Re: *daŋ-, *sweŋ-, *graŋ-

I've had to substitute some Greek capitals with Latin ones in the following. Stupid UTF-8.

--- In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, "Torsten" <tgpedersen@...> wrote:


> > > > > > I think E-M are on the right track with root-extensions.
> > > > >
> > > > > I think they're not. Semantics-less 'extensions' should not
> > > > > be used in the description of a language. I think it's *-eŋ
> > > > > (and a Rozwadowski's change variant *daŋ- in Germanic *dag-
> > > > > etc ?), which showns it's non-IE.
> > > >
> > > > The extensions have semantics, but they are difficult to
> > > > determine at this time-depth.
> > >
> > > The two presumptive extensions both change a root meaning
> > > "light, day; god" into stems meaning "light, day; god". They are
> > > semantics-less and there is no amount of deferring the question
> > > which will turn them into anything else.
> >
> > No, I believe *dei-w- and *dei-n- were originally distinguished in
> > meaning. I suspect the Jovian reformation commandeered *deiw-
> > 'bright' (applied as an epithet to the moon, etc.) and replaced
> > the old name of the daytime sky-god, *dein-, while elevating him
> > to the position of supreme deity. I regard Etruscan as providing
> > a clouded window into the pre-Jovian state of affairs; while it is
> > not an IE language, it contains loanwords from one or more
> > pre-Italic IE languages, and some of its divine names can be
> > explained this way. Etr. Tin was identified with Zeus, and Tiu or
> > Tiv was the Moon (also an appellative 'month'). I consider these
> > to have been borrowed from *dein- and *deiw-. Also Etr. Usil 'the
> > Sun' corresponds to Sabine <ausel> and presumably reflects
> > pre-Jovian *h2ews-el-. My view is that the first IE-speakers to
> > reach this area had not been influenced by the Jovian reformation,
> > and they converted the Etruscans to this older form of IE
> > religion. Centuries later, this religion was Hellenized, and that
> > is what we find on mirror-scenes and the like, but some pre-Jovian
> > relics are still identifiable.
>
> Now that would be an argument against a proposal that *-eŋ in Italic
> split into *en- and *ew- after loaning to Etruscan, not to a
> proposal that the split happened before that, in Italic or before.

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Dimiter Detschew:
'

Dα~οι, Dάοι; sing., Dα~ος, Dάος, Dαυ~ος, Dāvos, Davus, Daus (auch als PN verwendet), ältere Bezeichnung der Daker. -
[(also used as a personal name), older designation of the Dacians]

1.
Strab. 7, 3, 12: γέγονε δ`ε κα`ι `άλλος τη~ς χώρας μερισμ`ος συμμένων `εκ πα­λαιου~• το`υς μ`εν Dακο`υς προσαγορεύουσι το`υς δ`ε Gέτας, Gέτας μ`εν το`υς πρ`ος τ`ον Πόντον κεκλιμένους κα`ι πρ`ος τ`ην ´έω, Dακο`υς δ`ε το`υς ε`ις τ`αναντία πρ`ος τήν Gερμανίαν κα`ι τ`ας τον `Ίστρου πηγάς, ο´`υς ο`ι~μαι Dάους καλει~σθαι τ`ο παλαίον, `αφ' ο´υ~ κα`ι παρ`α τοι~ς `Aττιχοι~ς `πεπόλασε τ`α τω~ν ο`ικετω~ν `ονόματα Gέται κα`ι Dα~οι.
[But there is also another division of the country which has endured from early times, for some of the people are called Daci, whereas others are called Getae - Getae, those who incline towards the Pontus and the east, and Daci, those who incline in the opposite direction towards Germany and the sources of the Ister. The Daci, I think, were called Daï in early times; whence the slave names "Geta" and "Daüs"]
Steph. Byz. 216, 22; o´ι Dα~κοι, ο´` υς καλου~μεν Dάους.
Luc. salt. 29: Dάων κα`ι Τιβίων κα`ι μαγείρων πρόσωπα.
Eust. comm. ad Dion. Per. 305: ´ότι το`υς Dάκας Dάους `εκόλουν τινές• φησ`ιν o`υ~v κα`ι ´o Gεωγράφος, ´ότι ο´ι Dάκαι Dάοι ποτε `ωνομάζοντο. -

