Schöffe II

My proposal: the Schöffe (scheppen etc) is a 'Schäfer' ie a "shepherd", once of livestock or of people, captives, from which at times they take out a collection as not useful.



Paul Wexler

'... the interchange of m and n that occurs finally in the spelling of Hebrew words in Francisk Skaryna's foreword to his Belorussian Bible translation (Vilnius 1517-1519), e.g. (m > n) He divrÄ" hajāmÄ«m "Chronicles" > Br dibre haiomin; (n > m) He h.εcrōn ma (Ruth 4:18) > Br Esrom (see also Altbauer 1977:117, 119; Bulyka 1980:215). See also OCz Sephyn "Judges" (late 14th-carly 15th c) < He Å¡oft.Ä«m (Schröpfer 1971:358, line 40) vs. Br Softim ~ Å oftimъ (1519) (Skaryna's forewords to 1 Kings and 1 Judges respectively).'

Wexler doesn't seem to pay heed to the different root auslauts in Old Czech Sephyn (-ph-) vs. Hebrew šoft. and Belorussian Softim ~ Šoftimъ (-ft-).
Strangely, a similar alternation -p- vs. -pt-/-ft- exists in a verb which is North Germanic legal terms for passing a verdict, particularly in inheritance suits, which seems to be a cognate to that West Germanic root represented in <schöpfen>:

Falk & Torp
Skifte, Swedish skifta, ON skipta "divide, exchange, swap, change, determine, settle" =
OE sciftan "divide, arrange, determine, settle" (Eng. shift),
Old Frisian skifta "determine, decide" (also skiffa), MLG schiften and schichten "divide (esp. an inheritance), exchange, swap, order"
(Dutch schiften "divide", East Frisian also schiffen).
The word no doubt belongs with
ON skipa "arrange, determine, settle, fix, assign, procure, change"
(Norwegian dialect skipa with the same senses,
Older Danish skibe "arrange, settle, set up, procure",
Swedish skipa "exercise (function)"),
MLG schippen "procure, set up, settle, arrange";
French équiper "equip"
is borrowed from ON. The root is
PIE *skeib "cut (out)":
see skib.
The senses "arrange, settle etc." have developed from "cut out, shape" in the same way as with
ON skapa and skepja (see 'skabe').
The sense "divide" in 'skifte' quite likely developed from 'skjære' "cut" (cf. skjære sig "separate, of milk").
On the sense "determine, settle" cf. ON skapa ok skera with the same sense.

skik (good order or state, custom),
Swedish skick, from
MLG schik "shape, form, correct state",
(Dutch schik "order"),
in Low German also "custom" == MHG schic "manner, opportunity"
(German Schick "correct way or cut"),
synonymous with schiht. A Danish extension of MLG schik, or rather a transformation of
MLG schickenisse
with the same sense, is
'skikkelse' "figure, shape; event, ordeal". The noun has been formed from the exclusively German verb
*skikkian in the sense "arrange, shape, form",
which again seems to be derived from 'let happen': see the verb 'ske' (on the phonologigical relationship cf. German zücken: ziehen).
The sense "send" in the verb 'skikke' developed from "gjøre istand" (cf.
ON gera "send off", orig. "finish", and
German abfertigen "send off");
Older Danish also has the senses "set up, arrange, shape, form",
Swedish skicka "send, determine, settle",
Later ON skikka "arrange, determine"
< MLG schicken "see to it (that), arrange, send" (Dutch schicken)
= MHG schicken "let happen, effect, carry out, settle, equip, assign, procure, direct, send" (German schicken "send").
The old sense "settle" exists in 'be­skikke sit hus' "set one's house in order; set up a will" (of dying person)
< German sein Haus beschicken (also bestellen);
cf. Swedish skicka om ditt hus (2nd Book of Kings 20, 1).
This belongs with
Danish 'skikkelse', Swedish 'skickelse' of the reign of God and fate: cf.
MLG schickenisse "order, reign",
German Schicksal "fate, ordeal";
in this sense now mostly
'tilskikkelse', in line with the present sense of the verb (cf.
MLG schickinge,
German Schickung
with the same sense).
'Skikke sig' ("comply, obey, behave well"),
Swedish 'skicka sig'
is
MLG sik schicken "get yourself together, obey"
and
German sich schicken "comply, obey, prepare for".
To this reflexive verb belong
skikket, Swedish skickad < German geschickt "skilled",
orig. "appropriate".

skikt (layer of rocks, minerals; ore), in Norway also "work time for miners" (partly reinterpreted to 'skift'),
Swedish skikt "lag af bergarter" ie. "layer of rocks, minerals; ore":
see the verb 'ske'.

de Vries

skífa

- 1 f. "scheibe, schnitte", ie "slice", Icelandic skífa, Faroese skíva, Norwegian Swedish skiva, Danish skive.
- > Shetland skivin, skivek "slice of bread" (Jakobsen 742).
- Old Frisian skīve, Old Saxon skīβa, MLG Middle Dutch schīve, OHG scība.
- cf. skífa 2.
The word only appears late in the compound brauðskífa, which presumably < MLG schive.
- But is BN. skífa necessarily borrowed? It might belong in the word group discussed under sax.

