Re: *daŋ-, *sweŋ-, *graŋ-

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Dimiter Detschew:
'

Dα~οι, Dάοι; sing., Dα~ος, Dάος, Dαυ~ος, Dāvos, Davus, Daus
(also used as anthoponym), older designation of the Dacians

1.
Strab. 7, 3, 12:
γέγονε δ`ε κα`ι `άλλος τη~ς χώρας μερισμ`ος συμμένων `εκ πα­λαιου~• το`υς μ`εν Dακο`υς προσαγορεύουσι το`υς δ`ε Gέτας, Gέτας μ`εν το`υς πρ`ος τ`ον Πόντον κεκλιμένους κα`ι πρ`ος τ`ην ´έω, Dακο`υς δ`ε το`υς ε`ις τ`αναντία πρ`ος τήν Gερμανίαν κα`ι τ`ας τον `Ίστρου πηγάς, ο´`υς ο`ι~μαι Dάους καλει~σθαι τ`ο παλαίον, `αφ' ο´υ~ κα`ι παρ`α τοι~ς `Aττιχοι~ς `πεπόλασε τ`α τω~ν ο`ικετω~ν `ονόματα Gέται
κα`ι Dα~οι.
[But there is also another division of the country which has endured from early times, for some of the people are called Daci, whereas others are called Getae - Getae, those who incline towards the Pontus and the east, and Daci, those who incline in the opposite direction towards Germany and the sources of the Ister. The Daci, I think, were called Daï in early times; whence the slave names "Geta" and "Daüs"]
Steph. Byz. 216, 22; o´ι Dα~κοι, ο´` υς καλου~μεν Dάους.
Luc. salt. 29: Dάων κα`ι Τιβίων κα`ι μαγείρων
πρόσωπα.
Eust. comm. ad Dion. Per. 305:
´ότι το`υς Dάκας Dάους `εκόλουν τινές• φησ`ιν o`υ~v κα`ι ´o Gεωγράφος,
´ότι ο´ι Dάκαι Dάοι ποτε `ωνομάζοντο. -

2.
Dαυ~ος, Dāvos as slave name in newe­r comedy (cf. K. Gatzert,
De nova com., Dissert. Gießen 1913, 71).
Herond. 5, 68: ´η Dάου τιμή.
Anthol. Palat. 14, 123, 10: Dάος δ' ε`ίχοσι μνα~ς `εχέτω.
IG 22, 8614: Dαος ´Ηρακλεώτης,
8615: Dαος Dαου ´Ηρακλεώτης;
42, 650 from Epidauros: βωμ`ον Πανθείω, ´ιερε`υς ´ιδρύσατο Dαος;
11, 2, 111 from Delos, 23; `εγ μετοίκων Dαος Bαλά(κρου);
12, 8, 177 from Samothrace, 5: Dαος (under μύσται);
12, 8, 592 from Thasos: Dαος `Aπολλο ---.
JHS 24, 1904, 33 Nr. 49 from Kyzikos:
a) Dιόδ[ω]ρε Dαου χ[α]ι~ρε,
b) Εμβιλε Dαου χαι~ρ[ε.
ΙΡΕ 4, 31 from Olbia: Aδαιος Dαου ´ιππεύς.
CIL
6, 5866: C. Iulius Davos faber;
6, 14993: Ti. Claudio Dao;
6, 19221: Davos;
6, 25170 a: P. Publio Dao;
6, 25650: Dav[os];
6, 27489: Q. Titi Q. 1 Davi;
6, 33555: Daus Caesaris (servus);
6, 35612: C. Aufidio C. 1. Davo coniugi;
10, 4016 from Capua: M. Antonio Davi;
11, 3885 from Capena: d. m. Ti. Claudi Aug. l. Dai;
14, 2877 from Praeneste: Davos Calidus.
Not. Scav. 1904, 438 from Rom: T. Precilius T. O. l. Davos.
Cod. Iust. 9, 35, 2 (anno 230): Imp. Alex. A. Davo.

