>
> Takk, Sjuler.
>
> Sorry it has taken me so long to reply.
> To answer your question,
> I do not remember how I found the Norrlandic site,
> I thought that someone here in norse_course referred to it.

Could've been me ;)



> Anyway, from there, it wasn't hard to take a look at the Jamtlandic
contents.

I know,; it was a mistake to put Norrland pages under the intended
anonymous Jamtlandic site. :(


>
> I shall miss them,
> but I thank you and your friend for posting them.

I assume you have them saved on your computer somewhere? (automatical
saving of websites)


>
> Good luck with the Dalecarlian pages at UniLang Wiki.

I am still improving the spelling rules! God, it's hard but I think I
know how to solve things! I just realized I probably should
write "Vįð ulum jatå matin vãran þar ã grasiñu!", not "Viñþ ulum jatå =

matn váñran dar áñ grasiñ" (='We should eat our food there on the
grass'). I think I have solved the nasal vowel problem, finally.



>
> Takk, Sjuler.
> Med vennligste hilsener,
> Paul.
>

Tack för ditt tack, Paul (eller Páll [´pO:l] på dalska)

Mvh,
Sjuler


>
>
>
> In a message dated 3/19/2004 4:18:46 PM Eastern Standard Time,
sjuler@... writes:
>
> >
> >
> >
> > >
> > > I found my copy of "An Introduction to Modern Faeroese"
> > > by Lockwood and it is indeed spelled "Sjúrður".
> > >
> >
> > Then we know (and will never forget) :)
> >
> >
> >
> > > > >
> > > > > I thought it was the work of someone else,
> > > > > someone who is also member of the norse_course discussion
> > > > > But I could be wrong and I am going on memory right now.
> > > > > My notebook is packed away for the near future.
> > >
> > > I just remembered. I found a reference to Norrlandsko
(Norrlandic)
> > at this URL ...
> > >
> > > http://www.geocities.com/jamtlandic/norrlandic/norrlandic.html
> > >
> > > ... and to Jamtlandic at this URL ...
> > >
> > > http://www.geocities.com/jamtlandic/
> > >
> > > Both are by the same author, I think.
> >
> > Yes, they are indeed. I made them ;)
> >
> >
> >
> > > Have you and Bo Oscarsson seen these?
> > >
> >
> > Me, sure, but I don't know if Bo has seen them.
> > The one about Norrländska is about a conlang based on the
dialects of
> > the northern parts of Sweden; noone speak like this since it has
> > fragments from most parts of the province. I invented it just to
play
> > around and show it to other norrlanders as an internal practical
joke
> > (a serious one, though), more or less.
> > The one about Jamtlandic - which I hope I haven't linked to
anywhere -
> > is Jamtlandic with lots of etymological "corrections". The
> > inflections are actually simpler than what you see on those pages
> > (but we DO have four cases!). I hoped only me and my brazilian
friend
> > should know about it, but you easily get the URL by deleting the
last
> > parts of the URL for Norrlandic homepage (which I have linked to
at a
> > few places). My plan was that I should delete the Jamtlandic
pages as
> > soon as my friend had finished the exercises, but still - after 1½
> > year - he is working on it.
> > BTW, how did you find these URL:s?
> >
> > I am currently working on the Dalecarlian pages at UniLang Wiki,
but
> > those damn nasal vowels make me hesitate!
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > >
> > >
> > >
> > > In a message dated 3/17/2004 5:18:01 PM Eastern Standard Time,
> > sjuler@... writes:
> > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > --- In norse_course@yahoogroups.com, pdhanssen@... wrote:
> > > > >
> > > > > ...
> > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I would go for the spelling 'Olboka'. Bo disagrees
though, and
> > > > he's
> > > > > > the boss...
> > > > >
> > > > > I think it's a good idea to keep the "r" in the spelling,
> > > > > to show the kinship with the other Skandinaviska languages.
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Hmmm, perhaps 'rð' should work in Jamtlandic spelling.
> > Faroese 'ð' is
> > > > never pronunced (not in the original manner, anyway), and
they use
> > > > it. Jamtlandic have the original pronunciation in some words
> > > > (alternatively, it has become silent like in most other
Mainland
> > > > Norse dialects).
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > In modern Faeroese, "Sigurður" has become "Sjurður".