2.
Dαυ~ος, Dāvos als Sklavenname in der neue­ren Komödie (vgl. K. Gatzert, De nova com., Dissert. Gießen 1913, 71).
Herond. 5, 68: ´η Dάου τιμή.
Anthol. Palat. 14, 123, 10: Dάος δ' ε`ίχοσι μνα~ς `εχέτω.
IG 22, 8614: Dαος ´Ηρακλεώτης,
8615: Dαος Dαου ´Ηρακλεώτης;
42, 650 aus Epidauros: βωμ`ον Πανθείω, ´ιερε`υς ´ιδρύσατο Dαος;
11, 2, 111 aus Delos, 23; `εγ μετοίκων Dαος Bαλά(κρου);
12, 8, 177 aus Samothrace, 5: Dαος (unter μύσται);
12, 8, 592 aus Thasos: Dαος `Aπολλο ---.
JHS 24, 1904, 33 Nr. 49 aus Kyzikos:
a) Dιόδ[ω]ρε Dαου χ[α]ι~ρε,
b) Εμβιλε Dαου χαι~ρ[ε.
ΙΡΕ 4, 31 aus Olbia: Aδαιος Dαου ´ιππεύς.
CIL
6, 5866: C. Iulius Davos faber;
6, 14993: Ti. Claudio Dao;
6, 19221: Davos;
6, 25170 a: P. Publio Dao;
6, 25650: Dav[os];
6, 27489: Q. Titi Q. 1 Davi;
6, 33555: Daus Caesaris (servus);
6, 35612: C. Aufidio C. 1. Davo coniugi;
10, 4016 aus Capua: M. Antonio Davi;
11, 3885 aus Capena: d. m. Ti. Claudi Aug. l. Dai;
14, 2877 aus Praeneste: Davos Calidus.
Not. Scav. 1904, 438 aus Rom: T. Precilius T. O. l. Davos.
Cod. Iust. 9, 35, 2 (anno 230): Imp. Alex. A. Davo.

Nach Hdt. 1, 125 nennt sich Dάοι auch ein Nomadenvolk im mittleren Iran.
Dάος, Dα~ος als PN begegnet häufig in den nicht zu Bithynien gehörigen Teilen Kleinasiens, besonders in Phrygien, wo derselbe auch als GN auftritt (vgl. Kretschmer Einl. 202; Ramsay JHS 38, 1918, 168; Sundwall LN 65). Es kommt noch das phryg. Appellativum δάος• ´υπ`ο Φρυγω~ν λύκος Hesych. vor, das von Kretschmer Einl. 211 zu abg. daviti „würgen" von der Wz. dhaw- gestellt wird. Davus kommt als PN auch im kelt. Sprachgebiet (vgl. Holder AC 1, 1245) vor.
Erwägenswert ist der Versuch WT. Thr. II 2, 29, Dāvos von der Wz. dhe:- „collo­care, ponere" abzuleiten und demnach als „Siedler, Sasse, Bauer" zu deuten.


Dακοί, Dα~κοι, Dάκαι, Dα~και, Dάκες, Daci, Dacisci, Dagae, Daces
(sing. Dα~κος, Dάξ, Dacus, Daqus, Daciscus, Daeisqus)
Stamm, vom 2. Jahrh. vor Chr. bekannt (von den Griechen oft mit dem der Gέται verwechselt);
Dακία, Dacia dessen Land (zwischen dem Dnjester, den Karpaten und der Donau). -