- 2 weak verb "slice", Icelandic skífa, Faroese skíva, Norwegian, Swedish dial. skiva
- > English skive "split"; >
Orkney skive "cut a piece of wood" (Mar­wick 161). -
Old Frisian skīvia "teilen, be­friedigen", ie. "divide/share, satisfy"
MLG Middle Dutch schīwen,
MHG schīben "roll".
- cf. Greek σκοι~πος "potter's wheel",
Latin scipio "staff" (IEW 922)
and further sax.

skip n. "ship", Icelandic Faroese Norwegian skip, Swedish skepp, Old Danish skip. - >
Manx skib- (Marstrander NTS 6, 1932, 282); >
OIrish scip, scib (Craigie ANF 10, 1894, 155); >
North Saami skip(p)a (Thomsen 2, 216).
- Gothic Old Saxon OFrisian skip, Old English scip, OHG scif, scef.
- cf. skipa and skipari.
The Gmc. *skipa- is a zero grade form of the
PIE root *skeib "cut",
cf. Latv. šk'i­bīt;
further
*skeip in
Latin scipio, Greek σκίπων "staff",
Old Slavic čepiti "cleave" (Uhlenbeck, PBB 27, 1902, 131),
but not in the sense that it originally meant "split wood, hollowed-out log boat" (cf. skeið 1), but as a hide-covered wooden structure, like Irish curach (s. J. Trier, ZfdPh 70, 1949, 348-9; cf. -húfr).
- The relation with skaban "scrape" assumed earlier is phonetically impossible.
Wrongheaded is the interpretation as an immigrated word (thus Bréal MSL 7, 1892, 147 pointing to Greek σκάφος "pit , hollowness, ship"). '

And that is exactly what I assume: *ski:p- is related to *skab-/sko:b-, and both are imported words (cf. Grimm).

de Vries
skipa
1 in Zs. einskipa "with a ship".
- cf. skip.-
2 weak verb "arrange, set up",
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian OSwedish skipa,
Old Danish skipæ.
- Shetland skib(b) "arrange, set up".
- OFrisian skipia, MLG schippen "procure, set in order".
- cf. skipta und skipa 3;
for the sense of as word of the man ring cf. sax.-
3 weak verb in skipa upp "unload"; the non-attested skipa probably meant "equip a ship; embark, propel a ship",
- > Shetland skip "steer"; >
OFrench esquiper "embark" (Gamillscheg 377); >
OIrish scipaim "move; equip" (Marstrander NVA 1915 Nr 5, 18); >
North Saami skipot "embark or debark" (Thomsen 2, 216).
- cf. skip.

skipari
1 m. "someone who orders, sets up" (attested late).
- cf. skipa 2.-
2 m. "skipper, sailor",
Icelandic Faroese skipari, Norwegian skipar, Swedish skeppare, Danish skipper.
- > OFrench escipre (Falk WS 4, 1912, 5, Nyrup ANO 1919, 27; if not from West Germanic!); >
Middle Irish scipaire (Marstrander NVA 1915 Nr 5, 19); >
Finnish kippari (Karsten FMS 4, !936, 505); >
North Saami skippar (Qvigstad 296).
- Presumably < Old English scipere or MLG schippere.

skipt
1 f. n. "barter, swap, division".
- MLG schicht(e) "order, division; row, layer".
- cf. skipta.-
2 f. "Varangian quarter in Byzantium" < Greek `εσκούβιτόν < Latin excubitum "guard".

skipta weak verb "exchange, swap, divide; determine, settle" (< Gmc. *skipatjan),
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian skifta, OSwedish skipta, Danish skifte.
- > Old English sciftan, English dialect skift "divide, arrange, determine" (Björkman 126).
- Old English sćiftan, OFrisian skifta "determine",
MLG schiften, schichten "divide, exchange, swap, arrange",
Middle Dutch schichten "divide, share, arrange, determine",
Dutch schiften "divide; separate (of milk").
- cf. skipa, skipt 1 and skipti, for the sense as word of the man-ring cf. sax.

skipti m.n. "division, exchange, swap; choice; relation, trafic". - >
Shetland skift, skipt "distribution"; >
Orkney skift "distribution of land" (Marwick 160).
- cf. skipta.


cf. on the sense "take out rotten stuff"