Acc. to Hdt. 1, 125 a nomad people in mid-Iran call themselves Dάοι.
Dάος, Dα~ος as anthroponym occurs frequently in the parts of Asia Minor not belongiung to Bithynia, esp. in Phrygia, where it appears also as theonym (cf.
Kretschmer Einl. 202;
Ramsay JHS 38, 1918, 168;
Sundwall LN 65).
There is further the Phrygian appellative
δάος• ´υπ`ο Φρυγω~ν λύκος Hesych.,
which by Kretschmer Einl. 211 is joined with OBg. daviti "strangle" from the root dhaw-. Davus as anthroponym occurs also in the Celtic language area (cf. Holder AC 1, 1245).
Worth considering is the attempt of WT. Thr. II 2, 29, to derive Dāvos from the root dhe:- "collo­care, ponere" and consequently interpret it as "settler, farmer".


Dακοί, Dα~κοι, Dάκαι, Dα~και, Dάκες, Daci, Dacisci, Dagae,
Daces
(sing. Dα~κος, Dάξ, Dacus, Daqus, Daciscus, Daeisqus)
stem known from the 2nd cent. BCE (by the Greek often confused with the Gέται);
Dακία, Dacia their country (between Dniestr, the Carpathians and the Danube). -

1.
Strab.
7, 3, 12:
γέγονε δε κα`ι `άλλος τη~ς χώρας μερισμός συμμένων `εκ παλαιου~• το`υς μ`εν γ`αρ Dακο`υς προσαγορεύουσι τους δ`ε Gέτας, Gέτας μ`εν το`υς προς τ`ον Πόντον κεκιμέ­νους κα`ι πρ`ος τ`ην ´έω, Dαχούς δ`ε το`υς ε`ις τ`αναντία πρ`ος τ`ην Gερμανίαν κα`ι τ`ας του~ `Ίστρου πηγάς, ο´`υς ο`ι~μαι Dάους καλει~σθαι τ`ο παλαιόν
(acc. to which the Dacians are descendants of the Daoi):
[But there is also another division of the country which has endured from early times, for some of the people are called Daci, whereas others are called Getae - Getae, those who incline towards the Pontus and the east, and Daci, those who incline in the opposite direction towards Germany and the sources of the Ister.]
7, 3, 13: ´ομό­γλωττοι δ' ε`ισ`ιν ο´ι Dακο`ι τοι~ς Gέταις.
[The language of the Daci is the same as that of the Getae]
Dio
51, 22:
ταυ~τά τε ο`υ~ν εσήχθη, κα`ι `αθρόοι πρ`ος αλλήλους Dακοι τε κα`ι Σουη~βοι `εμαχέσαντο. ε`ισ`ι δε ο´υ~τοι μ`εν Κελτοί, `εκει~νοι δε δ`η Σκύθαι τρόπον τινά. κα`ι ´οι μεν πέραν του~ ´Ρήνου ´ώς γε τ`ακριβ`ες ε`ιπει~ν, --- ο´ι δ`ε `επ' `αμφότερα τον Ιστρου νέμονται, `αλλ' ο´ι μ`εν `επ`ι τάδε α`υτου~ κα`ι πρ`ος τη,~ Τριβαλλικη,~ ο`ικου~ντες `ές τε τ`ον τη~ς Μυσίας νομ`ον τελου~σι κα`ι Μυσοί, πλ`ην παρ`α τοις πάνυ ~` επιχωρίοις, `ονομάζονται, ο´ι δε `επέκεινα Dακο`ι κέκληνται, ε`ίτε δ`η Gέται τινές ε`ίτε κα`ι Θρα,~κες του~ Dακικου~ γένους του~ τ`ην ´Ροδόπην ποτ`ε `ενοικήσαντος `όντες
[These beasts, accordingly, were brought in, and moreover Dacians and Suebi fought in crowds with one another. The latter are Germans, the former Scythians of a sort. The Suebi, to be exact, dwell beyond the Rhine (though many people elsewhere claim their name), and the Dacians on both sides of the Ister; those of the latter, however, who live on this side of the river near the country of the Triballi are reckoned in with the district of Moesia and are called Moesians, except by those living in the immediate neighbourhood, while those on the other side are called Dacians and are either a branch of the Getae are Thracians belonging to the Dacian race that once inhabited Rhodope. ]