1.
Strab.
7, 3, 12:
γέγονε δε κα`ι `άλλος τη~ς χώρας μερισμός συμμένων `εκ παλαιου~• το`υς μ`εν γ`αρ Dακο`υς προσαγορεύουσι τους δ`ε Gέτας, Gέτας μ`εν το`υς προς τ`ον Πόντον κεκιμέ­νους κα`ι πρ`ος τ`ην ´έω, Dαχούς δ`ε το`υς ε`ις τ`αναντία πρ`ος τ`ην Gερμανίαν κα`ι τ`ας του~ `Ίστρου πηγάς, ο´`υς ο`ι~μαι Dάους καλει~σθαι τ`ο παλαιόν (demnach sind die Daker Nachkommen der Daoi):
[But there is also another division of the country which has endured from early times, for some of the people are called Daci, whereas others are called Getae - Getae, those who incline towards the Pontus and the east, and Daci, those who incline in the opposite direction towards Germany and the sources of the Ister.]
7, 3, 13: ´ομό­γλωττοι δ' ε`ισ`ιν ο´ι Dακο`ι τοι~ς Gέταις.
[The language of the Daci is the same as that of the Getae]
Dio
51, 22:
ταυ~τά τε ο`υ~ν εσήχθη, κα`ι `αθρόοι πρ`ος αλλήλους Dακοι τε κα`ι Σουη~βοι `εμαχέσαντο. ε`ισ`ι δε ο´υ~τοι μ`εν Κελτοί, `εκει~νοι δε δ`η Σκύθαι τρόπον τινά. κα`ι ´οι μεν πέραν του~ ´Ρήνου ´ώς γε τ`ακριβ`ες ε`ιπει~ν, --- ο´ι δ`ε `επ' `αμφότερα τον Ιστρου νέμονται, `αλλ' ο´ι μ`εν `επ`ι τάδε α`υτου~ κα`ι πρ`ος τη,~ Τριβαλλικη,~ ο`ικου~ντες `ές τε τ`ον τη~ς Μυσίας νομ`ον τελου~σι κα`ι Μυσοί, πλ`ην παρ`α τοις πάνυ ~` επιχωρίοις, `ονομάζονται, ο´ι δε `επέκεινα Dακο`ι κέκληνται, ε`ίτε δ`η Gέται τινές ε`ίτε κα`ι Θρα,~κες του~ Dακικου~ γένους του~ τ`ην ´Ροδόπην ποτ`ε `ενοικήσαντος `όντες
[These beasts, accordingly, were brought in, and moreover Dacians and Suebi fought in crowds with one another. The latter are Germans, the former Scythians of a sort. The Suebi, to be exact, dwell beyond the Rhine (though many people elsewhere claim their name), and the Dacians on both sides of the Ister; those of the latter, however, who live on this side of the river near the country of the Triballi are reckoned in with the district of Moesia and are called Moesians, except by those living in the immediate neighbourhood, while those on the other side are called Dacians and are either a branch of the Getae are Thracians belonging to the Dacian race that once inhabited Rhodope. ]
(Dio hat hier, wie WT. Thr. I 71 und 101 be­merkt, an die Dι~οι und das Dιακόν γένος bei Thuc. 7, 27, 1 gedacht, indem er das letztere ohne weiteres in Dακικόν γένος änderte, ob­wohl er die Dι~οι zu Vorvätern der Daker machen wollte);
67, 6:
Dακο`υς δ`ε α`υτο`υς προσαγορεύω, ´ώσπερ που κα`ι α`υτο`ι ´εαυτο`υς κα`ι ´Ρωμαι~οί σφας `ονομάζουσιν, ο`υκ `αγνοω~ν ´ότι ´Ελλήνων τιν`ες Gέτας α`υτο`υς λέγουσιν, ε`ιτ' ορθω~ς ε`ίτε κα`ι μ`η λέγοντες• `εγ`ω γ`αρ ο`ι~δα Gέτας το`υς ´υπέρ του~ A´ίμου παρ`α τ`ον `Ίστρον ο`ικου~ντας.
[I call the people Dacians, the names used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right form or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister.]
Monum. Ancyr. 5, 48 - 49:
μεταχθ`εν τ`ο `εμ`ον στράτευμα πέραν `Ίστρον τ`α Dάκων `έθνη προστάγματα δήμου ´Ρωμαίων ´υπομένειν `ηνάγχασεν.
[my own army was led across the Danube and compelled the tribes of the Dacians to submit to the orders of the Roman people.]
Diοn. Per. 305: Dακω~ν `άσπετος α`ι~α.
Stud. 20 Nr. 139 (531 nach Chr.), 2: Φλαύιος Μηνα~ς ´ο κα`ι Gε[ώργ]ιος στρα[τιώ]της άρ[ιθμ]ου~ τω~ν γενναιο­τάτων Dακώ~ν.
Steph. Byz. 216, 22: ο´ι Dα~κοι, ο´` υς καλου~μεν Dάους.
Appian. Illyr. 23: ´ό δ`ε (= ´ο Και~σαρ), φρουρ`αν `εσαγαγει~ν `έψη κα`ι ´ομήρους ´εκατ`ον λαβει~ν, ´ίν' `ασφαλω~ς ταμιείω, τη,~ πόλει (= Σεγέστη,) χρω,~το `επ`ι Dα~κας.
Proc. bell. 5, 15, 27: τούτων (== Νορικω~ν) δ`ε Dα~καί τε κα`ι Παννόνες `εν δεξια,~ ο`ικου~σιν.
Eust. comm. ad Dion. Per. 305 ´ότι το`υς Dάχας Dάους `εκάλουν τινές. φησ`ιν ο`υ~ν κα`ι ´ο Gεωγράφος, ότι ο´ι Dάκαι Dάοι ποτ`ε `ωνομάζοντο.
Cecaum. Strat. 74 (ed. Wassi­lewsky und Jernstedt, Petrop. 1896): ο´ι λεγόμενοι Dα~και κα`ι Bέσοι (als Vorfahren der Vlachen).
Suid.: Dάκες• ´οι νυ~ν Πατζινακίται λεγόμενοι• ´η ε`υθει~α Dάκος.
Caes. bell. Gall 6, 25, 2: ... Hercynia silva .. . per­tinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium.
Plin. NH4, 80: alias Getae, Daci Romanis dicti, --- montes vero et saltus (inter Danuvium atque Hercynium saltum) pulsi ab iis (= Iazygibus) Daci ad Pathissum amnem;
7, 50: quarto partu Dacorum originis nota in bracchia reddita:
22, 2: maresque etiam apud Dacos et Sarmatas corpora sua inscribunt.
Pomp. Trog. hist. 32, 3, 16: Daci quoque suboles Getarum sunt.
Monum. Ancyr. 5, 48 - 49: trans Danuvium ex[er­citus me]us ductus Da[cor]um im[perio populi Romani perferre coegit].
[my own army was led across the Danube and compelled the tribes of the Dacians to submit to the orders of the Roman people]
Hor. carm. 3, 8, 18: Dāci Cotisonis agmen;
serm. 2, 6, 53: numquid de Dācis audisti?
TP 8, 4: Dagae (d. h. Dacae, wie Sagae TP 12, 1/2 statt Sacae).
Iord. Rom. 217: Daces. -