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I thought it was "Sjúrður".
> > > > >
> > > > > I should look again, although right now it shall be a little
> > > > > hard to find my resources since we (my wife, 2 sons and I)
have
> > > > just moved into a smaller apartment and most of my library is
> > packed
> > > > away.
> > > >
> > > > Okay. The spelling 'Sjúrður' may be verified like this. Search
> > > > for 'Sjúrður' and 'Sjurður' on, e.g. (preferably),
> > www.google.com . I
> > > > get the following result:
> > > >
> > > > 'Sjúrður': 962 hits,
> > > > 'Sjurður': 9 hits.
> > > >
> > > > Thus, 99% of the found spellings are 'Sjúrður', and I imagine
that
> > > > the reminder of 1% is due to misspelling (intentional?).
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > ...
> > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > Last year, in the spring and summer, I collected a large
> > number
> > > > of
> > > > > > internet references to someone's work on producing a
grammar
> > and
> > > > on-
> > > > > > line textbook on the Jamtska language.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Which one? Bo Oscarsson's resources?
> > > > >
> > > > > I thought it was the work of someone else,
> > > > > someone who is also a member of the norse_course discussion
> > group.
> > > > > But I could be wrong and I am going on memory right now.
> > > > > My notebook is packed away for the near future.
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > I have made such a resource, but it is not linked to since the
> > > > material is not supposed to be spread outside a very limited
> > group (I
> > > > have copied material from Old Norse Course and rewritten it).
I
> > can't
> > > > give you the link here. The web pages will be terminated as
soon
> > as
> > > > my friend (and Jamtlandic language student) is finished with
the
> > > > course. I am intending to write one more similar to the
> > Dalecarlian
> > > > at UniLang Wiki, and less etymology (16h century
conjugations and
> > > > declinations) embedded in the grammar (but more in the
spelling).
> > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > > Perhaps Erek Gass can help us out.
> > > > >
> > > > > Have you seen this other look at Dalecarlian?
> > > > > ... http://www.mdstud.chalmers.se/~md2perpe/Dalska/ ...
> > > > > ( ... http://kb.vefur.is/gestabok.asp ... )
> > > >
> > > > I know the first link since it was the first one about
> > Dalecarlian I
> > > > encountered.´
> > > > The second link conains a poem in Jamtlandic with a very
strange
> > and
> > > > bad spelling, but nothing about Dalecarlian there. I can't
change
> > the
> > > > posting I made there on the Guestbook - yes, I am the guilty
> > one :)
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > Takk, Sjuler.
> > > > > Med vennligste hilsener,
> > > > > Paul.
> > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > > Hälsningar,
> > > >
> > > > /Sjuler - (aka Jens Persson)
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > > > In a message dated 3/16/2004 5:43:14 PM Eastern Standard
Time,
> > > > sjuler@... writes:
> > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Takk, Sjuler.
> > > > > > > I have bought a copy of Bo Oscarssons Jamtska Orlboka.
> > > > > > > Your explanation below of " rð > l " explains why the
> > > > dictionary is
> > > > > > called " Orlboka " instead of " Orðboka "
> > > > > > > as I would have expected.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I have been discussing the spelling 'rl' with Bo. He's
really
> > a
> > > > fan
> > > > > > of it since in Standard Swedish (based on Central Swedish
> > > > > > dialects), 'rl' is pronunced as a retroflex l
> > > > > > ('pärla', 'karl', 'arla', 'farlig' etc), which is quite
> > similar to
> > > > > > the cacuminal l which has replaced 'rð' in Jamtlandic (and
> > most
> > > > other
> > > > > > non-danish and non-southwestern norwegian dialects).
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I would go for the spelling 'Olboka'. Bo disagrees
though, and
> > > > he's
> > > > > > the boss...
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > In modern Faeroese, "Sigurður" has become "Sjurður".
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I thought it was "Sjúrður".