(Here Dio, as noted in WT. Thr. I 71 and 101, had in mind the Dι~οι and the Dιακόν γένος in Thuc. 7, 27, 1, changing without further ado the latter to Dακικόν γένος, although he wanted to make the Dι~οι the ancestors of the Dacians);
67, 6:
Dακο`υς δ`ε α`υτο`υς προσαγορεύω, ´ώσπερ που κα`ι α`υτο`ι ´εαυτο`υς κα`ι ´Ρωμαι~οί σφας `ονομάζουσιν, ο`υκ `αγνοω~ν ´ότι ´Ελλήνων τιν`ες Gέτας α`υτο`υς λέγουσιν, ε`ιτ' ορθω~ς ε`ίτε κα`ι μ`η λέγοντες• `εγ`ω γ`αρ ο`ι~δα Gέτας το`υς ´υπέρ του~ A´ίμου παρ`α τ`ον `Ίστρον ο`ικου~ντας.
[I call the people Dacians, the names used by the natives themselves as well as by the Romans, though I am not ignorant that some Greek writers refer to them as Getae, whether that is the right form or not; for the Getae of whom I myself know are those that live beyond the Haemus range, along the Ister.]
Monum. Ancyr. 5, 48 - 49:
μεταχθ`εν τ`ο `εμ`ον στράτευμα πέραν `Ίστρον τ`α Dάκων `έθνη προστάγματα δήμου ´Ρωμαίων ´υπομένειν `ηνάγχασεν.
[my own army was led across the Danube and compelled the tribes of the Dacians to submit to the orders of the Roman people.]
Diοn. Per. 305: Dακω~ν `άσπετος α`ι~α.
Stud. 20 Nr. 139 (531 CE), 2:
Φλαύιος Μηνα~ς ´ο κα`ι Gε[ώργ]ιος στρα[τιώ]της άρ[ιθμ]ου~ τω~ν
γενναιο­τάτων Dακώ~ν.
Steph. Byz. 216, 22: ο´ι Dα~κοι, ο´` υς καλου~μεν Dάους.
Appian. Illyr. 23:
´ό δ`ε (= ´ο Και~σαρ), φρουρ`αν `εσαγαγει~ν `έψη κα`ι ´ομήρους ´εκατ`ον λαβει~ν, ´ίν' `ασφαλω~ς ταμιείω, τη,~ πόλει (=
Σεγέστη,) χρω,~το `επ`ι Dα~κας.
Proc. bell. 5, 15, 27: τούτων (== Νορικω~ν) δ`ε Dα~καί τε κα`ι Παννόνες `εν δεξια,~ ο`ικου~σιν.
Eust. comm. ad Dion. Per. 305 ´ότι το`υς Dάχας Dάους `εκάλουν τινές. φησ`ιν ο`υ~ν κα`ι ´ο Gεωγράφος, ότι ο´ι Dάκαι Dάοι ποτ`ε `ωνομάζοντο.
Cecaum. Strat. 74 (ed. Wassi­lewsky and Jernstedt, Petrop. 1896): ο´ι
λεγόμενοι Dα~και κα`ι Bέσοι (as ancestors of the Vlachs).
Suid.: Dάκες• ´οι νυ~ν Πατζινακίται λεγόμενοι• ´η ε`υθει~α Dάκος.
Caes. bell. Gall 6, 25, 2: ... Hercynia silva ... per­tinet ad fines Dacorum et Anartium.
Plin. NH4, 80: alias Getae, Daci Romanis dicti, --- montes vero et saltus (inter Danuvium atque Hercynium saltum) pulsi ab iis (= Iazygibus) Daci ad Pathissum amnem;
7, 50: quarto partu Dacorum originis nota in bracchia reddita:
22, 2: maresque etiam apud Dacos et Sarmatas corpora sua inscribunt.
Pomp. Trog. hist. 32, 3, 16: Daci quoque suboles Getarum sunt.
Monum. Ancyr. 5, 48 - 49: trans Danuvium ex[er­citus me]us ductus Da[cor]um im[perio populi Romani perferre coegit].
[my own army was led across the Danube and compelled the tribes of the Dacians to submit to the orders of the Roman people]
Hor. carm. 3, 8, 18: Dāci Cotisonis agmen;
serm. 2, 6, 53: numquid de Dācis audisti?
TP 8, 4: Dagae (d. h. Dacae, wie Sagae TP 12, 1/2 statt Sacae).
Iord. Rom. 217: Daces. -

