----- Original Message -----
Sent: Thursday, April 06, 2000 12:19
PM
Subject: RE: [cybalist] Odp:
Nordwestblock
Gee, aren't I
delighted! Yes, it's a very impressive collection.
You could add
Pogezania (one of the old Prussian provinces in Poland <
*-gud-j-, like Pomezania from
*-med-j- to your inventory of Baltic "botanical"
*gud- 'thicket, wood', and I think that Gdańsk and Gdynia may
ultimately belong here as well (*gud-o:n- +
-išk-). BTW, pleonastic combinations like 'mountain hill' or
'wood grove' are not uncommon in toponymy, particularly if one of the elements
is an archaic or forgotten lexeme.
The data should
be carefully screened against the possibility of including recent loans
(Russian gotskoj, Polish gocki are certainly
young when compared with Old Russian
gUtinU!).
Gdów and Gdzew look
as if they had the possessive -ow- ending
(*gUd-ovU, *gUd-j-evU <
*gUd-j-ovU). Freely alternating -ów and -ew are commonplace
in Mazovia, but -dz- can hardly be anything else than *-dj-. There was strong
Jatvingian influence in Mazovia. I'm not sure where precisely Gdzew is and
can't check it at the moment, but if it's northeast of Warsaw, it may well
contain Baltic *gud-j- 'foreigner' (> hypothetical Old
Polish **giedz- (**g@...-), hence the Slavic
possessive Gdzew). If this is Gothic, what could it refer to?
Gothic priests (gudja is attested, after all)? Perhaps
'priest > sorcerer > bugaboo, monster; strange man, foreigner'. I'm just
thinking aloud. I'll consider it yet and return to this
issue.
Piotr
I found a better
way to have Piotr delighted: I will use the material I have collected on
this problem to support his point of view, and wait for his approval. If I
don't get it, then my point of view will be considered correct by default
:)
I.
Facts.
1.
Toponymy.
1.1 Lithuanian
toponymy (including former Lithuanian areas now in Belorussia, grouping
explained below)
1.1.1 Group I (all
over Lithuania, but mostly close to the southern border)
Subgroup
A
Gudai (5
times), note charasteristic ethnonymic plural
Gudaičiai (8), note the patronymic
suffix -ait-
Gudakiemis (2),
kie^mas 'yard'
Gudašiai (1), note the suffix
-aš-, used to form toponyms from
anthroponyms
Gudeikiai (1), suffix
-eik- with a wide range of functions, mainly diminutive from
nouns denoting persons or personified objects
Gudgalys (3),
ga^las 'end'; used to form toponyms with the meaning
'territory inhabited by'
Gudiškiai (16), suffix
-išk- with a wide range of functions, including 'inhabitant
of'
Gudkaimis (1),
káimas
'village'
Gudonys/-iai (7),
-on- with different functions, mainly 'inhabitant
of'
Gudulinė (1),
-in-('quality of')derivative from *Gudulis,
-ul- being a suffix used mainly to form diminutives
from nouns denoting persons or personified
objects
Gudėnai (4), note the ethnonymic
suffix -ėn- with the meaning 'inhabitant of', and
especially 'living on a river', so we should expect that a river
*Gudė exists (cf.
Šlovė:Šlovėnai in Aukshtaitia), I should check rivers'
register
Subgroup
B
Gudžiai (2), note the suffix
-j- and see a note
below
Gudžionys (2), note the suffix
-j- and -on- with different functions,
mainly 'inhabitant of'
Gudžiupis (1), note the suffix
-j-, ùpė
'river'
Gudžiūnai (7), note the suffix
-j- and the standard toponymic suffix
-ūn-, with the old meaning 'having inhabitants with quality
of'
1.1.2 Group
II (all over Lithuania)
Subgroup
A
Gudaliai
(2), dialectally depalatalized diminutive suffix
-el-
Gudeliai (33), diminutive suffix
-el-
Gudeliukai(1), diminutive suffix
-el- + diminutive suffix
-iuk-
Gudeliškiai (4), suffix
-išk- with a wide range of functions, including 'inhabitant
of'
Gudeniškiai (1), suffix
-en- denoting quality
Gudesiai (1), I can hardly identify
the morpheme, as all the known functions of -es- don't suit;
maybe by analogy with forms like debesy^s and
judesy^s
Gudinė (2), quality suffix
-in-
Gudiena (1), a very interesting
example of suffix -ien- with the meaning 'of', often used to
form collective nouns
Subgroup
B
Gudagojis (1) (famous or, rather,
unfamous customs on the LT/BY border :), go^jus 'a clearing
in the woods;glade'<*ga:j- 'wood', see note
below
Gudakalnis (1),
kálnas
'hill'
Gudakampis (1),
kam^pas 'corner (often in
toponymy)'
Gudalaukis(1)/Gudalaukis(3),
lau^kas 'field'
Gudamedis (1),
me^dis 'tree'; cf. Baltic *medj- 'forest'
and a note below
Gudapievis (1), píeva
'hayfield'
Gudbalis (1),
balà 'pool;wallow;marsh
(especially in connection with
devil/dickens)'
Gudirvės (1)
?