> > > > > > 16th (and 17th?) century Jamtlandic had 'Sjuler'; that's
why
> > I use
> > > > > > this nick. Dalecarlian has preserved the '-er' ending in
the
> > > > definite
> > > > > > form of (strong masculine) nouns. For example, 'vargen'
> > [wArr´Gen]
> > > > > > (nom) vs 'vargin' [wArr´dZen] (ack) - 'the wolf'.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > I am enjoying very much the internet pages about the
> > Dalecarlian
> > > > > > language.
> > > > > > > Sjuler, are you writing these pages?
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Yes, and I am far from finished. I am hesitating about the
> > > > > > orthography though, especially how to write nasal vowels.
I
> > > > use 'ñ'
> > > > > > in the web pages at the moment.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > Last year, in the spring and summer, I collected a large
> > number
> > > > of
> > > > > > internet references to someone's work on producing a
grammar
> > and
> > > > on-
> > > > > > line textbook on the Jamtska language.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Which one? Bo Oscarsson's resources?
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > > It is great that someone is preserving these languages.
> > > > > > > Can Gutniska be recovered?
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Propago was trying a few years ago, but I haven't heard
> > anything
> > > > from
> > > > > > them. Their email addresses have stopped working, so I
cannot
> > > > contact
> > > > > > them :(
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > Takk, Sjuler.
> > > > > > > Med vennligste hilsener,
> > > > > > > Paul Hansen.
> > > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Tack för visat intresse!
> > > > > > Hälsningar,
> > > > > > /Sjuler
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > In a message dated 3/14/2004 3:35:50 PM Eastern Standard
> > Time,
> > > > > > sjuler@... writes:
> > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Hi,
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > I know the history of Jamtland since I am from the
> > province
> > > > myself
> > > > > > > > (and I know Bo Oscarsson, whose web pages -
> > > > > > > > http://w1.635.telia.com/~u63501054/ -
> > > > > > > > I assume you are referring to).
> > > > > > > > Jamtlandic used to be a pure Western Norse dialect,
and my
> > > > > > ancestors
> > > > > > > > spread Western Norse as far east as into Finland
> > (province of
> > > > > > > > Austrbotn). No far from the Baltic Sea, with Austrbotn
> > not far
> > > > > > away
> > > > > > > > on the other side of the sea, people actually spoke
like
> > this
> > > > in
> > > > > > mid
> > > > > > > > 14th century:
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > "Vyrduleghum herra sinum herra Magnusi med guds nad
> > > > > > > > Noregs Swya ok Skane konongi h/oe/yllsa Lafrandz
Gunnasson
> > > > > > logmader
> > > > > > > > j Jamtalande ok Siugurder Endridar sson vmbods madr
Biarna
> > > > > > Erlings-
> > > > > > > > sonar j fyrnemfdo landæ q. g. ok sina audmiuka
skylldugha
> > > > > > þ/oe/nosto.
> > > > > > > > yder vilium mit kunnigt gera at eftir bode ok brefui
ydru
> > min
> > > > > > herra
> > > > > > > > tokom mit prof a R/oe/fsundum j gilda skalanum a
manadagin
> > > > nesta
> > > > > > ef-
> > > > > > > > tir Bonofacii m/oe/sso a fimta are ok tuttugta rikis
> > ydars min
> > > > > > herra
> > > > > > > > vm aftak *Hunælfs Alfuers sson er Olafuer Biarna sson
> > vard aat
> > > > > > skada
> > > > > > > > vfirir syniu varo þar þa erfwingiar hins dauda
logligha
> > till
> > > > > > stemfdir.
> > > > > > > > Var þat aat vpphafue vidratto þæira at Olafuer ok
Hunæfuer
> > > > varo
> > > > > > til
> > > > > > > > gæst hia Jone iambr hafde þa Hunæfuer fyrnemfdr eina
aar
> > ok
> > > > stak
> > > > > > > > Olaf j briostid firir ofwan geirwortuna so at Olafuer
var
> > > > lengi
> > > > > > krankr
> > > > > > > > af. sagde þa Hunæfuer at hann vildi eii gort hafua
honom
> > en
> > > > > > Olafuer
> > > > > > > > suarade. þat venter ek at þu gerdir þat firir engum
> > ilvilia.
> > > > baro
> > > > > > > > þetta ok suoro Biorn iambr ok Jon Þoriss sson at so
var
> > ord
> > > > eftir
> > > > > > orde
> > > > > > > > sem nu er sagt. stod þetta þæira millium ual vm fim
aar at
> > > > þæir