2.
Herodian. 1, 147, 27 (Lentz): Dα~κος `έθνος, ´`ο κα`ι Dα~ος καλει~ται.
Lascar. Gramm. bei Lobeck. Par. 96: Dάξ.
Hor. carm. 1, 35, 9: Dācus asper.
CIL
3, 1435515 from Sopron: Sassa coniun[x] et conliberta nat(ione) Daca:
6, 1801: d. m. Ziai Tiati fil. Dacae uxori Piepori regis Coisstobocensis;
6, 2495: Iul(ius) Secundinus e. v. k. coh. III pr. Salarior. XXVII --- nat. Dacus;
6,3227: Aurel(io) Primo liberto nat(ione) Dacus;
6, 7407: Dacus insularius;
16903: dis manibus Diuppaneus qui Euprepes Sterissae f. Dacus;
8, 8562 from Mauretanien: Fortu­natus qui et Dacus;
10, 4030 from Capua: C. Auli, C. C. l., Daci o. h. s. s.;
11, 28 from Ravenna: Q. Decimus Dacus;
11, 6695105 from Regium: Cl(audius) Dac(us);
3, 14644 from Dalmatien: Amabilis secutor nat(ione) Dacus pug(narum);
14, 3564 from Tibur: P. Aquillius, P. l., Dacus;
16, Dipl. 13 (anno 71) from Dălgodělci, Bez. Lomiu 17: Tutio Buti f., Dacus.
RLO 16, 1926, 44 from Carnuntum: Pere­grinus Q. Asini ser. sutor caligarius natione Dacus.
CIL 6, 3236: d. m. Aurelius Victorinus eques sing. d. n. --- natione Daqus domum coloni (sic) Zermiegete (sic).
Cf. further
CIL
6, 2605: Aur. Victo[r]ino mil. coh. VI pr. natione Dacisca, regione
Ser­dic(e)n(se);
Script. hist. Aug. 26, 38, 4: septem milibus Daciscorum interremptis;
N. D. or. 40, 21: milites Dacisci.
CIL
3, 7573 from vallum Traiani in Dobrudža: Pia et Daciscus fratres;
5, 1047 from Aquileia: d. m. M. Secundi Genialis domo Cl. Agrip. negotiat. Dacisco patr. optimo;
5, 6244 from Mediolanum: Dacisqus Iustus;
6, 3320: [natione D]aciscu[s].
Dacia 7 - 8, 1937 - 1940, 353 from Drobeta: Iul(ius) Daciscus. -

3.
Dio 68, 14: κα`ι ο´ύτως ´ή Dακία ´Ρωμαίων ´υπήκοος `εγένετο.
Ptol. 3, 5, 6: ´ο μ`εν Τύρας ποταμός α`υτ`ος ´ορίζει τ`α μέρη τη~ς Dακίας κα`ι τη~ς Σαρματίας.
Steph. Byz. 216, 22: Dακία, χώρα πλησίον Bορυσθένους.
IGRP 4, 47 from Lesbos: Π.
`Aίλιος `Aρριαν`ος `Aλέξανδρος, βουλευ[τ`ης] Dακίας κολωνείας Ζερμιζεγ[ε]θου­σης.
Hierocl. 654, 2: επαρχία Dακίας μεσογείου.
Constant. Porphyrog. de them. (Bonn.) 56, 5:
επαρχία Dακίας μεσογαίου.
Amm. Marc. 22, Ι, 3: inter terminos Daciae.
CIL
16, Dipl. 68 (anno 120) from Porolissum: [in Da]cia supe[riore];
16, Dipl. 75 (anno 129) from Little Walachia, 7: in Dacia i<n>feriore.
CIL
3, 980 from Alba Iulia: tabularius provinc(iae) [Da]ciae Apulensis;
3, 1153 from Apulum: L. Aemil. Car[u]s leg. Au[g]. pr. pr. III Daciarum;
3, 6054 from Ancyra: proc(uratori) Daciae Porolisensis;
3, 13704 from Saloniki: pra[e]sidem prov. Daci[ae] Malvensis.
Script. hist. Aug. 26, 3, 1: Aurelianus ortus, ut plures loquuntur Sirmii, ut nonnulli Dacia ripensi.
N. D. or.
1, 55: Dacia ripensis;
1, 77: Dacia mediterranea.
Cf. Dacia as anthroponym in CIL
3, 2967b from Dalmatia: Fermus tribunus et --- Dacia coniuge eius;
5, 3647 from Verona: (dat.) Iuliae Daciae;
6, 28848a: Vibia Dacia mater;
10, 1316 from Nola: (dat.) Noniae Dac(iae).

