimens of all these kinds of pottery, with or without handles. These burials can be assigned to phase "b". In all, to the first period of the cemetery belong 31 burials.

In the Middle Dnieper area very poorly work indirect signs to determine the sex of the dead, as beads, safety pins and other attributes of female burials occur rarely. As diagnostic signs remain only ЗТ fibulae and paired fibulae, so the quantity of ascribed female burials in the cemetery may be underestimated, especially as the anthropological analysis also rarely give an accurate determination of sex of the buried. We can only note that among the burials of the first period, there are also female ones - 2, 54, 87, 143, 159, 200. Burial 46 is an infant one. The burials of the first period are dated by the dissected fibulae of type P2 (26) and type P3 (129), which define this period as LaTène C1b and C2. Nor is this contradicted by fibulae of type B from burial 150, of type B/C arched from burial 193, ЗТ-II from 150, ЗТ-III from 143 (fig. 42).

Second period - 33 graves. It begins with burials, in which pottery with the maximum number of early signs occurs in some burials with pottery with three early signs - this is phase "a" - eight burials. In two of them, probably female, there are fibulae of type B and ЗТ-III (burials 101 and 127).

The remaining burials are phase "б", in which pottery is characterized by a uniform distribution of early and late signs. In this phase, there are no more Scythoid bowls and pitchers with handles, the main types of pottery become bowls, mugs and cups, goblets<br/><br/>(Message over 64 KB, truncated)