Ernout-Meillet
'scabō, -is, scābī (1 ex. of scāberat in Lucilius, quoted by Priscian, GLK II 507,1), scabere: scratch, scratch oneself.
Word of the familiar language.
Nominal and derived forms:
scabiÄ"s,-ei f. (and scabia) "roughness, ruggedness" and "scab, mange, leprosy, itching" (physical and moral sense).
Ancient (Cat.); technical and familiar. M.L.7634.
Derivatives:
scabiō, ψωριω~, Pelag.,
scabiālis, scabidus, scabiōsus, M.L.7635,
scabitūdō, scabiola;
scaber, -bra, -brum (dialectal form scafer: tofus inaequalis, CGL V 243,2?): rough, rugged, scabrous (physical and moral sense), mangy, M.L. 7633a;
scabra, -ōrum "residue, deposit, sediment".
Derivatives:
scabreō, scabrātus,
and further
*scabrāre, M.L.7636,
scabrÄ"dō, scabrÄ"s (Varr.),
scabridus; sca­britia (-tiÄ"s), Plin., Col.
With root vowel 'o':
scobis, -is f. (and scobs in Prisc. GLK II 330,24): filings, scrapings, shavings, etc.;
scobīna f.: rasp;
dÄ"scobÄ«nātus, Varr. ap. Non. 99,25 (cf. deasciārÄ«, dÄ"runcinātus in Plautus).
The Romance forms go back to scōbïna et scoffīna, the latter without doubt dialectal, M.L. 7729.
Scabō is a technical verb with root vowel 'a'; from scobis, we learn that the root had the form (*skebh-), *skobh-. The perfect scābī is created on scabō, perhaps by Lucilius. It is difficult to say whether there is 'a' or 'o' in
Gothic skaban "scratch",
Lithuanian skabiù, skõbti "scratch",
Old Russian skoblĭ which no doubt designates a kinds of scraping knife. Greek has α in the group of σκάπτω; but the sense is "dig", and, considering
Persian šikāfaδ "he splits", kāfaδ "he digs",
where f goes back to ph, it is not possible to say if the φ of
σκάφος "weeding out, digging",
σκαφή "grave" and of
the aorist `εσκάφην
goes back to bh or to ph; the p in
Latvian kaps "grave"
is ambiguous, as well as that of
Old Slavic kopati "dig, hollow out";
Greek has π in κόπτω "I hit", κόπος "hit, fatigue", etc.
See scapula.
This is a root of technical use with varied forms and varied senses.'
...
[Note that the a/o/ō 'ablaut' and the auslaut alternation -b-/-ff- also occurs in Germanic]

scaeuus, -a, -um: left, who is to the left or who comes from left. Used especially in augural language or in figurative senses:
the noun scaeua, -ae f. "omen coming from the left";
Scaeua, cognomen, "left-handed, southpaw".
Like laeuus, it has the sense of "of good omen, favorable", cf. the use of bona scaeua "good omen" and obscaeuāre in Plautus St.461,672 (v. strÄ"na), Ps. 1138, and the testimony of Varr., L.L.7,97, pue­ris turpicula res in collo quaedam suspenditur, ne quid obsit, bonae scaeuae causa scaeuola appellatur. Ea dicta ab scaeua, i.e. sinistra, quod quae sinistra sunt bona auspicia existimantur. On the other hand, like sinister, the adj. scaeuus, perhaps following Greek σκαιός, has taken on (besides rarely) the sense of "awkward, maladroit" and also of "unfavorable, sinister" (above all in Apuleius), cf. P.F.443,8 : scaeua res dicitur mala, quasi sinistra: σκαι`ον enim Graece sinistrum dicitur; but scaeua had preserved the sense of "omen" (indifferent, cf. Fest.432,26, scaeuam uolgus quidem et in bona et in mala re uocat, cum aiunt bonam et malam).
- Ancient and taken up by the archaizers. Not Romance.
Beside scaeuola, explained by Varro, loc.cit., and used as cognomen,
and Scaeuīnus,
scaeuitās occurs in the imperial era (Gell., Amm., Apul.) shaped after Greek σκαιότης.
The names for "left" are diverse (in contrast to that of "right"; see also sinister opposed to dexter). Latin, which has laeuus opposite λαιός, likewise has scaeuus opposite σκαιός; parallel formation, with root a.
With scaeuus, σκαιός, has been compared
Lithuanian kairė~ "left hand".
Irish ciotan "the left hand" and
Welsh chwith "left"
do not match; judging from scandō and analogue cases, root a is an expressive and popular variant (see saeuus). In the eastern branches, there are analoguous words:
Sanskrit savyáh. and
Old Slavic Å¡ujÄ­ "left";
Slavic Å¡ujÄ­ points to an old *seuyo-, with root e.
...

scapulae, -ārum f.pl. (singular rare and late, Vulg.): shoulders;
technical senses:
arm of a machine (Vitr.);
mountain top (Tert.).
Ancient (Cat., Pl. ), common; serves as cognomen: Scapula, whence Scapulānus.
Not much represented in the Romance languages, cf. M.L.7657, where it has been replaced by spatula.
Late derivative: scapulāre n.
Irish scabal "scapulaire".
In Umbrian, there is one occurrence of destrame scalpa "in dextram scapulam".
The explanation of the word by the root of Greek σκάπτω "I dig", etc., which has been justified by the fact that the shoulder blades served as spades, is obviously hypothetical; cf. the later sub­stitution of scapula with spatula . See scabō; besides, the shoulder blades might have been named aftertheir resemblance to spades. M. J. Bloch points to Marathi khavā, from skapaka.
[I propose *šaN# -> šaNp#; *šaNp-Vl- ("tool for taking out dirt, rotten stuff", ie. eg. "shovel", cf. scapula) -> *šáp-Vl-/*šup-V´l-]
...