Kretschmer Einl. 214 is of the opinion that Dāci is related to Dα~οι in the same manner as Graeci to Gραι~οι. He concludes from that that the change of name perhaps has to do with the national uprising of the people, in which also other tribes as the Daoi may have joined in the nation which now together with these was designated as the Daic.


Dοκίδαυα Stadt in the northwestern parts of Dacia, Ptol. 3, 8, 4.
In Dοκι- we find the anthoponym *Dοκις. Cf. the Celtic anthropnyms Doci-rex, Docius, Holder AC 1, 1298-1299, and Dοκι on a Edonic-Bisalt. coin, Head HN 200

-δοκος, -docus, -δοκας, -doce, -δοκης, Dοκι-, -δοχος,
-dochus, -δακος, -θακος, -τοκος, -τοκης, -τυχος,
-ταγος, -τακος, -tacus, -ticus
in
Aμα-δοκος, Ama-docus, Ama-dochus, Aμα-τοκος, Aμη-δοκος,
Aμμα­δοκος, Aμμο-δοχος, Dοκί-δανα, Καβα-δοκος,
Καβα-τοκος, Μα-δαχος, Ma~doce, Μα-δοχος, Ma-docus,
Με-θαχος, Με-ταχος, Με-τοχος, Μη-δοκης,
Μη-δοκος, Μη-θακος, Μη-ταγος, Μη-τακος,
Μη-τοκος, Μιτ-τοκος, Παρ-δοκας, Σαρα-τοκος,
Σκοσ-τοκης, Σκυθο-δοκος, Σπαρα­δοχος,
Σπαρ-τακος, Spar-tacus, Spar-ticus, Σπαρ-τοκος,
Σπαρ-τυχος, Σπορ-δοκος.
Cf. the Greek PN on -δοχος, -δοχος in Bechtel PN 139 and the Celtic anthroponym Docilus, Docius, Doci-rex etc in Holder AC 1, 1298-1299. From the PIE root dek`-, dok`- with depalatalization of the gutturals, which we encounter also in Dοκίμαιον, city in Phry­gia, Ptol. 5, 2, 24 and in their eponymous hero Dόκιμος, Head HN 672.'


Proposal:
(I'm not decided on whether I'll use a vowel plus ŋ (-Vŋ-) or a nasalized vowel (-VN-) in the recontructions)


*daŋ-/*daN- > *daw-
*daŋ-/*daN- > *daNk- > *dak-
*daŋ-/*daN- + -sk- > dansk
(*daŋ-isk´- > *duŋIsk´- > Pol. duńsk-)
(*daŋ-yan-> *daNk-yan- > *dačan-)

*sweŋ-/*sweN- > *swew-
*sweŋ-/*sweN- > *sweNk- > *swek- (Sueci)
*sweŋ-/*sweN- + -sk- > *svensk

*graŋ-/*graN- > *graw- > *grai, grae
*graŋ-/*graN- > *graŋk- > *graek-


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacians
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian#Substratum_of_Proto-Romanian
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_language#.28Old.29_Albanian
(the Old Albanian referred to here would be Dacian; note that the diagnostic suffixed definite article is also a feature of of North Germanic minus Vestjysk and would be just as indicative of a Dacian substrate, cf the thread starting in
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/9815
)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_tongue
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane%C5%9F (??)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suevi
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedes_(Germanic_tribe)
(note all the *sven- side forms)
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=swain&searchmode=none

(cf. Kretschmer above)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks#Names (see Greeks)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graea
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crone (?)

