--- In
cybalist@yahoogroups.com, Rick McCallister <gabaroo6958@...> wrote:
> ________________________________
> From: dgkilday57 <dgkilday57@...>
>
> . . .
>
> You spoke of "socio-allophones" which amount to distinctions of "sociolect". My
> position is that the observed distinctions are dialectal, not "sociolectal". We
> have true Latin <Dia:na>, <fla:men Dia:lis>, and <Die:spiter> beside Sabinizing
> <Juppiter>. What this indicates is that some of the Roman priesthoods were
> traditionally Latin while others were traditionally Sabine. If we postulate a
> Sabinizing "sacred sociolect" for <Juppiter>, we must also have a true Latin
> "sacred sociolect" for <Die:spiter> et al., and these "sociolects" are
> phonologically indistinguishable from the ordinary dialects with their everyday
> profane words.
>
>
> ***Rick sez:
> Do these Sabinized <j-> words exist outside of the religious and
> astronical/astrological domain? If not, they could be taboo forms based on the
> rustic forms, which may have been perceived by Latin speakers as something akin
> to Gosh, Crikey, Criminy, Laword (Southern pronunciation), etc.
That is possible, but like Torsten's theory of sociolects I think it complicates matters unnecessarily.
This is arguably another religious word, but I suspect that <je:ju:nus> 'fasting' comes from Sabine Latin. I have not found a fully adequate explanation of this word in the handbooks. Thurneysen (KZ 32:566) supported a connection with Sanskrit <a:dyu:nas> 'voracious'. Walde (LEW s.v.) regarded the latter as reflecting an IE compound *e:dy-u:no-s 'lacking food', the first element (with lengthened grade) being found in Skt. <a:dyas> 'edible', the second being cognate with Lat. <va:nus> 'empty', but in zero-grade. In our modern notation this would be *h1e:dy-uh2no-s. The initial sound of <je:ju:nus> is still unexplained.
Walde cites Niedermann (BB 25:293) for further material. N. cites a Latin by-form <e:ju:[n]ium> beside <je:ju:nium> 'fast, abstinence from food', and notes that Schuchardt (RC 5:492) referred Spanish <ayuno>, Rumanian <ajun>, and the Irish loanword <aoin>, all meaning 'fast', to a Vulgar Latin by-form *a:ju:nium. However, the VL form could just as easily be *adju:nium, since we have (for example) Sp. <ayudar> from Lat. <adju:ta:re>. If we postulate borrowing from a dialect which reflected */dy/ as /y/ (namely Sabine Latin), *e:ju:nus 'lacking food, hungry' would be the exact cognate of Skt. <a:dyu:nas>, leading to <e:ju:nium> 'period of hunger, fast'. With the first syllable reinterpreted as the prefix 'out-', this could easily have generated VL *adju:nium by analogy. If <e:junium> was popularly understood as 'a fasting out' to remove purported toxins from the body, then *adju:nium would be 'a fasting by' for whatever reason, such as sleeping (hence Sp. <desayuno> 'breakfast').
In this view <je:ju:nus> can be explained as contracted from the Sabine Latin phrase *je:(i)-e:ju:nus 'fasting during the day, fasting from dawn to dusk' whose first part is the locative or ablative of 'day' corresponding to Lat. <die:>. This word would originally have applied to religious fasting (this sort is indeed still practiced), but was easily extended to fasting in general, and metaphorically to 'lean, sparse, skimpy' etc. by Cicero.
It must be carefully noted that while Sabine Latin had /y/ from */dy/ where Latin had /di/, the Sabine language itself had /s/ (probably the voiced allophone [z] as in Oscan). Livy tells us that the first Appius Claudius was the Sabine Attus Clausus (as explained elsewhere, the praenominal change cannot be phonetic, and probably was necessary in Rome to avoid sounding like 'Matron' (Etruscan <ati> 'mother') rather than 'Patron' (Etr. <apa> 'father')). Lat. <basus> for <badius> 'chestnut-brown' and <rosa> 'rose, collection of roses' (Italic *wrod-ya:, from a non-IE root) have the same feature and are most likely true Sabinisms. My provisional view is that the Sabine Latin dialect became important at the time when Clausus and his 5000 clients were co-opted into the Roman state shortly after the establishment of the Republic, and were given land seized from the Etruscans. At this time (ca. 500 BCE) I suppose that Latin still had */dy/, a sound difficult for Sabines to produce (as theirs had been completely assibilated), so they substituted /y/. On the other hand their */l/ had been reduced to a voiced dental tap in some positions (as we actually see with South Picene <kduíú> = Lat. <clueo:> 'I am called'), so they hypercorrected Latin */d/ to a lateralized dental which Romans heard as /l/. Such words as <le:vir>, <lachrima>, and <lympha> are thus Sabino-Latinisms, not true Sabinisms. The aspiration in the last two (and in <pulcher>, <sulphur>, <triumphus>, and a few others) is in my view due to another hypercorrection. <Publius> and <publicus> with -bl- for earlier -pl- are true Sabinisms (a similar voicing in such clusters occurred in Oscan), so the Sabines when speaking Latin tended to devoice the clusters, as in <scintilla> beside Roman <scindula>, and the process was carried in the same direction with originally unvoiced stops clustered against liquids or nasals, producing the aspiration.
DGK
> ###The Day-Killer-Man sed:
> ________________________________
> No, I believe *dei-w- and *dei-n- were originally distinguished in meaning. I
> suspect the Jovian reformation commandeered *deiw- 'bright' (applied as an
> epithet to the moon, etc.) and replaced the old name of the daytime sky-god,
> *dein-, while elevating him to the position of supreme deity. I regard Etruscan
> as providing a clouded window into the pre-Jovian state of affairs; while it is
> not an IE language, it contains loanwords from one or more pre-Italic IE
> languages, and some of its divine names can be explained this way. Etr. Tin was
> identified with Zeus, and Tiu or Tiv was the Moon (also an appellative 'month').
> I consider these to have been borrowed from *dein- and *deiw-. Also Etr. Usil
> 'the Sun' corresponds to Sabine <ausel> and presumably reflects pre-Jovian
> *h2ews-el-. My view is that the first IE-speakers to reach this area had not
> been influenced by the Jovian reformation, and they converted the Etruscans to
> this older form of IE religion. Centuries later, this religion was Hellenized,
> and that is what we find on mirror-scenes and the like, but some pre-Jovian
> relics are still identifiable.
> *** Rick sez:
> There does seem to be a lot in Etruscan that looks like IE. Some have speculated
> that it was a congener of IE that picked up so much non-IE baggage that it
> became either a Mischsprache or a Creole. It is sometimes seen as a Nostratic
> member, despite attempts by others to link it to N. Caucasian et al. I'd like to
> hear your views, perhaps over at Nostratic List.
> . . .
>
Discussion of recognizable pre-Italic IE loanwords in Etruscan is certainly appropriate here. I should rework what I posted on this matter to sci.lang 8 years ago.
As to further discussion of the affinities of Etruscan, it will probably be 2 or 3 more years before I have the material sufficiently organized for posting anything over at Nostratic-L.
DGK