Pokorny
'OHG scultirra,
OE sculdor "shoulder"
(*skļ-dhrā "scapula as shovel, as digging tool");'

[ie. *šaN-l-tér-aN- -> *šul-dhér-aN-]

[and for this entry I propose *šáp-Vl-/*šup-V´l- -> by metathesis *šálp-/*šulp´-]

scalpō, -is, -psī, -ptum, -ere: scratch.
Ancient, popular in this sense (comedies, satires, etc.).
Took on a technical sense in the laguage of cutters and sculptors, and served to translate Greek γλύφω "carve, engrave" and "sculpt". Without doubt the classical language knew only scalpō and its derivatives with these divers senses, and the difference that has been sought establish between scalpō = ξέω and sculpō = γλύφω is unfounded. Varro only knew que scalpō (cf. L.L.6,96 "scalpere" a σκαλεύειν); as did Diomedes, GLK I 378,31: scalpo, insculpo: quare "gemma scalpta" dicendum non "sculpta"; adiecta enim praepositione facit "sculpta". But in the imperial period, on the model of the compounds exsculpō (already in Pl.Ci. 541 in a figurative sense), īnsculpō, a simple sculpō can be seen being gradually substituted for scalpō in the technical sense; and a distinction of secondary and recent character is established between scalpō "scrape, scratch" and sculpō "sculpt, carve". Inscriptions of the bonne époque and the good manuscrits know only the formes with 'a': the Acta fratr. Arual. correctly oppose scalptūra (marmoris) to īnsculpŏ; the indices of the Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius show that the best manuscripts have a majority of the forms scalpō, scalptor, scalptūra, cf. Hūlsen, Philol. 56,388. Very often, where editors read sculptūra, the mss. hesitate between the form with 'a' and the form with 'u'; and the preference given by the moderns to the latter is only founded on the difference in sense arbtitrarily supposed between scalpō and sculpō (the article in Georges' dictionary, 8th ed., is in that respect completely wrong): thus for instance
in Ov., M.10,248, M1 has correctly scalpsit; the correction sculpsit adopted by all the editors is secondary;
in Hor., S. 2,3,22, the mss. are divided between sculptum and scalptum; and a comparaison with C.3,11,51 shows that the latter reading is the correct one.
The difference between scalpō and sculpō is a difference not of sense, but of date. Even so, the form sculpō, at first avoided by the the purists, is attested in the beginning in inscriptions of less cultured language (cf. Hūlsen 1.1.), ended up towards the 3rd century eliminating scalpō in the sense of "sculpt"; it is from this time it must have begun to spread in the mss., from which it has often driven out an old and authentic scalpō: this is why in Cic., Ac.(Luc.) 2,31,101, all editors read: non est e saxo sculptus aut e robore dolatus, whereas Cicero very likely wrote scalptus (cf. N.D.2, 60, 150 itaque ad pingendum ad fingendum ad scalpendum... apta manus est) or exsculptus.. . edolatus (cf. Att. 13, 28, 3 exsculpseram; 13,47 a edolaui). It is almost certain that until the middle of the second century CE, writers only knew scalpō. In the glosses, the differentiation between the two forms is accomplished and one finds there: scalpō, scalptor, scalptum, scalptīuum (and naturally scalprum, scalpulus, scalpellum, scalpuriō, scalpellat) as also sculpō, -is (and perhaps sculpō, -ās, cf. the glosses sculpa γλύψων = γλύψον and sculpātor, and the compound exsculpō, -ās in Aus.Idyl.11, Pref.), sculptor, sculptūra, sculptus, sculptilia.
The Romance languages have preserved scalpere and an iterative *scalpitāre; the Italian scolpire presupposes a doublet *scalpere, cf. M.L.7643, 7644, 7754.
Nominal forms, derived and composed:
scalprum (et scalper m., cf. cultrum et culter): cutting instrument.
From this general sens are derived various special senses in the technical languages: chisel (see fabrile); cobbler's knife; lancet, scalpel; jackknife; sickle, cf. Rich, and Daremberg-Saglio, s.u.
Continued in the Romance languages, cf. French échoppe, M.L.7645.
Derivatives
scalprātus: sickle-formed;
scal­pulus (Gloss.),
scalpellum (-lus, Celse, *scarpellum): scalpel, M.L. 764a et
scalpellō, -ās (Marc. Emp .), M.L. 7641;
scalptor; scalptūra: engraver, engraving; sculptor, sculpture; cf. Plin.36,5,1
scalptores marmorum; scalptōrium: scraper;
scalpitiō, scalpitūdō (Gloss.): itching, prurigo;
scalpurriō, -īs, Pl.Aul.467 (scalpuriō, Gloss.);
scalpur(r)īgō;
scalticus: scabby (Theod. Prisc.).
exsculpō: dig out, whence "make out of marble, sculpt" (cf. exprimō). Ancient (Pl.), as shown by the inner vowel;
īnsculpō, -is: cut, sculpt into (cf. incĭdō).
- Beside these ancient forms there exist recent composites which have maintained the 'a':
adscalpō (Apul.), circumscalptus (Plin.), exscalpō, interscalptus, subscalpō, all with the sense of "scratch";
auri-, denti-scalpium: earpick, toothpick (cf. `ωτoγλυφίς).
Technical term with no clear etymology, like the other verbs with root vowel 'a' (cf. caedō, claudō, etc.).
...



Pokorny

8.
(s)kĕ:p-, (s)kŏ:p- and (s)kă:p-; (s)kĕ:b(h)-, skob(h)- and skă:b(h)- "cut, split with a sharp tool";
skab(h)-ro- "sharp";
skapā "buried stuff";
skopelo- "rock".


