16. i- and u-stems
Again three original types (PD-light, PD-heavy, HD). The i- and
u-stems represent roots ending in *-i/*-y and *-u/*-w after the loss
of final vowels in pre-PIE.
The *-y/*-w was part of the stem, which is why light PD roots made the
G. in *-âs, but heavy ones in *-as. After the working of the
svarita-law, the *-i- and *-u- came to be regarded as suffixes by
themselves, and attracted the accent in the (newly formed?) HD and PD
oblique forms.
A glide *-y-/*-w- appears in the oblique, but also in the Vocative,
between *-i-/*-u- and the desinence (in the case of the Voc., a lost
final vowel).
(pre-svarita)
PD HD ?
N **-i-z(a) **-í-z(a)
A **-i-m(a) **-í-m(a)
V **-y-(a) **-í[y](a)
G **-y-as(i) **-i[y]-ás(i)
DL **-y-a(a) **-i[y]-á(a)
(post-svarita)
light heavy HD
N **-î-z **-i-z **-í-z
A **-î-m **-i-m **-í-m
V **-îy **-iy **-íy
G **-í(y)-âs **-í(y)-as **-i(y)-ás
DL **-í(y)-ay **-í(y)-ay **-i(y)-áy
pl.**-îy-èsW **-iy-ès **-íy-ès
This regularly develops into:
light heavy HD
N **'-ye:s **'-y&s **-yés
A **'-ye:m **'-y&m **-yém
V **'-e:y **'-&y **-éy
G **-éyo:s **-éy&s **-&yés
DL **-éy&-i **-éy&-i **-&yé-i
pl.**'-e:yès **'-&yès **-éyès
At this point, the accent in the PD-light type shifts to the long
ending in G. -o:s, Ab -o:t, but not in the DL -&(i) (cf. the AD-type
in the consonant stems). At this or some later date, the HD paradigm
also undergoes an analogical accent shift in the oblique (*-&yés >
*-éy&s), pulling it closer to the dominant PD-heavy type:
light heavy HD
N **-ye:s **-y&s **-yés
A **-ye:m **-y&m **-yém
V **-e:y **-&y **-éy
G **-&yó:s (!) **-éy&s **-éy&s (?)
DL **-éy&y **-éy&y **-éy&y (?)
pl.**-e:yès **-&yès **-éyès
The final result is:
light heavy HD
N **-ye(:)s *-is *-ís
A **-ye(:)m *-im *-ím
V **-e(:)y *-i (*-ey) *-éy
G **-yós *-éys *-éys
DL **-é:y *-é:y [*-éyey]
pl.**-e(:)yes *-(e)yes *-éyes
Words belonging to the PD-light paradigm (including i/n-stems) either
regularized the NAV to *-yes > *-is, *-yem > *-im, *-ey (with *ye ~ *i
/ *we ~ *u alternation as in *sh2wéns ~ *sh2úns etc.), or were
reclassified as *(y)e:-stems (Lith., Latin).
The u-stems are largely parallel:
u-stems:
light heavy HD
N **-û-z **-u-z **-ú-z
A **-û-m **-u-m **-ú-m
V **-ûw **-uw **-úw
G **-ú(w)-âs **-ú(w)-as **-u(w)-ás
DL **-ú(w)-ay **-ú(w)-ay **-u(w)-áy
pl **-ûw-ès **-uw-ès **-úw-ès
=>
light heavy HD
N **'-wo:s **'-w&s **-wés
A **'-wo:m **'-w&m **-wém
V **'-o:w **'-&w **-éw
G **-éwo:s **-éw&s **-&wés
DL **-éw&y **-éw&y **-&wéy
pl **'-o:wès **'-&w-ès **'ew-ès
accent shifts:
light heavy HD
N **-wo:s **-w&s **-wés
A **-wo:m **-w&m **-wém
V **-o:w **-&w **-éw
G **-&wó:s (!) **-éw&s **-éw&s (!)
DL **-éw&y **-éw&y **-&wéy
pl **-o:wès **-&wès **-éwès
Resulting in:
light heavy HD
N **-wos *-us *-ús
A **-wom *-um *-úm
V **-ow *-(e)w *-éw
G **-wós *-éws *-éws
DL **-é:w *-é:w [*-éwey]
pl **-owes *-(e)wes *-éwes
The light PD-stems (including u/n-stems) were reclassified as thematic
*wo-stems, or acquired analogical N *-us, A *-um.
There are also *ay- and *aw-stems:
**ay-stems
light heavy HD
N **-ây-z **-ay-z **-áy-z
A **-ây-m **-ay-m **-áy-m
V **-ây **-ay **-áy
G **-áy-âs **-áy-âs **-ay-ás
DL **-áy-ay **-áy-ay **-ay-áy
pl **-ây-ès **-ay-ès **-áy-ès
Resulting in:
light heavy HD
N **-o:y *-is *-é:y
A **-oym. *-im *-éym.
V **-oy *-(e)y *-éy
G **-yós *-éy(o)s *-yés
DL **-é:y *-é:y *-(e)yéy
pl **-oyes *-(e)yes *-éyes
The PD-heavy type merged with the regular i-stems. The PD-light is
represented by Skt. sakha:, Grk. Sappho:. The HD-type can perhaps be
seen in Hitt, utne, Av. ???
**aw-stems
light heavy HD
N **-âw-z **-aw-z **-áw-z
A **-âw-m **-aw-m **-áw-m
V **-âw **-aw **-áw
G **-áw-âs **-áw-âs **-aw-ás
DL **-áw-ay **-áw-ay **-aw-áy
pl **-âw-ès **-aw-ès **-áw-ès
Resulting in:
light heavy HD
N *-o:ws *-us *-é:ws
A *-o:m *-um *-é:m
V *-ow *-(e)w *-éw
G *-wós [*-wós] *-wés
DL *-é:w *-é:w *-wéy
pl *-owes *-(e)wes *-éwes
Again, the PD-heavy type merged with the regular u-stems. Examples of
the other two are:
PD-light *gWó:ws, *gWo:m, *gWow, *gW(o)wós, *gWé:w, *gWowes
HD *dyé:ws, *dye:m, *dyéw, *diwés, *diwéy, *dyéwes
With laryngeal:
*nah2us (expected *nah2wos), *nah2wós and
*reh1is (expected *reh1ye(:)s = Lat. re:s, *reh1ye(:)m = Lat. re:m,
Skt. rá:m), *reh1yós.
=======================
Miguel Carrasquer Vidal
mcv@...