2.
Herodian. 1, 147, 27 (Lentz): Dα~κος `έθνος, ´`ο κα`ι Dα~ος καλει~ται.
Lascar. Gramm. bei Lobeck. Par. 96: Dάξ.
Hor. carm. 1, 35, 9: Dācus asper.
CIL
3, 1435515 aus Ödenburg: Sassa coniun[x] et conliberta nat(ione) Daca:
6, 1801: d. m. Ziai Tiati fil. Dacae uxori Piepori regis Coisstobocensis;
6, 2495: Iul(ius) Secundinus e. v. k. coh. III pr. Salarior. XXVII --- nat. Dacus;
6,3227: Aurel(io) Primo liberto nat(ione) Dacus;
6, 7407: Dacus insularius;
16903: dis manibus Diuppaneus qui Euprepes Sterissae f. Dacus;
8, 8562 aus Mauretanien: Fortu­natus qui et Dacus;
10, 4030 aus Capua: C. Auli, C. C. l., Daci o. h. s. s.;
11, 28 aus Ravenna: Q. Decimus Dacus;
11, 6695105 aus Regium: Cl(audius) Dac(us);
3, 14644 aus Dalmatien: Amabilis secutor nat(ione) Dacus pug(narum);
14, 3564 aus Tibur: P. Aquillius, P. l., Dacus;
16, Dipl. 13 (anno 71) aus Dălgodělci, Bez. Lomiu 17: Tutio Buti f., Dacus.
RLO 16, 1926, 44 aus Carnuntum: Pere­grinus Q. Asini ser. sutor caligarius natione Dacus.
CIL 6, 3236: d. m. Aurelius Victorinus eques sing. d. n. --- natione Daqus domum coloni (sic) Zermiegete (sic).
Vgl. außerdem
CIL
6, 2605: Aur. Victo[r]ino mil. coh. VI pr. natione Dacisca, regione Ser­dic(e)n(se);
Script. hist. Aug. 26, 38, 4: septem milibus Daciscorum interremptis;
N. D. or. 40, 21: milites Dacisci.
CIL
3, 7573 aus vallum Traiani in Dobrudža: Pia et Daciscus fratres;
5, 1047 aus Aquileia: d. m. M. Secundi Genialis domo Cl. Agrip. negotiat. Dacisco patr. optimo;
5, 6244 aus Mediolanum: Dacisqus Iustus;
6, 3320: [natione D]aciscu[s].
Dacia 7 - 8, 1937 - 1940, 353 aus Drobeta: Iul(ius) Daciscus. -