A. Forms in -b: (only the unambiguously Germanic forms are listed here; the Latin and Balto-Slavic forms with b see under the root form in -bh);
skab- "form by cutting".

Gothic gaskapjan strong verb "create",
ON skepja,
OE scieppan,
OHG scepfen,
MHG schepfen,
whence
German schöpfen;
from the preterite MHG schuof, participle <ge­schaffen> a new present <schaffen> is formed, as
Swedish skapa,
Danish skabe;
deverbative ō- verbs are
ON OSwedish skapa "create, set up",
OHG scaffōn "shape, cause" (Wissmann Nom. postverb. 73);
OE ge-sceap n. "shape, creature",
Old Saxon gi-scapu pl. n. "fate, destiny";
ON skap n. "shape, state of mind" etc;
-skapr eg in vin-skapr "friendship";
OHG scaf m. "shape, quality", -scaf and -scaft f.,
German -schaft;
West Germanic *skap n. "(cut-out) vessel" in:
Old Saxon skap n. "tub, pail, ship",
OHG skaf "vessel, tub, pail",
whence
scepfen "haurīre" (after scepfen "creāre" early with strong inflection);
Deminutiv
Old Saxon skepil,
OHG skeffil "bushel";
ablaut.
MLG schōpe "ladle",
MHG schuofe f. "scoop".


B. Forms in -bh: (including Latin and Balto-Slavic forms with ambiguous -b-).

Latin
scabō, -ere, scābī "scrape, scratch, grate",
scăbiÄ"s f. "scratchiness, shabbiness, mange",
scaber "rough, itchy";
with o:
scobis f. "shavings, filings",
scobīna "file, rasp";

Middle Irish (s)cīp (with bb) "hand" (expressive gemination);

Gothic skaban "scrape, shear",
ON skafa "scrape, scratch",
OE scafan id. (ON OE pret. skōf, as Latin scābī);
OHG scaban, "scrape, scratch, cut (hair)",
OHG scaba "plane",
ON skafa "fleshing knife";
ON skabb, OE sceabb "itch, scab",
MHG schebīc "mangy, shabby",
older German Schäbe "itch, scab",
and. scavatho "mange";
Icelandic skōfir f. pl. "scraping, singed crust",
MLG schōve (and schōpe) f. "flake, scale",
OHG schuoppa id.;

Latvian
skabrs (= Latin scaber) "splintered, sharp",
skabrums "sharpness, roughness",
Lithuanian
skabùs "sharp, piercing",
skabù, -ė´ti "cut, debranch",
skόbti "hollow out",
nuskόbti "pick off",
skόbas, Latvian skābs "sour" (*"sharp, piercing");
Old Church Slavonian skoblь "fleshing knife",
Russian skόbelь "plane";
according to Machek Slavia 16, 208 f.
Old Church Slavonian
chabъ "bad",
chabiti "corrupt"
belong here.


C. Forms in -p:
Modern Persian kāfaδ, kāvaδ "digs, splits", kāf "split", šikāftan "split";

Albanian
kep "cut stone, cut out" (PIE *kopō oder *kapō),
further
kmesë, këmés, kamés f. "hoe, pruning knife" (*kapnetyā), [*kaN-és-]
sqep "beak, bill";

Greek
σκέπαρνος, -ον "woodcutter's axe",
σκόπελoς m. "rock" (Venetic *skopelo-);
κόπτω "hit, cut; harass, wear out",
κόπτος m. "stroke",
κοπάζω "wear out",
κόπις "(tiresome) chatterer",
κοπίς, -ίδος f. "butcher's knife",
κοπεύς m. "chisel",
κοπανον "axe, mortar pestle",
κοπάς, -άδος, "castrated",
κόμμa n. "incision, section";

with a- root vowel:
σκάπτω "dig, hoe",
σκαπάνη "hoe, spade",
(σ)κάπετoς "pit, grave";

by confusion in the manner of θάπτω: τάφoç also forms with φ:
`εσκάφην, σκάφος "digging, grave",
σκάφη, σκαφίς f.,
σκάφιον n. "tub, trough",
σκάφος "bilge";

Venetic (Illyrian ?) FlN *Skopelantia "Schefflenz" (Baden): Greek σκόπελος (Krahe PBB. 69, 486 ff.);

Latin
capō, capus "capon" ("castrated"; cf. OBulgarian skopьcь),
because of the Romance descendants (Italian cappone etc.) rather (with expressive pp):
cappō; cappulāre "cut up",
concipilāre "cut into small pieces"; Latin 'a' presuposes an 'ă:' root skă:p-;
also
Latin scapulae "scapulas, shoulders",
Umbrian scapla "scapulam" (of the use as spade or shovel);

Gallic Roman capanna "hut" (: Serbian kòpa "haystack"), presumably Venetic-Illyrian element in Gaulish;

Gmc. *hÄ"bjō besides *habbō with expressiv geminates, also *habjō:
OHG hābba, hă:ppa, heppa, MLatin hapia, MHG happe, heppe, "scythe, pruning knife";


Balto-Slavic skĕ:pa- m. "something split off" in:

