15. Laryngeal stems (athematic)
1. "pig"
R **sáwx-z, **sawx-ás > *s(e)úh2s, *suh2ás
Av. hu:, Grk. hûs, huós (sûs, suós), Alb. thi, Lat. su:s, suis, Gaul.
su-tegis, OHF, OE su:, ON sy:r, Latv. suven~s, ToB suwo.
2. "raw meat"
R **qráwx-z, **qrawx-ás > *kr(e)úh2s, *kruh2ás
s-stem
AD **qráwx-as, **qrawx-ás-âs > *kréw&2s, *kruh2sós
COLL **qrawx-á:s, **qrawx-as:-ás > *kruh2ó:s, *kruh2ás(e)s
Skt. kravís (s-stem), Av. xru:-, Grk. kréa[s] (s-stem), Lat. cruor
(coll. *kruh2ó:s), MIr. crú, G. cráu, cró, We crau, Lith. krau~jas,
OCS kry, krUvI, OHG hro:
3. "path"
AD(u:) **pú:nt-ax-z, **pú:nt-ax-m, **pu:nt-áx-âs >
*pónto:h2s, *pónt&2m, *pn.thós
Skt. pánta:s, paántha:m, pathás, Av. pantå, pantaNm, paTo:, OP acc.
paTim, Arm. hun, hni, Grk. póntos, Lat. pons, pontis, OCS poNtI, OPr.
pintis.
4. "old"
Skt. sána-, sána:-, sanáj-, Av. hana-, Arm. hin, Grk. hénos, Lat.
senex, senis, OIr. sen, OWe. hen, Goth. sineigs, Lith. se~nas.
For the most part a thematic adjective *sén-os, *sén-osyo etc., so not
really a laryngeal stem. However, the coll. *senah2 was personified
with the addition of nom. *-z, which resulted in **senáxz > *senáGz >
*senágz > *senáks (> Lat. senex, Skt. sanáj-), with laryngeal
hardening to *g (explicable only if nom. sg. was *-z).
THEMATIC **sàn-%'x-z, **sàn-%'x-âs > *senágs, *senáh2os (> *senágos).
5. "woman"
ROOT [**gúnk, **gúnk-m, **gunk-ás >] **gúnx, **gúnx-m, **gunx-ás >
*gWé:n, *gWén&2m, *gWn.h2ás
From this root noun two different thematic formations were drawn (see
further the chapter on thematic *eh2-stems):
THEM1: **gunx-á-x, **gunx-a-x-âs/**gunx-â-íx-âs >
*gWn.h2áh2, *gWn.h2ah2ós/*gWn.h2ayh2ós,
post-laryngeal: gWn.ná:, *gW(n.)nãs / *gWn.nayyós (Greek with
hardening: *gW(n.)naykós)
THEM2: **gùn-á-x, **gùn-á-x-âs/**gùn-â-ix-âs >
*gWenáh2, *gWenáh2os/*gWenóih2os,
post-laryngeal: *gWená:, *gWenãs / *gWenóyyos
From the nom/acc. of the root noun we have Skt. -ja:ni-, jani-; Av.
-j^a:ni-, j^aini-; Goth. qe:ns, OE cwe:n, OIr. bé (*gWen(&2)).
The oblique has not survived.
The first thematic form gives Skt. gná:, gná:s, Av. g&na:/Gna:, Grk.
gune:, bana: (*gWn.na:), G. gunaikós, bane:kós, OIr. ben (*gWn.na:),
oblique mná (< *bna: < *gWná:s), Arm. pl. kanay- (*gWn.nay-).
The second, regular, thematic form underlies Arm. kin (*gwena:), I.
knaw (*gwena:-bhi), obl. knoj^ (*gwenóyy-), OCS z^ena, z^eny (<
*gWena:(n)s) OPr. genna, Toch B s'ana (*gwena:).
A secondary n-stem is seen in Goth. qino:, Arm obl.pl. kanan-.