3.
Dio 68, 14: κα`ι ο´ύτως ´ή Dακία ´Ρωμαίων ´υπήκοος `εγένετο.
Ptol. 3, 5, 6: ´ο μ`εν Τύρας ποταμός α`υτ`ος ´ορίζει τ`α μέρη τη~ς Dακίας κα`ι τη~ς Σαρματίας.
Steph. Byz. 216, 22: Dακία, χώρα πλησίον Bορυσθένους.
IGRP 4, 47 aus Lesbos: Π. `Aίλιος `Aρριαν`ος `Aλέξανδρος, βουλευ[τ`ης] Dακίας κολωνείας Ζερμιζεγ[ε]θου­σης.
Hierocl. 654, 2: επαρχία Dακίας μεσογείου.
Constant. Porphyrog. de them. (Bonn.) 56, 5: επαρχία Dακίας μεσογαίου.
Amm. Marc. 22, Ι, 3: inter terminos Daciae.
CIL
16, Dipl. 68 (anno 120) aus Porolissum: [in Da]cia supe[riore];
16, Dipl. 75 (anno 129) aus der Kleinen Walachei, 7: in Dacia i<n>feriore.
CIL
3, 980 aus Karls­burg·: tabularius provinc(iae) [Da]ciae Apulensis;
3, 1153 aus Apulum: L. Aemil. Car[u]s leg. Au[g]. pr. pr. III Daciarum;
3, 6054 aus Ancyra: proc(uratori) Daciae Porolisensis;
3, 13704 aus Saloniki: pra[e]sidem prov. Daci[ae] Malvensis.
Script. hist. Aug. 26, 3, 1: Aurelianus ortus, ut plures loquuntur Sirmii, ut nonnulli Dacia ripensi.
N. D. or.
1, 55: Dacia ripensis;
1, 77: Dacia mediterranea.
Vgl. Dacia als PN in CIL
3, 2967b aus Dalmatien: Fermus tribunus et --- Dacia coniuge eius;
5, 3647 aus Verona: (dat.) Iuliae Daciae;
6, 28848a: Vibia Dacia mater;
10, 1316 aus Nola: (dat.) Noniae Dac(iae).

Kretschmer Einl. 214 ist der Ansicht, daß Dāci sich zu Dα~οι verhält wie Graeci zu Gραι~οι,. Er schließt daraus, daß der Wechsel des Namens vielleicht mit der nationalen Erhebung des Volkes zusammenhängt, bei welcher noch andere Stämme als die Daer in der Nation aufgegangen sein mögen, die nun mit diesen zusammen als die Daischen bezeichnet wurden.

[Kretschmer Einl. 214 is of the opinion, that Dāci is related to Dα~οι as Graeci to Gραι~οι,. From that he concludes, that the change of name perhaps has to do with the national uprising of the people, in which further tribes were made part of the nation, which now together with these were designated as the Daic.
]


Dοκίδαυα Stadt im nordwestl. Teile von Dakien, Ptol. 3, 8, 4.
In Dοκι- steckt der PN *Dοκις. Vgl.
die kelt. PN Doci-rex, Docius, Holder AC 1, 1298-1299, und
Dοκι auf einer edonisch-bisalt. Münze, Head HN 200

