Re: Slavery and Slave trade in Antiquity II: *xolp-/*kolp-

--- In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, "Torsten" <tgpedersen@...> wrote:

>
>
>
>
>
> *xol-p, *kol-p "slave"
>
> Vasmer
> Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
> has:
>
> 'xolóp, -а "servant, slave",
> xolopáj "servant, servile person",
> Ukrainan chołóp "serf, peasant",
> Belorussian cholóp,
> Old Russian cholopъ, n. pl. -i, g. pl. -ej (Mosk. Urk. 16.-17.
> Jhdt., s. Sobolevskij Lekcii 198),
> Russian - Church Slavonic chlapъ "servant, slave",
> Old Bulgarian chlapъ δου~λος, ο`ικέτης (Supr.),
> Bulgarian chlápe n., chlapák "boy",
> Serbo-Croat hl`àp g. hl`àpa and hlâp,
> Slovenian hlâp "boor",
> Czech, Slovak chlap "fellow, farmer, man",
> Polish. chłop,
> Upper Sorbian khłop, khłopc "fellow, chap",
> Lower Sorbian kłopc. ||
>
> Proto-Slavic or ORussian *cholpъ was borrowed early in
> Latvian kalps "farmhand, worker", s. M.-Endz. 2, 144.
> Interpretations this far all uncertain: Comparisons were made with
> Gothic halbs "half", originally
> "unpaired, with no opposite" (Pedersen KZ. 38, 373ff.) or
> "castrated servant" (OÅ¡tir Archiv 36, 444, Sobolovskij RFV. 71,444),
> assuming it was related to *cholkъ and *cholstь (aginst it Endzelin
> SIBEt. 124). Or else expressive reshaping was assumed and distant
> relationship with
> Lithuanian šel~pti, šelpiù "support, help", pašalpà "aid"
> (Brückner KZ. 51, 235. Pogodin RFV. 32, 270ff., IFAnz. 5, 260)
> or with
> Gothic hilpan "help"
> (Korsch Potanin-Festschr. 537, against it Endzelin c. 1. 42).
> The comparison with
> Sanskrit
> jálpati "halbverständlich reden, murren",
> jālmás "depraved person, rogue", also "mean" (Machek Slavia 16, 195)
> should be rejected.
> One also compares with
> Lithuanian sìlpti, sìlpstu "become weak",
> sil~pnas "weak, powerless"
> (Matzenauer LF. 7, 220, against it Berneker EW. 1, 394), further
> German Schalk (Brückner EW. 180) or
> Greek σκόλοψ "pointed pole" (Loewenthal Archiv 37, 386).
> Dubious is also the assumption of a loan from
> Lower Rhine German dialect halfe "smallholder"
> (J. Schmidt Vok. 2, 139ff., against it Berneker c. 1., Brückner KZ.
> 48, 194).
> Uncertain is relatedness with páxolok and xólitь (s. d.),
> cf. Sobolevskij c. l., Mladenov 669, Lehr-Spławiński JP. 24, 43.
> See xlаp.'
>
>
> But he also has
>
> 'xolúj I. "servant, sycophant, base slavish soul".
> Whence Balt-German chaluj id. (Kiparsky Baltend. 150). Related to
> nаxál "scamp" (which see) and podxаlím, also with páxolok (which
> see), s. Preobr. 1, 595, Gorjajev EW. 394, Dop. 1, 51. Andere
> vergleichen auch noch xolóp, xolostój, s. Sobolevskij ŽMNPr. 1886,
> Sept., S. 146, Lehr-Spławiński JP. 24, 44. Bold assumptions in
> Iljinskij IORJ. 20, 4, 156.
>
> xolúj II., also
> xólujnuk "fish weir", Arch.,
> xаlúj "rock protruding under water in river", Arch. (Podv.).
> According to Kalima 237 ff. from
> Finnish kolu "fish weir constructed with poles and twigs, stone
> heap".
> The sense "stone under water" belongs rather with xolúj I.
> Cf. pásynok as "rock under water".
>
> xóluj III. "mud left on meadows by high water, driftwood", Vyatka,
> Perm (D.), Kolyma (Bogor.), Olon. (Kulik.).
> According to Kalima 236 ff. should be explained from
> Finnish kаlu, Estonian kаlu "refuse".
> Differently Brückner KZ. 51, 237, who improbably wants to connect
> Old Bulgarian chalo,ga "fence",
> Serbo-Croat hàluga, "weed, dense forest",
> Slovenian halóga "shrubbery, twigs".
> Different again Petersson IF. 43, 77, who compares
> xаlépа "damp snowfall",
> Sanskrit cikhallas "swamp",
> Ossetian χului "humidity"
> (against it Mayrhofer Aind. Wb. 386).
> All very questionable.
> Komi kelui "refuse" (Wichmann-Uotila 96) is borrowed from Russian.'
>
>

de Vries
'skalkr 1 m. "servant, slave" (poet.),
Icel. Faroese skalkur "rogue",
Norw. Sw. Da. skalk.
â€"> Scotch Gaelic sgalag "farm worker"
(perhaps also Irish Gaelic scoloc "serf" ?);

> North Saami skalkka (Qvigstad 290).

â€" The sense 'rogue, rascal' is presumably borrowed from MLG, dubious however whether is true of the sense "servant", cf.
Gothic skalks,
OE scealc,
OFrisian Old Saxon OHG scalc.
â€" cf. skelkja 1.
Nor is the etymology clear. v. Friesen, Med. gem. 59, compares
Norw. dial. skalk "end piece of loaf",
Sw. Da. skalk "first piece cut from a loaf or cheese",
the thus = skalkr 2. Thus the often attested semantic development from short, thick piece > small, heavy set person should be assumed.
- Different also is a bold interpretation given by Guntert, Labyrinth 1932, 40: he connects the word with Gothic skalja "tile" and further with a pre-IE root *kal "rock, stone", supposed to live on in
Latin calx,
Greek χαλιξ; "stone, quartz".
Thus Germanic *skalka would be a name for the subjugated megalith people! '

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scallie#Etymology
'The word's origins lie in the Irish language. It is short for scallywag[4], which comes from an old Irish word for drudge or farmservant â€" sgaileog. It is a word which appears to be in common use within towns that have historic Irish communities, for example Salford, Warrington, Knowsley, St. Helens and Liverpool, where it is sometimes abbreviated to "scall". As one leaves the industrial belt of the Mersey and Irwell valleys the word appears to have been replaced by chav.'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalawags#Origins_of_the_term
'The term was originally a derogatory epithet but is used by many historians as a useful shorthand. The term originally meant rascal. Here is a quote by historian Ted Tunnell on the origins of the term:
Reference works such as Joseph E. Worcester's 1860 Dictionary of the English Language defined scalawag as "A low worthless fellow; a scapegrace." Scalawag was also a word for low-grade farm animals. In early 1868 a Mississippi editor observed that scalawag "has been used from time immemorial to designate inferior milch cows in the cattle markets of Virginia and Kentucky." That June the Richmond Enquirer concurred; scalawag had heretofore "applied to all of the mean, lean, mangy, hidebound skiny [sic], worthless cattle in every particular drove." Only in recent months, the Richmond paper remarked, had the term taken on political meaning.
...
The word's origins lie, via Scallywag in the Irish language word for drudge or farmservant, "sgaileog". It is a word which appears to be in common modern use within towns that have historic Irish communities in the Northwest of England, predominately Liverpool, where it is sometimes abbreviated to "scall" or "scally". It is also a derogatory epithet, one that denotes a fashion follower of low class or abilities.'


Torsten