Re: Slavery and Slave trade in Antiquity II: *xolp-/*kolp-

--- In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, "Torsten" <tgpedersen@...> wrote:

> *xol-p, *kol-p "slave"
>
> Vasmer
> Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
> has:
>
> 'xolóp, -а "servant, slave",
> xolopáj "servant, servile person",
> Ukrainan chołóp "serf, peasant",
> Belorussian cholóp,
> Old Russian cholopъ, n. pl. -i, g. pl. -ej
> (Mosk. Urk. 16.-17. Jhdt., s. Sobolevskij Lekcii 198),
> Russian - Church Slavonic chlapъ "servant, slave",
> Old Bulgarian chlapъ δου~λος, ο`ικέτης (Supr.),
> Bulgarian chlápe n., chlapák "boy",
> Serbo-Croat hl`àp g. hl`àpa and hlâp,
> Slovenian hlâp "boor",
> Czech, Slovak chlap "fellow, farmer, man",
> Polish. chłop,
> Upper Sorbian khłop, khłopc "fellow, chap",
> Lower Sorbian kłopc. ||
>
> Proto-Slavic or ORussian *cholpъ was borrowed early in
> Latvian kalps "farmhand, worker", s. M.-Endz. 2, 144.
> Interpretations this far all uncertain: Comparisons were made with
> Gothic halbs "half", originally
> "unpaired, with no opposite" (Pedersen KZ. 38, 373ff.) or
> "castrated servant" (OÅ¡tir Archiv 36, 444, Sobolovskij RFV. 71,444),
> assuming it was related to *cholkъ and *cholstь (aginst it Endzelin
> SIBEt. 124). Or else expressive reshaping was assumed and distant
> relationship with
> Lithuanian šel~pti, šelpiù "support, help", pašalpà "aid"
> (Brückner KZ. 51, 235. Pogodin RFV. 32, 270ff., IFAnz. 5, 260)
> or with
> Gothic hilpan "help"
> (Korsch Potanin-Festschr. 537, against it Endzelin c. 1. 42).
> The comparison with
> Sanskrit
> jálpati "halbverständlich reden, murren",
> jālmás "depraved person, rogue", also "mean" (Machek Slavia 16, 195)
> should be rejected.
> One also compares with
> Lithuanian sìlpti, sìlpstu "become weak",
> sil~pnas "weak, powerless"
> (Matzenauer LF. 7, 220, against it Berneker EW. 1, 394), further
> German Schalk (Brückner EW. 180) or
> Greek σκόλοψ "pointed pole" (Loewenthal Archiv 37, 386).
> Dubious is also the assumption of a loan from
> Lower Rhine German dialect halfe "smallholder"
> (J. Schmidt Vok. 2, 139ff.,
> against it Berneker c. 1., Brückner KZ. 48, 194).
> Uncertain is relatedness with páxolok and xólitь (s. d.),
> cf. Sobolevskij c. l., Mladenov 669, Lehr-Spławiński JP. 24, 43.
> See xlаp.'
>
>

...