> > > > > > varo
> > > > > > > > ekki sattir en fim vettrum lidnum komo þæir badir
saman
> > til
> > > > > > > > R/oe/fsunda ok var þa Olafuer j kirkiugardenum kom þa
> > Hunæfuer
> > > > > > > > gangande j kirkiu garden ok talade till Olafs laat eii
> > illa
> > > > > > Olafuer
> > > > > > > > min þar sem þik þr/oe/ngir enki vm. Þui nest stak
Olafuer
> > > > > > oftnemfdan
> > > > > > > > Hunef j briostid med knifue ok sagde so. haf þetta
firir
> > hitt
> > > > er
> > > > > > > > fyrri var. lifdi Hunæfuer nokora dagha eftir þat en
þo do
> > > > hann þar
> > > > > > > > af. suoro þetta Besse Berþors sson ok Ketill Skeggia
sson
> > at
> > > > so
> > > > > > var
> > > > > > > > sem nu er sagt. Tokom mit ok viglysingar vitni þæira
> > manna er
> > > > so
> > > > > > > > heita ok so suoro a bok Gregorius Jorundar sson ok
Helgho
> > > > Vestars
> > > > > > > > dottor at Olafuer oftnemfdr kom till þæira
samd/oe/ghers
> > sem
> > > > hann
> > > > > > > > hafde þat vigh wnnit ok lysti firir þæim at þat sem
> > Hunæfuer
> > > > fæk
> > > > > > af
> > > > > > > > mik huart sem hann fær þar af bott ædr bana þa gerdi
þat
> > engin
> > > > > > vttan
> > > > > > > > ek. var þetta vigh wnnit a fiorda aare ok tuttugta
rikiss
> > > > ydars
> > > > > > min
> > > > > > > > herra. Var ok bodin ydr þæghn min herra ok frendonum
> > b/oe/tr
> > > > eftir
> > > > > > > > godra manna dome. Ok till sannenda at mit fengum eii
meiri
> > > > vissu
> > > > > > ok
> > > > > > > > marghir adrir godir men med okkr af þessu profue
settom
> > mit
> > > > okkorr
> > > > > > > > insigli firir þetta profs bref er gort var a deghi ok
are
> > sem
> > > > fyr
> > > > > > > > segir."
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > BTW, my nick 'Sjuler' is 16th century flavor of 14th
> > century
> > > > > > Sjugurðr
> > > > > > > > (Icelandic: Sigurður'). Modern Jamtlandic would
be 'Sjul'.
> > > > Note
> > > > > > the
> > > > > > > > rð > l development here.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Compare the Eastern Jamtlandic mid 14th century
language
> > in
> > > > the
> > > > > > text
> > > > > > > > above with the following Up-Swedish text (Yngre
> > > > Västmannalagen)
> > > > > > from
> > > > > > > > early 14th century:
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > "Gæfwer faþer ællær moþer eno barne mera æn andro.
hafwe
> > > > mæþan þön
> > > > > > > > lifwa. oc æcke længær. siþan scal þæt til skift bæra.
mæþ
> > þera
> > > > > > manna
> > > > > > > > witnom þær hos waro þær faþer ællær moþer utt gaff. oc
> > tolf
> > > > manna
> > > > > > > > eþe. oc siþan sin lot op bæra. hwart æfftær þy. þæt ær
> > byrþom
> > > > til
> > > > > > > > boret. §.1. Fæstir man cono. oc wighis mæþ hænne. ware
> > þæghar
> > > > full
> > > > > > > > giftning þera. swa som þön i sæng haffþen waret. §.2.
> > Hafwe
> > > > alldre
> > > > > > > > ængen wizorþ at wita barn i giffta sæng."
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > One easily notices some differences in orthography,
but
> > the
> > > > > > samples
> > > > > > > > are too small to give real examples of differences.
One is
> > > > that
> > > > > > Old
> > > > > > > > Jamtlandic has 'þui' (dative of 'þat' =neut. 'it') and
> > Old Up-
> > > > > > > > Swedish 'þy' (dative of 'þæt' =neut. 'it'), though.
Still
> > > > today we
> > > > > > > > notice this difference since Jamtlandic has 'di' and
> > > > Swedish 'ty'.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Today, Dalecarlian is the most arcane language of
Mainland
> > > > > > > > Scandinavia since Faroy Gutnish - in principle
unchanged
> > > > between
> > > > > > > > medieval age to 1900 - is extincted.
> > > > > > > > Jamtlandic is more or less like any Northern Swedish
> > dialect,
> > > > but
> > > > > > > > slightly more Norwegian/Tröndish and slightly less
arcane.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > Currently, I find Estonian-Norse qite interesting.
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > /Sjuler
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > --- In norse_course@yahoogroups.com, erek gass
> > <egass@...>
> > > > wrote:
> > > > > > > > > Perhaps, it is important to remember the political
> > > > implications
> > > > > > > > applying to the growth of the Swedish Kingdom. Sweden
> > > > conquered