Gudmiškės (1), mìškas 'forest', see note
below
Gudupiai (2), ùpė 'river'
1.1.3 Group
III
Gudijà
'Belorussia'
1.2 Other
toponymy.
A.
Гдовъ (GdovU)
(first mentioned in 1531) in North Russia, Pskov district, to the east of
lake Chudskoye.
Gdzew (beginning of XV c.), a forest
in Mazowsze (Mazovia).
Gdow, a Polish name of the
settlement now in Lviv (Lvov,Lwów,Lemberg)
district.
(Please note
that Gdańsk is not on that list, we seem to agree on
that point)
In my
opinion, all of these forms attest Common Slavic *gъdovъ
(*gUdovU) with , which may or may not indicate an old
-u-stem. YES I know that palatalization in Gdzew should be
explained.
B.
Готскои берегъ (Gotskoi
beregU), Old Russian (XIII c.) name of Gotland's
cost
2. Proper
names.
2.1
Lithuanian
Group I.
Ethnonyms
gùdas m., gùdė f.
'Belorussian','any foreigner(?)'
The last
meaning, proposed by myself, is supported by Samogitian prayer to
Perkūnas (Thunder-god):
Perkūne dievati, nemušk ont žematį, muški tą
gudą, kap šunį rudą.
(Perkūnas, my God,
don't you strike on Samogitian, strike on that gudas, who's
fulvous like a dog)
The author's
informator, a Bernardine monk, commented that Samogitians apply
gudas to any non-Samogotian speaking person (see E.
Tyszkievicz. Rzut oka na zródła archeologii
krajowej. Wilno, 1842).
This is supported
by another prayer, written down in the beginning of the 20th
century:
Perkūne
dievati, nemušk žematį, mušk vuokietuką, kap
velniuką.
(Perkūnas, my God,
don't you strike on Samogitian, strike on a little German one, like
on a dickens).
Russian historian
Tatishchev (18th c.) noted that Lithuanians by some reason call Russians
Goths.
Group
II.
Subgroup
A
gudà
(m/f, 4th paradigm) 'monster (especially when used to frighten
children)'
Subgroup B.
(Names of animals derived from gùd-+ name of another
animal)
gùdgaidis
'ruff (Philomachus)', gaidy^s
'cock'
gùdžvirblis 'wild sparrow',
žvir^blis 'sparrow'
Subgroup C.
(Names of plants derived from gùd-+ name of another
plant)
gùdkarklis 'kind of willow (Salix purpurea)',
kar^klas 'willow (Salix gen.)', (cf Eng. (Wal., Irl.)
coracle, (Scot.,Irl.)
currach/curragh)
gùdnotrėlė 'dead-nettle', notrelė^
'nettle'
gùdobelė 'hawthorn (Crataegus gen.)',
obelìs
'apple-tree'
2.2
Prussian
gudē
'shrubbery;forest(?)'
2.3 Old
Russian
г(ъ)тинъ (XIII c)
'Gotlander'
II.
Interpretation.
(1) Slavic
languages consistently show two different roots:
*gъd- (*gUd-), of
uncertain origin, attested in toponymy only,
and
*gъt- (*gUt-), 'of
Gotland', probably from Scand. *Guts
'Gotlander'
(2) Baltic
languages attest two omonymic roots
*gud1- 'wild
bush,forest', as attested by Prussian lexeme and productive stem gùd-, which changes the meaning of another stem to
'wild; of the
forest'
*gud(-j)2- '1.foreigner,stranger;2.whangdoodle,bugaboo'
(the last meaning may well be a result of contamination with some onomatopoeic
word)
The roots *gu(n)d(-r)-
'skill;accustom, temptation' and *gūd-
'macabre,darksome;sorrow' should be set aside (despite the vocalism and
meaning of the last one).
(3) The Lithuanian toponymy may be divided
into 2 groups, group I implementing *gud2
(mainly meaning 1), and group II implementing,
probably, both roots, as Gudeliai/Gudinė
may well mean both 'bushy, of forest' and 'foreigners'', and
Gudakalnis/Gudakampis
may well mean both 'bushy hill/place' and 'foreigners'
hill/place'. Cases like Gudagojis/Gudamedis/Gudmiškės can hardly contain *gud1 because of
unexplainable semantic pleonasm it
implies.
Toponyms of group I subgroup's B are there because of
a very interesting -j-extention, which is explained
below.
(4)
*gud1- is
a proper Baltic root; *gud(-j)2-
is a Gothic
borrowing (<guda,
gudja)
*gъd- is either an attested in
toponymy only Slavic cognate of *gud1-
<invisible>still must admit this Brückner's idea seems
ridiculous to me</invisible> or - is a Gothic
borrowing
(<guda)
Enjoy!
Sergei