Latvian šk´`ęps "spear, spit", šk´e~pele f. "cut-off piece of wood";
ablaut.
Lithuanian skãpsnė f. "piece of fabric";
Old Church Slavonian Å¡tapъ (*skÄ"pos),
Slovenian ščáp "Stock",
Russian ščap "first strike (on a tree"),
Russian ščepá "chip (of wood)", ščepátь, sčepítь "split",
Old Church Slavonian skopьcь "castrated one" (German loanword Schöps), skopiti "castrate";
Lithuanian skãplis "adze",
skãptas "crooked carving kniofe, whittle",
skopiù, skõpti "hollow out with a knife",
skoptùvas "hollow knife for butchering (draining blood)";

Lithuanian kapόti,
Latvian kapât "hack, cut",
Lithuanian kapõnė, Latvian kapāns "hacking knife",
Lithuanian kaply~s "pick axe, ice axe",
Latvian kaplis "pick axe",
Lithuanian kãpas,
Latvian kaps "grave, tumulus)",
OPr. enkopts "buried";

Old Church Slavonian kopajo,, kopati "dig", vъkopati "bury",
Serbian kòpa "haystack, heap",
Bulgarian kopá id., etc;

Old Church Slavonian kopьje "Lanze";
probably Slavic *čepъ "*cut-off branch", in
Russian dial. čopъ "vine branch, vine",
Bulgarian čep "branch",
Serbo-Croatian č`èpur "stalk" etc.;
perhaps the word family
*kāp- "piece of land" and
*kap-ut "head" (above p. 529 f.),
belongs here,
further presumably the following words for "stick, staff":

Greek σκη~πτρον "staff",
Doric σκα~πτov id. =
Ionian *σκη~πτον in σκηπτου~χος "scepter-carrying",
σκα~πος· κλάδος Hesychius,
σκαπάνη "staff, scepter",
Hom. σκη­πάνιον id. =
Doric σκα:πάvιον Hesychius;
σκήπτω "support, swing forcefully", intransitive and medial "support oneself; throw oneself forcefully onto smt.",
σκηπτός "suddenly dropping gust of wind, accident";
Latin scāpus "shaft, stem, stalk, trunk",
scōpa f. "twig, sprig", pl. "besom",
scōpiō, -ōnis m. "the stalk from which grapes hang; asparagus stalk", scōpus id.;

OHG skaft "shaft, spear",
Old Saxon skaft "spear",
Dutch schacht "quill, lance",
OE sceaft m.,
ON skapt n. "shaft, rod, spear".
WP. II 559 ff., WH. I 161 f., II 484 f., 489 f., Trautmann 117, 262, 265.





de Vries
'skarn n. "dung, manure",
Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish Danish skarn. - >
English dialect scarn, scairn (Thorson 43); >
Finnish karna, kaarna "erstarrter dreck", ie. "encrusted grime / solid waste" (Karsten GFL 252).
- OE scearn (English sharn), OFrisian skern, MLG Middle Dutch scharn,
cf. Langobardic nickname scarnafol.
- Greek σκω~ρ (gen.sg. σκατός alternating r:n stem!),
Avestan sairya-,
Russian sor "dung",
Old Slavic skvara "pollution", skarędŭ "dirty, repugnant",
Latin muscerda "mouse droppings" (IEW 917).
Further without 's':
OHG harn, Eastern Middle Dutch har(e)n "urine".
Literally presumably: "what has been shed", and then related to skera.
The Greek word points to heteroclitic declension r:n;
H. Petersson SVS Lund 1, 1921, 95 therefore sets up as basic form:
n.sg. *skŏr, g. *skenes,
and explains skarn as contamination of the two stem forms.'


Interesting idea. I think I will propose for my nasal vowel *aN that
*-aN# -> *-ar#, and *-aNC- -> *-anC-,
so that it becomes the origin of the heteroclitic r:n-inflection
(cf. Avestan xvarə, gen. xveng "sun", thus <- *šwar, šwaŋ-).
As for the initial sk-, it alternates in some derivatives with s-. I will therefore propose it was originally (*λ ->) *š- (š- -> sk- has happened in the Scandinavian languages in loans from German).
This root therefore becomes (*λaN- ->) *šaN-.

Here are some more "dirt, corrupt stuff" attestations of that root:

Vasmer
'*xа´бить I. "corrupt" v., поxа´бить "corrupt, spoil by indulgence", по­xа´бство "obscenity", поxа´бный "obscene, shameless, bad",
Ukrainian ochábyty "corrupt" adj., ochabľényj "unusable, horrid", ochába "wantom woman",
r.-ksl. chabiti, chabljo, "corrupt", chabenъ, chablenъ "misery",
Bulgarian chab'á, ischab'á "corrupt" v.,
Serbo-Croatian h`àbati, h`àbâm "damage, wear", h`àben "bad",
Slovenian hábiti, hâbim "damage, corrupt",
Czech ochabiti "make powerless, weak", ochabnouti "become weak", chabý "weak, limp, cowardly", pochabý "mad",
Polish chaby pl. "bones standing out under the skin", chaba "nag",
Lower Sorbian chabźiś "corrupt",

|| As originally related have been compared
Greek κωπός "dull, deaf", κεκαφηνώς "breathing in a labored manner", κέκηφε· τέθνηκεν Hesych,
see Petersson KZ. 47, 286, Archiv 35, 365, Mladenov 664.
Others think of a relationship with
Žemaitian skóbas "sour", skóbti, -sta "become sour",
Latvian skâbs "sour",
see Brückner KZ. 51, 238, Machek Studio 89ff., Kořínek Zeitschr. 13, 404.
Comparison with
OPersian kamna- "little, slight",
ON skammr "short"
(Loewenthal Archiv 37, 393) or with
Greek σαβάζω "shatter", σαβαaκός "rotten, broken", σaßáκτης "kobold"
(pace Matzenauer LF. 7, 217, see Berneker EW. 1, 380 ff.).
should be rejected.'