-δοκος, -docus, -δοκας, -doce, -δοκης, Dοκι-, -δοχος, -dochus, -δακος, -θακος, -τοκος, -τοκης, -τυχος, -ταγος, -τακος, -tacus, -ticus
in
Aμα-δοκος, Ama-docus, Ama-dochus, Aμα-τοκος, Aμη-δοκος, Aμμα­δοκος, Aμμο-δοχος, Dοκί-δανα, Καβα-δοκος, Καβα-τοκος, Μα-δαχος, Ma~doce, Μα-δοχος, Ma-docus, Με-θαχος, Με-ταχος, Με-τοχος, Μη-δοκης, Μη-δοκος, Μη-θακος, Μη-ταγος, Μη-τακος, Μη-τοκος, Μιτ-τοκος, Παρ-δοκας, Σαρα-τοκος, Σκοσ-τοκης, Σκυθο-δοκος, Σπαρα­δοχος, Σπαρ-τακος, Spar-tacus, Spar-ticus, Σπαρ-τοκος, Σπαρ-τυχος, Σπορ-δοκος.
> Vgl. die griech. PN auf -δοχος, -δοχος bei Bechtel PN 139 und die kelt. PN Docilus, Docius, Doci-rex u. ä. bei Holder AC 1, 1298-1299. Zur idg. Wz. dek`-, dok`- mit Entpalatalisierung des Gutturals, die auch in Dοκίμαιον, Stadt in Phry­gien, Ptol. 5, 2, 24 und in deren Eponymos Dόκιμος, Head HN 672 begegnet.'


Proposal:
(I'm not decided on whether I'll use a vowel plus ŋ (-Vŋ-) or a nasalized vowel (-VN-) in the recontructions)


*daŋ-/daN- > *daw-
*daŋ-/daN- > *daNk- > *dak-
*daŋ-/daN- + -sk- > dansk
(*daŋ-isk´- > *duŋIsk´- > Pol. duńsk-)
(*daŋ-yan-> *daNk-yan- > *dačan-)

*sweŋ-/sweN- > *swew-
*sweŋ-/sweN- > *sweNk- > *swek- (Sueci)
*sweŋ-/sweN- + -sk- > *svensk

*graŋ-/*graN- > *graw- > *grai, grae
*graŋ-/graN- > *graŋk- > *graek-


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian#Substratum_of_Proto-Romanian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language#.28Old.29_Albanian
(the Old Albanian referred to here would be Dacian; note that the diagnostic suffixed definite article is also a feature of of North Germanic minus Vestjysk and would be just as indicative of a Dacian substrate, cf the thread starting in
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/9815
)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_tongue
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane%C5%9F (??)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)
(note all the *sven- side forms)
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=swain&searchmode=none

(cf. Kretschmer above)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks#Names (see Greeks)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crone (?)

The choices of Dak- Graek- over Dai-, Grae- as reflects of *daŋ-, *graŋ- seem to heve talen place at about the same time.


which BTW vindicates (I think) my derivation of crassus, grossus etc
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66586
as a participle *gr-áŋ- "grown old, ripe, juicy". What verbs *d-áŋ-, *sw-éŋ could be participles of is difficult to know. Words so short are suspect of being back formations from compounds, in casu
1) from the *-daŋ occurring in the Dacian towns in -dava (the town name then being the name of its people)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dacian_cities#Dacian
and in the various -danes mentioned in Beowulf (Spear-danes, East-danes, West-danes etc),
http://www.heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-notes.html
*-daŋ being ultimately cognate to Celtic dun-, Germanic *tun-?),
2) and from the *-sweŋ (swain) occuring in eg boatswain (used much more in eg. Danish, cf. eg. 'svend' "master craftsman"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman
corresponding to the German term 'Geselle'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman#Germany
used in compounds: slagtersvend, murersvend, bagersvend etc
).

All this adds up to Dacians (Free Dacians?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Dacians
making up part of either the 10 BCE or 250 CE (Brøndsted, as emended by me) invasion of Denmark, see quote here:
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66612
The main difference between Thracians and Dacians would be that the former slave-traded the latter. If so, the Burebista
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista
regime, made possible by the discovery of gold(?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_bracelets
or by reserving gold for the king's use alone(?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia#Occupations
would have been an economic disaster to Thracian slave-traders.



And BTW, while I'm at it, I think revive the old
Getae = Goths = Götar = Jutes equation
(plenty of it in the archives)


Torsten