> Ernout-Meillet
>
> ce:lō, -ās, -āuī, -ātum, -āre:
> hide (aliquid aliquem).
> Ancient, common.
> Well represented in Romance; M.L.1800.
> Ce:lāre alternates with a thematic form with ĕ, preserved in occulō,
> -is, -luī, -cultum, -ere, from *ob-kelō, rare, but ancient and
> classical, used esp. in the ppp. occultus, and which tends to be
> replaced by anitérative-intensive form occultō, -ās (already in
> Pl.), whence occultātiō,-tor. The root is *kel-; the written form
> oquoltod - occultō of SC Ba. CIL I2, 581,15 is from an epoque where
> they had the idea that to a con­temporary -cu- group corresponded an
> older -quo-, and where they did the transformation mechanically,
> even in those forms where there never was a labiovelare (cf. colō,
> quolundam; quom (preposition) CIL I2 583,50), in order to give the
> text an archaic appearance.
> Ce:lō, -āre ist a durative present in -ā-
> (cf. -ducō, -ās, and dūcō, -is);
> on the length, cf. ue:nor, le:gō, etc.
> Ce:lātor is only attested twice.,
> once in Lucan, another in Cassiodorus;
> ce:lātiō only once,
> ce:lātūra only appears in the Salic Law.
> Cicero and Caesar say occultātiō;
> ce:lātim is found in Sisenna.
> Compounds: con-, oc-, sub-, subterce:lō; ince:lātus;
> M.L.4345 *incelāre.
> Relatives:
> cella, -ae f.: "ā ce:landō" Varr. L.L.5,162; small chamber (with a
> connotation of hide-out); chapel (of a place of worship); storeroom,
> cellar:
> c. oleā­ria, uīnāria; cell, M.L.1802;
> MHG këlle; Celtic: Irish cell, etc.;
> cellula, cellāris, cellārius ,-a, -um and
> cellārius m.: sommelier, treasurer;
> cellārium: pantry, office, storeroom, M.L.1804,
> passed to Germanic,
> OHG kellari "Keller", and Finnish;
> Icelandic celloir;
> *cellāriārius M.L.1803.
> Late compounds:
> circumcelliō, -onis, name of a category of migrant and mendicant
> monks "quī circum cellās ībant", cf.
> circelliō s.u. circus;
> excellō, -ās (Gloss.): be outside the cell;
> clam: "secret, hidden [from]" adverb and preposition. Opposite of
> palam. As preposition governs in the main accusative (as in ce:lāre
> aliquem) then ablative, no doubt after cōram (also clam uobis,
> Caes.B.C.2,32,8). From clam is derived:
> clanculum (clancule:,-lō) arch.:
> no doubt diminutive of familiarity formed like plūsculum.
> From clanculum is secondarily derived an adj. clanculus (Gloss.).
> Cf. also clanculārius (Martial);
> clandestīnus: ancient adjective (Law of the XII tables.; Plautus,
> etc.). Formed on the model of intestīnus, its semantic neighbour
> (cf. Cic. Sull. 33, and ad Fam. 5,2,1), perhaps through an
> intermediary clam-de, *clande, cf. quamde.
> The theme of (oc-)culō is found corresponding exactly in Celtic:
> Old Irish celim "I hide",
> and in West Germanic:
> OHG helan "hide", etc.,
> but nowhere else. The formations ce:lō and clam have no
> correspondents outside Latin.
> Besides that, Germanic has a present in -ye-:
> Gothic huljan "περι­καλύπτειν", etc.
> The e: of Latin ce:lāre is also found in
> OHG hāli "hidden",
> ON háll "cunning".
> Greek has an elarged form καλύπτω "I cover, I hide", cf. κέλυ~φος
> "bark, peal", etc.; the form is reminiscent of κρύπrω (κρύφα)
> bearing in mind OChSl kryti "hide".
> Isolated with respect to its form, cella semantically is reminiscent
> of
> Irish cuile "cave",
> OHG halla "hall",
> Greek καλι:ά: "hut, nest".
> One hesitates more in comparing it to
> Sanskrit çá:lā "hut, residence"
> which is isolated among the eastern languages; all the other
> attestations of *kel- "hide" are from the west.
> The facts do not permit us to decide whether it is appropriate to
> add
> Gothic us-hulon "λατομει~ν", hulundi "cavern",
> and the various
> Germanic words going back to the idea of digging.
> See also cilium and color.
>
> caelebs, -ibis c.:
> celibate (said of people, animals, plants, and, in a transferred
> sense, of objects).
> Attested since Plautus; not opposed to uidua.
> Derivations:
> caelibāris (-bālis): -i hasta caput nubentis comebatur, P.F. 55,3;
> caelibātus, -ūs m.: celibate; word of the imperial epoch, formed
> after the verbal nouns in -ātus, and grouped with caelum in the late
> epoch by folk etymology,
> cf. Iul.Val.3,42,24; and Thes. Gloss., s.u.;
> caelibātus, -a, -um (Gloss.).
> It is tempting to connect it with Sanskrit kévalah. "particular to,
> alone, whole" and with OChSl cěglŭ "alone". This doesn't explain the
> word in all detail. Latvian kaîls "nude, weaponless", cited by
> M.Endzelin, only has the root element in common with it; the sense
> is distant. Latin caelebs does not have a very Indo-European
> appearance; in any case, word of the popular type.
> ...
>
>

...