The choices of Dak- Graek- over Dai-, Grae- as reflects of *daŋ-, *graŋ- seem to have taken place at about the same time.


which BTW vindicates (I think) my derivation of crassus, grossus etc
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66586
as a participle *gr-áŋ- "grown old, ripe, juicy". What verbs *d-áŋ-,
*sw-éŋ could be participles of is difficult to know. Words so short are suspect of being back formations from compounds, in casu
1) from the *-daŋ occurring in the Dacian towns in -dava (the town name then being the name of its people)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Dacian_cities#Dacian
and in the various -danes mentioned in Beowulf (Spear-danes, East-danes, West-danes etc),
http://www.heorot.dk/beowulf-rede-notes.html
*-daŋ being ultimately cognate to Celtic dun-, Germanic *tun-?),
2) and from the *-sweŋ (swain) occuring in eg boatswain (used much more in eg. Danish, cf. eg. 'svend' "master craftsman"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman
corresponding to the German term 'Geselle'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_craftsman#Germany
used in compounds: slagtersvend, murersvend, bagersvend etc
).

All this adds up to Dacians (Free Dacians?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Dacians
making up part of either the 10 BCE or 250 CE (Brøndsted, as emended by me) invasion of Denmark, see quote here:
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66612
The main difference between Thracians and Dacians would be that the former slave-traded the latter. If so, the Burebista
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burebista
regime, made possible by the discovery of gold(?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacian_bracelets
or by reserving gold for the king's use alone(?)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dacia#Occupations
would have been an economic disaster to Thracian slave-traders.



Strabo 6.3.1
http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/6c*.html
'Now that I have traversed the regions of Old Italy as far as Metapontium, I must speak of those that border on them. And Iapygia borders on them. The Greeks call it Messapia, also, but the natives, dividing it into two parts, call one part (that about the Iapygian Cape) the country of the Salentini, and the other the country of the Calabri. Above these latter, on the north, are the Peucetii and also those people who in the Greek language are called Daunii, but the natives give the name Apulia to the whole country that comes after that of the Calabri, though some of them, particularly the Peucetii, are called Poedicli also. Messapia forms a sort of peninsula, since it is enclosed by the isthmus that extends from Brentesium as far as Taras, three hundred and ten stadia.'

If
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Albanian#.28Old.29_Albanian
is
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daco-Thracian
then the Daunii (Dauoi?) may have spoken Old
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB


Cf.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanites
esp.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvanites#cite_note-12
'Travellers in the 19th century were unanimous in identifying Plaka as a heavily "Albanian" quarter of Athens.
John Cam Hobhouse, writing in 1810, quoted in
John Freely, Strolling through Athens, p. 247:
"The number of houses in Athens is supposed to be between twelve and thirteen hundred; of which about four hundred are inhabited by the Turks, the remainder by the Greeks and Albanians, the latter of whom occupy above three hundred houses."
Eyre Evans Crowe, The Greek and the Turk; or, Powers and prospects in the Levant, 1853:
"The cultivators of the plain live at the foot of the Acropolis, occupying what is called the Albanian quarter..." (p. 99);
Edmond About, Greece and the Greeks of the Present Day, Edinburgh, 1855 (translation of La Grèce contemporaine, 1854):
"Athens, twenty-five years ago, was only an Albanian village. The Albanians formed, and still form, almost the whole of the population of Attica; and within three leagues of the capital, villages are to be found where Greek is hardly understood."
(p. 32);
"The Albanians form about one-fourth of the population of the country; they are in majority in Attica, in Arcadia, and in Hydra...."
(p. 50);
"The Turkish [sic] village which formerly clustered round the base of the Acropolis has not disappeared: it forms a whole quarter of the town.... An immense majority of the population of this quarter is composed of Albanians." (p. 160)'


Another interpretation of this story is that these 'Albanians' were the descendants of slaves of the Greek (cf. the name 'Daus' above).



Torsten