H1-stems
6. "bird"
Hitt. suwais, Skt. ve:s, A. vim, G. ve:s, Av. vi:s^, Lat. avis, Grk.
aietós (*&2wy&1tós), Alb. vi-do, Arm. haw
Animatized collective. S-mobile because of Hitt. suwais, Arm. haw,
final laryngeal because of lack of Szemerényi lengthening in I-I. nom.
*ways < *HwayHs, the laryngeal being *h1 because of Greek aietós.
The lack of euphonic i- in Hittite (as we have before *sh2V-, e.g.
ishahru "tear"), can be explained if we assume loss or vocalization of
the laryngeal in the Anlaut *sh2C- [Loss, in fact, otherwise we'd have
Hittite +sumais).
COLL. *(s)xaw-á:yh-x, *(s)xaw-a:yh-ás -> *(s)h2wóyh1(s), *(s)h2wéyh1s.
The G. *(s)h2wéyh1s was prone to be confused with an ordinary i-stem
G. *(s)h2wéys, and analogically this led to a new nom. *(s)&2w-ís etc.
(Lat. avis, Arm. haw).
7. "citadel"
Greek p(t)ólis, Skt. pú:r, purás, Lith. pilìs
**pú:lh-s, **pu:lh-ás > *pól&1s, *pl.hés
**pílh-s, **pilh-ás > *pél&1s, *plh1és
Greek pt- perhaps from *pw- (if *pu:lh-) or *py- (if *pilh-). Skt.
and Lith. based on the oblique stem (*pl:-) [Greek usually explained
as from *pl:- as well].
uh2-stems
The uh2-stems are always PD.
N **-úx > *-úh2
A **-úx-m > *-úh2m
G **-ux-ás > *-uh2ás (*-uh2és)
DL **-ux-áy > *-uh2ái (*-uh2éi)
Skt. -ú:s, -úam, -úas
OCS -y, -UvI, -Uve
ih2-stems
There are two basic types, usually referred to as the de:ví: (usually
accented on the stem, despite the type name) and the vr.kí:s-types.
These are originally the PD (heavy or polysyllabic stem) and HD types
of stems in *-ih2. The third type (PD with light syllable) should
have given forms with N *-ye:h2 or *-yeh2, which were reclassified as
*(y)e:-stems or *ya:-stems (see below).
In theory we have:
PD-L PD-H HD
N **-îx **-ix **-íx-z
A **-îx-m **-ix-m **-íx-m
G **-íx-âs **-íx-âs **-ix-ás
DL **-íx-ay **-íx-ay **-ix-áy
pl. **-îx-ès **-ix-ès **-íx-ès
=>
N *-ye(:)h2 *-ih2 *-íh2-s (-ye:, -ya: -i: -í:s)
A *-ye(:)h2m *-ih2m *-íh2m (-ye:m, -ya:m -i:m -íym.)
G *-yáh2os *-yáh2os *-ih2ás (-yá:s -yá:s -iyás)
DL *-yáh2i *-yáh2i *-ih2ái (-yá:i -yá:i -iyái)
pl. *-ye(:)h2es *-ih2es *-íh2es (-ye:s, -ya:s -iyes -íyes)
The Skt. paradigms are:
N vr.k-i:s de:v-i:
A vr.k-yàm (vr.k-íam) de:v-i:m
V vr.'k-i dé:v-i
G vr.k-yàs (vr.k-ías) de:v-ya:s
D vr.k-yè: (vr.k-íe:) de:v-ya:i
L vr.k-í: de:v-ya:m
I vr.k-yá: de:v-ya:
The word vr.kí:s is represented in ON as ylgr (i-stem), and the type
is otherwise not well attested outside Sanskrit. The de:vi: type is
seen in Greek -ia/-a with short -a (e.g. potnia, mousa), Lith. -ì,
Slavic -i, Gothic -i (e.g. bandi, bandjo:s vs. light stem -ja as in
sibja, sibjôs) [see *eh2-stems for paradigms].
=======================
Miguel Carrasquer Vidal
mcv@...