>
> ple:bs, ple:ps (ple:bis), -bīs, and ple:be:s, -ei (-ī) f. (the word
> vacillates betweeen 3rd and 5th declension; the forms of the second
> type are the most ancient; nom. ple:be:s is found in Enn. Sc. 228,
> Lucil. 200 CIL I2 583, 13 (123/2 BCE), 585,78 (111); pleps is
> attested in the mss. of Cic., Pis.64, and confirmed by the metric in
> Hor., Ep. I 1, 59; epigraphically: pléps, CIL XII 4333, 1,12 (11
> BCE); gen. plebei and plebi in the same inscriptions of the
> republi­can epoch CIL I2 582,7 and 15; and also plebe (with closed e)
> 585, 11 (et plebi 1, 6), cf. ple:bi-scītum and tribūnus ple:bī; abl.
> ple:bĕ in Ov. and Juv. Pleps must have been reshaped on ple:bem
> after the type urbs/urbem) plèbe, the collective of non-noble Roman
> citizens. Plebes a populo eo differt quo species a genere; nam
> appellatione populi uniuersi ciues significantur, connumeratis etiam
> patriciis et sena­toribus; plebis autem appellatione sine patribus et
> senatu ciues significantur, Just. Inst. 1,2,4; cf. the quote in
> Titus Livius 2,56, modeled on the word populus. Subsequently
> "multitude, populace". At first different from populus (which see),
> lated confounded with it; but the exam­ples of ple:bs in the sense of
> populus are very rares.
> Ancien, common.
> Has only survived in some Italian dialects, M.L. 6591.
> Passed into Brittanic plwyf.
> Derivations and compounds:
> ple:bei(i)us, -a; ple:bitās (Cat., Cass. Hem., d'après cīuitās);
> ple:be:cula (et tardif ple:bicula);
> ple:bi(s)scītum: décret, décision de la plèbe (ancient juxtaposé
> opposé à senātūs cōnsultum);
> ple:bicola (Cic., formé d'après Publicola).
> M.H.Pedersen, La 5e déclinaison lat., p. 62 ff. and 70 ff.,
> indicates and seems to accept Brugmann's hypothesis according to
> which Latin ple:b- would rest on ple:dhw- and should be connected
> with Greek πληθύ:ς, an ingenious hypothesis, but in which one can
> only see a possibility, the only admissible, it must be said, among
> the proposed Indo-European etymologies. Couldn't the word be
> borrowed? The type and form of ple:be:s is remiscent of pūbe:s.
>
> populus, -Ä« m. (popol-, Lex Bant. CIL I2 582,14; poplo CIL I2 40
> The corresponding adjective is pūblicus. Epigraphically we have
> poplicod S. C. Bac, poplice Lex Bant., and the proper name
> Poplilius, but the written form puplicis found in Lex Acilia
> repetundarum hints that poplicus is an etymological written form in
> stead of pūblicus; cf. also puplicum given by A in Plautus, Ru. 562.
> The adjective serving populus has nothing to do with it
> etymologically. The literary texts only know pūblicus (with ū, cf.
> poublicom CIL I2 402).
> Derivations and compounds:
> populāris: of the people, popular; corresponds in particular, in the
> political language, to Greek δημοτικός, δημαγωγός, as opposed to
> optimāte:s = ο´ι `άpιστοι: populāre:s "les démocrates"; populāris a
> pris vite la même nuance péjorative que populus, de même
> populāriter. Populāris désigne also designates one who is of the
> same people, of the same country (Pl., cf. Poe. 1039,1041) and as a
> consequence, assumes a sense analogical to that of familiāris. From
> that comes the use in the sense of "who is au courant with,
> accomplice":
> populares coniurationis Sall.;
> populāritās;
> populātim;
> populātiō (late Latin, Sedulius; the classical language only knows
> populātiō derived from populor);
> populōsus, populōsitās (late);
> popellus: common people;
> Pop(u)lifugia, -ōrum.
> See also populō.
> Umbrian has puplum, poplom, "populum". The word is not found
> elsewhere. It is a reduplicated form (cf. titulus, tutulus); the
> single form perhaps appears in the compounds mani-pulus (which see).
> There is nothing which permits us to decide what might be the root,
> that of pellō, that of pleō or some other one, nor there is a
> connection with the root of ple:bs. A loan is not improbable, just
> as for ple:bs (cf. Etruscan pupluna, and the city name Populōnia).
> Populus ist the term Titus Livius uses in several places to refer to
> the twelve confederated cities of Etruria, cf. IV 23,5, and IX
> 37,12.
> - On a possible connection betwen Etruscan fufluns/pupluna and
> populus, s. Devoto, St.Etruschi 6,243 ff.
>
> pūblicus, -a, -um (poublicom, CIL I2 402): which concerns the people
> or state, public (opposed to prīuātus as δημόσιος is opposed to
> `ίδιος); cf. re:s pūblica "the business of the State".