> > > > > > other
> > > > > > > > small domain around them and incorporated them, often
> > > > uneasily,
> > > > > > into
> > > > > > > > its "empire". It isn't only Dalska that
is "different".
> > So
> > > > is
> > > > > > > > Jamtish, Gutnish, asf. I refer you to the internet
urls
> > from
> > > > > > > > Jamtland. One contains a rather interesting history
of
> > how
> > > > that
> > > > > > > > (really Norwegian) province went through turmoil
during
> > the
> > > > > > medieval
> > > > > > > > period as it went back and forth, and describes the
> > suffering
> > > > the
> > > > > > > > Jamtish population endured from the wars and
occupations.
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Erek
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > --- "sjuler" <sjuler@...> wrote:
> > > > > > > > > Konrad, what about those Norse dialects that were
not in
> > > > any way
> > > > > > > > > written down on paper? What did Norse spoken in
Northern
> > > > Sweden
> > > > > > > > sound
> > > > > > > > > like, for example? Of course, we don't know. My
point
> > here
> > > > is
> > > > > > that
> > > > > > > > a
> > > > > > > > > statement like "Fortunately, West Norse was the most
> > > > > > conservative
> > > > > > > > > branch, often markedly so." is based only on the
written
> > > > > > records.
> > > > > > > > > POerhaps Northern SCandinavians still spoke Viking
age
> > > > Norse in
> > > > > > > > > Medieval times. We don't know, and therefore one
should
> > > > restrict
> > > > > > > > > oneself to a statement like "Fortunately, West Norse
> > was the
> > > > > > most
> > > > > > > > > conservative branch amongst the known Norse
dialects,
> > often
> > > > > > > > markedly
> > > > > > > > > so."
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > BTW, since Icelandic did preserve vocabulary,
grammar
> > etc
> > > > in an
> > > > > > > > > almost uncanny way, but did not preserve stuff like
> > pitch
> > > > > > accent,
> > > > > > > > > short and over-long syllable lengths and nasal
vowels,
> > it
> > > > may be
> > > > > > > > > interesting to listen to a dialect that did. Here
are
> > some
> > > > sound
> > > > > > > > > samples:
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > http://www.unilang2.org/wiki2/wiki.phtml?
> > > > > > > > > title=Dalecarlian_sound_samples
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > Konrad, any comments on it?
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > /Sjuler
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > --- In norse_course@yahoogroups.com, "akoddsson"
> > > > > > > > > <konrad_oddsson@...> wrote:
> > > > > > > > > > --- In norse_course@yahoogroups.com, Berglaug
> > > > Ásmundardóttir
> > > > > > > > > > <berglauga@...> wrote:
> > > > > > > > > > > Sjuler wrote: "As far as I know, the only sound
> > which
> > > > > > Icelandic
> > > > > > > > > has
> > > > > > > > > > preserved better than all other Scandinavian
dialects
> > is
> > > > the
> > > > > > þ-
> > > > > > > > > sound
> > > > > > > > > > (like 'th' in English 'thing')."
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > > Don't forget our lovely unvoiced resonants,
which
> > all
> > > > you
> > > > > > > > > > scandinavians seem to have lost in some freak
> > > > accident! ;)
> > > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > > unvoiced r, l, m, n are fun to say!
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > Lovely, I might add ;)
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > > and wouldn't ð also be a 'preserved sound'?
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > Yes, no doubt.
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > > i'm well aware that icelandic isn't anything
like
> > old
> > > > norse
> > > > > > > > was,
> > > > > > > > > > but really, it's mostly in the vowels and their
> > > > surroundings
> > > > > > > > (that
> > > > > > > > > > would be lenght of syllables), the consonant
changes
> > are
> > > > > > minimal.
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > I agree. ll, nn, g between vowels(segir), maybe
final
> > d/b
> > > > > > > > > (land/lamb)
> > > > > > > > > > and a few others. Not much of a change at all.
> > However,
> > > > as you
> > > > > > > > > point
> > > > > > > > > > out, the vowel-system is changed. I would say
