"En hinn göfgi maður mælti við hann: "Farðu til Ã"lafskirkju þeirrar
er à Lundúnum stendur"
(And the magnanimous man said to him: "Go to their Olaf's Curch that
stands in London ) -- here the form is definite, because of the
definite article "hinn" which has to go before the noun when an
adjective (göfgi) is used as additional determination.
Well, there are quite a few examples in Heimskringla, 576 with maður,
to be exact, and only 10 with maðurinn. But it is difficult to draw
any quick conclusion from this, but for the obvious, since in
many of the cases maður has been determined by some other
determinative than the postfixed article, such as hinn, sá or hver.
The statistics for konungur vs. konungurinn in Heimskringla is
3519 vs. 29.
I am not sure if I can extract some definite rules from this.
But it seems to me that in some cases you can refer to the king
either as konungur, or as konungurinn, and that it does not matter
much. In any case, it is not difficult to translate to correct
English, even if there is not always a fixed formula for which
form to use in ON.