> Nouns.
> pūblicus, m. "servant of the State" (= ´ο δημόσιος);
> pūblicum n. "public domain";
> in pūblicō "in public".
> Adv. pūblice:. -
> Ancient, common, classical. The Romance forms are learned, M.L.6805;
> likewise,
> Irish puplach, puplican.
> Derivations:
> pūblicō, -ās: make public, place at the disposal of the public;
> whence "confiscate" (cf. δημοσιεύω,-σιόω). The sense of "publish"
> does not seem to be attested before the imperial epoch,
> M.L.6804 (learned forms).
> Thence:
> pūblicātiō "confiscation" (Cic);
> pūblicitus "in the name of the people or of the State";
> pūblicānus, -a, -um, above all as noun:
> pūblicānus, -ī m. "who strengthens the revenues of the State; tax
> farmer, publican".
> S. pūbe:s and populus.
>
> cleps: fur CGL V 349,51. Only preserved in this text; was eliminated
> by fūr, loanword: clepta in Plautus, Tru. 102, is a loan from Greek
> κλεπτης. The verb clepō, -is, -psī, -ptum is glossed as fūrārī, Non.
> 20,7: steal; Cic. opposes it to rapiō, Leg. 2,22 sacrum ... qui
> clepsit rapsitue.
> Rare and archaic: was replaced by the deno­minative fūrārī, and in
> the popular language, by inuolāre, *uolāre.
> Frequentative: cleptō,-ās (St Cypr. ).
> Cf.
> Gothic hlifan "steal (by deception)"
> and, with another formation,
> Greek κλέπτω "I steal".
> The agent noun cleps has correspondents in
> Greek κλώψ
> and, with extension -t- followed by arrangement, in
> Greek κλέπτης and
> Gothic hliftus "thief".
> Irish has cluain "deception" which might rest on klop-ni-.
> Term of western Indo-European only. -
> Theft by deception is expressed by the idea of "hide" in
> Irish tāid "thief",
> Greek τητάω "I steal",
> OChSl tatÄ­ "thief",
> hitt. tāy- "steval",
> along with
> Sanskrit tāyúh. "thief", and
> Slavic tajiti "hide",
> Doric τα:ύσιος,
> Homeric τηύσιος "deceptive, vain".
> This permits us to connect
> OChSl za-klepe "κατέκλεισε",
> Old Prussian au-klipts "hidden";
> but the connection has little significance.
>
>
> Prellwitz
> Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Sprache
>
> κλέπτω "steal, do stealthily" (Homer),
> κλώψ, κλοπεύς, κλέπ­της "thief",
> κλοπή "theft";
> cf.
> Latin clepo "steal" =
> Gothic hlifa id., hliftus "thief",
> Old Prussian au-klipts "hidden",
> OChSl po-klopÅ­ "cover".
> √klepo "cover up, steal".
> Are
> Latvian slepét "hide, cover up"
> Lithuanian slė~pti "hide"
> also somehow related?
>
> κλείς, Doric κλαϊ´ς, acc. κλει~ν (*κλα~Fιν), κλειδός
> "key" =
> Latin clāvis id., with Doric κλάιξ id.
> cf. OChSl ključi "key", ključiti "close together";
> cf. Latin clāvus nail, clavicula "vine tendril",
> Old Irish clúi "nails";
> κληίζω, κλείω close, Latin clau-do id.;
> κλει~-στρον "lock", Latin claustrum; cf.
> Lithuanian kliūrù, kliú:ti "latch on to, hang on to, join",
> √klāv : klū "close, fixate".
>
> κλοιός (Xen.), Attic κλω,ος (Ar.) "dog collar, neck iron" :
> *κλωFιός in ablaut relation to klāv (s. κλείς) "close"?
>
> Let's assume we have here originally a verbal form with the suffix
> *-aN-. ie.
> *kWaN-l-aN- -> *kWl-aN-
>
>
> Since Pompo is the Sabine version of the Latin name Quintus
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pompilia_(gens)#Origin_of_the_gens
> the Sabine language
> http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabines#Language
> must have been p-Italic, and since the Roman ple:bs might have been
> Sabine in origin, we might reconstruct
> *kWl-ekW-s -> plep-s "person of the swamp"
> Similarly, we might reconstruct *kWokl-okWs (se Vennemann's Κύκλωψ
> "son of the Mountain" above) -> *popol-op-s -> populus "person of
> the heights".
> Or perhaps κύκλος and *kWekWl- itself is not originally "wheel" but
> "neck ring"?
>
>
> *kWaŋ-l-ekW-s -> *kWl-ekW-s -> clep-s "unworthy person"
>
> *kWaŋ-l-ekW-s -> caelebs
>
> (and *man-ekW-l- -> manipulus, maniculus)
>

Much easier:

PPIE *-ú:- -> PIE *-Wó-
*kú:lp-o- -> *kWólp-o-
*kulp-ík-o-

=>

Metathesis
*kWólp-o-
*kulp-ík-o -> *kupl-ík-o-

=>

Sabine(?) *kW- -> *p-
*kWólp-o- -> *polp-o-
*kulp-ík-o

=>

Regularisation
*polp-o-
*kupl-ík-o- -> *publ-ík-o-

=>

Regularisation
*pólp-o- -> *pópl-o- 'populus'
*publ-ík-ó 'publicus'

cf.
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/populor
1. I lay waste, ravage or devastate
2. I plunder or pillage
3. I destroy or ruin

ie. the populus was originally the result of pillage, they were slaves, hence the conection with *xolp- "slave" etc.


Torsten