and attestations of "take out":

'xа´бить II. "grab, seize", о´xабень "outer garment, long peasant's coat", оxаба´нивать "snatch greedily" (which see),
Old Polish ochabić "acquire".

|| Presumably originally related to
Sanskrit gábhastis "hand",
Lithuanian gabanà "handful",
Latin habeö, -Ä"re "have",
see K. H. Meyer IF. 35, 227 ff.
Others think of an expressive side form to
*gabati,
Ukrainian hábaty "bother",
Belarusian habáć "take, grab",
Polish gabać "attack, grab",
see Machek bei Kořínek Zeitschr. 13, 404.

ха´пать "grab, snatch", оха´пить, оха´пать "embrace, hug", оха´пка "armful, load of wood", [but cf. above 2, 293], хап "crafty person", Olon. (Kulik.),
Ukrainian chapáty "grab", chapkýj "grabbing energetically, with a sweet tooth, thieving",
ORussian chapati "grab, bite, stab, torment",
OBulgarian chapjošte δάκνοντα (Supr.),
Bulgarian chápna, chápvam "bite off" (Mladenov 665),
Czech chápati "grab, take hold of",
Slovak chápat' "grasp",
Polish chapać "grab",
Ablaut in хопи´ть (which see).
Perhaps as PIE *khap- orginally related with
Latin capiō, -ere, "take",
German happig,
Low German dialect happen "snatch greedily",
Armenian xap´anem "hinder",
s. Pedersen IF. б, 64, KZ. 38, 394, Meillet BSL. 31, 5З, Endzelin SIBEt. 121, Mladenov 665ff., Machek Slavia 16, J 78.
Berneker EW. 1, 396 thinks of recent phonetic imitation.
The comparisons with
MHG sappen "take hold of, grab" (Matzenauer LF. 7, 223ff.)
and with
Sanskrit kşapayati "avoids" (Scheftelowitz Zeitschr. Ind. Ir. 2, 268, against it see Mayrhofer Aind. Wb. 286).
should be rejected.

хопи´ть, -лпю´ "grab, seize",
Ukrainian chopýty id., pochípnyj "nimble, deft",
Belarusian chopíć,
ORussian chopiti,
Czech chopiti,
Slovak chopit',
Polish chopnąć "hit powerfully",
Upper Sorbian khopić, Lower Sorbian chopiś "begin".
Ablaut in ха´пать, which see.
Cf. also previous entry.
Loan from Germanic,
Dutch, Low German happen (Uhlenbeck Archiv 15, 485)
is not relevant, see Berneker EW. 1, 396.

Those etymologies may not be so far off. I don't think the idea that the *Å¡aN- (-> *Å¡ab-, *Å¡am-) was rotten stuff, and the verb *Å¡ab- meant "taking/digging it out" (metathesis also in *Å¡ab-r ("scaber") -> *Å¡arb- "sharp") can be that far off.
So what those Schöffen, "judges", did would have been to separate the *scab- from society, turning them into s(k)laves.


And the result would be a slave, cf.
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66821
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66829
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/66941

except that now I would instead posit
*Å¡aN# -> *Å¡ap#, *Å¡ak#
and with metathesis
*Å¡ap-l- -> *Å¡alp-
*Å¡ak-l- -> *Å¡alk-
etc
also I now think that that *-okW suffix is instead from the individuating suffix *-aN, where *-aN# -> *-ak#/*-ap etc.
cf.
http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/67224
which can be handled as *Å¡aN-l-aN -> *skaw-l-ag -> *skalwag/*skalag vel sim.


In a sense, certain peoples, designated as *šaN- (-> *šwaN -> *šłaN- -> *stlaN-/*sklaN-) were predestined to become slaves

Linguistic Marginalia on Slavic Ethnogenesis
http://www.unibuc.ro/uploads_en/29535/28/Slavs_Marginalia_EN.pdf

'The Slavic ethnogenesis (or ‘making’) was the result of three basic satem amalgamation:
South Baltic (conventionally ‘Protoâ€`Slavic A’),
West Iranic (‘Protoâ€`Slavic B’),
North Thracian (‘Protoâ€`Slavic C’),
with Germanic and early East Romance (Protoâ€`Romanian) elements.
...
In the long run, the three main Aâ€`Bâ€`C satem groups merged into a more consistent and congruent ethno-linguistic structure to be later known as Slavic. For sure, the term Sclavus circulated at colloquial level, then the forms
Sclavenus, Sclavinus, pl. Sclaveni, Sclavini
gradually became common in the Byzantine documents. The origin of Sclavus, hence
Romanian şchiau, pl. şchei ‘Slav(s)’,
may be debatable, seemingly was deformed and/or adapted from a form derived from
Slověninъ, pl. Slověne.
Disregarding the ultimate origin, it is quite clear that the form Sclavus, Sclavenus, Sclavinus did not initially have an ethnic meaning, at least not in the sense we are accustomed to use the term ethnonym. It rather had social and military meanings, to a less extent a linguistic and scientific meaning as we should expect. The same may be stated for the
Arabic borrowing Şaqlab (Şiqlab, Şaqlāb), pl. Şaqāliba,
behind which we may find people belonging to completely different ethnic groups, and whose common denominator was ‘blond Slave, a Slave with white skin’.