quite
> > > > radically
> > > > > > so.
> > > > > > > > > If
> > > > > > > > > > we had a living speaker, however, I think we could
> > learn
> > > > it
> > > > > > > > without
> > > > > > > > > > having to learn the whole language over again.
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > (hmm.. same as with english,
> > > > > > > > > > > really, their vowels are all messy nowadays..
> > compared
> > > > to a
> > > > > > > > > > thousand years ago, at least)
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > English is nowhere near the same tongue it was a
> > thousand
> > > > > > years
> > > > > > > > > ago.
> > > > > > > > > > The price of an empire, I suppose.
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > I think what students need to understand about old
> > > > > > pronunciation
> > > > > > > > is
> > > > > > > > > > this: there were many 'old norse' languages and
just
> > as
> > > > many
> > > > > > ways
> > > > > > > > > of
> > > > > > > > > > pronouncing them. In Sweden, for instance, we had
the
> > > > > > Gautlandic
> > > > > > > > of
> > > > > > > > > > east and west, Swedish proper, Gutnish and
others. In
> > my
> > > > > > opinion,
> > > > > > > > > it
> > > > > > > > > > was the Old Gutnish that was the 'jewel of the
east' -
> > > > > > > > > conservative
> > > > > > > > > > like the oldest West Norse, but with a radically
> > differing
> > > > > > > > > phonology
> > > > > > > > > > and even usage. Danish was also markedly
different in
> > > > > > > > > pronunciation,
> > > > > > > > > > and to some extent in usage and vocabulary, from
West
> > > > Norse.
> > > > > > The
> > > > > > > > > way
> > > > > > > > > > I see it, one of the main advantages of old West
> > Norse is
> > > > > > that it
> > > > > > > > > is
> > > > > > > > > > considered to have been very uniform (einsleit).
> > Because
> > > > > > Faroese
> > > > > > > > > and
> > > > > > > > > > Icelandic were once the same language as West
> > Norwegian,
> > > > > > matching
> > > > > > > > > on
> > > > > > > > > > vocabulary and usage as well, we can get a fairly
good
> > > > idea of
> > > > > > > > how
> > > > > > > > > > it was pronounced by comparing the how these
tongues
> > are
> > > > > > > > pronounced
> > > > > > > > > > today and doing the math. Although it had the most
> > > > complicated
> > > > > > > > > vowel-
> > > > > > > > > > system (through more mutations) and the least
> > speakers of
> > > > any
> > > > > > > > > nordic
> > > > > > > > > > tongue from the 9-10 centuries, West Norse is now
by
> > far
> > > > the
> > > > > > > > > easiest
> > > > > > > > > > tongue to reconstruct, as there is a firm basis
for
> > > > > > comparison.
> > > > > > > > > This
> > > > > > > > > > is ironic, perhaps, given the numerical
inferiority ;)
> > > > > > > > Fortunately,
> > > > > > > > > > West Norse was the most conservative branch, often
> > > > markedly
> > > > > > so.
> > > > > > > > > Only
> > > > > > > > > > Gutnish equals its antiquity. Shamefully, Gutnish
was
> > > > > > neglected,
> > > > > > > > > set
> > > > > > > > > > out to die and never used as a literary tongue.
Our
> > only
> > > > book
> > > > > > in
> > > > > > > > > the
> > > > > > > > > > tongue was written in the early 14th century.
> > > > Fortunately, it
> > > > > > is
> > > > > > > > > old
> > > > > > > > > > enough to give us some idea of the tongue in its
> > golden
> > > > age. I
> > > > > > > > > think
> > > > > > > > > > we are very lucky, on the other hand, that Old
> > Icelandic
> > > > was
> > > > > > used
> > > > > > > > > as
> > > > > > > > > > a literary tongue in the west as early as 1100-
1130,
> > when
> > > > the
> > > > > > > > > tongue
> > > > > > > > > > was only slightly changed from its golden age.
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > Vesið ér heil (pronun.: uesið êr hæil (short
> > æ+i -
> > > > > > between
> > > > > > > > ei &
> > > > > > > > > ai ;)
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > Konrad
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > Regards,
> > > > > > > > > > Konrad
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > > > > Berglaug
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
> > > > > > > > >
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