The amalgamated character of these groups is also proved by the same origin of the Albanian forms derived from the same form Sclavus, i.e.
Shqip ‘Albanian’ (adj.), Shqiptar (*sklya-b-); Shqinikë < Sclavenica (Dardania, i.e. regio sclavenica);
Shqa, Shkla, Shkle ‘a Bulgarian’;
these forms also suggest that sparse, nonâ€`Romanised Thracian groups contributed to the Slavic ethnogenesis, and also represented an important component of the Albanian ethnogenesis: moving southwards, some of them merged with other satem speakers to eventually become the Sclavini, and other groups moved southâ€`west and, in amalgamation with the Dalmatian (formerly Illyrian) Romanised population led to the Albanian ethnogenesis. I am inclined to consider Albanian a neoâ€`Thracian, rather than neoâ€`Illyrian idiom, even if the Illyrian tradition was locally preserved, and some forms - mainly placeâ€`names - were later adapted to the new, emerging idiom later known as Albanian, or gjuha shqipë.'

I stand by my *šaN- here of course (-> *šklaN- -> şchiau; *šklaN-t- -> shqipt-)

On Albanian <shqa> "slave", "Slav" itself, cf

<shqa> im Albanischen
(Eine ethnolinguistische Fallstudie)
http://www.albanian.dir.bg/studii/ezik/Demiraj_Shqa-im-Alb.pdf

It points out that the umlaut (sg. shqa ~ pl. shqe) and rhotacization (Shqenia/Shqeria "Slavdom") means that the word must have been loaned before the end of the 6th century, when Latin influence on Balkan disappeared.
But why would the word be a loan? This area, Dacia, is where a large part of Roman and Greek slaves came from, and Greek <σκλάβος> and Latin <sclauus> are so late that Prellwitz and Ernout-Meillet do not mention them.
It seems to me that the presence of the umlaut in both Romanian and Albanian means the word must have been present in 'Old Albanian'
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Albanian#.28Old.29_Albanian (Thracian? Dacian?)
from which the Albanian/Romanian cognates originate.
Furthermore, the umlaut itself seems to be the work of a nasal wowel, cf Latin sg. -ione, pl. -iones -> Portuguese sg. -ão, pl. -ai(s), and neither the Greek nor the Latin cognate have that, and besides, they are late in those two languages, and not the main and original designation for "slave" (which were <δουλος>, <seruus>).


p. 3, fn 9
'A sense and formation loaned from Italian seems to appear in the entries rom the writings of Mati Logoreci
(see Mann 1949 481:
shkjeni "slavery";
shkjenoj v. "enslave; work, exploit").
Acc. to Skok (1971-3 282) <shka> is used in the extended form <čkavac> in the argot of the potters in Prishtina beside the sense "Serb" also in the sense "person“.
The situation is similar in the argot of the Albanian bricklayers in Bracigova (Rodope) where <shkjau> is used in the sense "person" and "Bulgarian".'

It is tempting to analyse <čkavac> as <čkav-ac> <- *sxlaN-ak-.
And this makes tempting to try *sxlaN-ak- -> člov-ek- "person"

Perhaps we can put that ancient a-e umlaut between sg. and pl. to use in determining the original form of the root

*Å¡aN- - *Å¡aNs
*Å¡aN- - *Å¡ai-
*Å¡aN- - *Å¡ei-
*Å¡aN- - *syei-
*Å¡aN- - *slyei-
*šłaN- - *slyei-
*Å¡waN- - *slyei-
etc

p. 8, loc.cit.
'Die Vielfalt der belegten Dialektvarianten (s. § 2.3.) geht ohne weiteres auf eine gemeinsame Basis zurück: alb. */sklawínā/, die als unmittelbare Entlehnung aus mlat. sclavina erklärt werden darf.'

"The multitude of attested dialect variants (see § 2.3) go back easily to a common base: Albanian *sklawínā, which may be explained as immediate loan from MLatin <sclavina>."

Note that this *sklaw-ín- "having to do with slaves" stem must be cognate to the *skab-in- stem of MLatin <scabina> "judge of a vehmic court, Schöffe"


As argued in
http://home.arcor.de/maknews/CurtaCon2.pdf
the Slavs assumed their common identity (and common language) in the struggle against East Rome in the 7th century CE.
That identity would have been derived, although he doesn't say so, from their being potential slaves in Eastern Rome.

In Danish 'slave' was used earlier of prison inmates, cf
http://ordnet.dk/ods/ordbog?query=slave 2
http://ordnet.dk/ods/ordbog?query=slaveri 2
The expression is used most famously in the notorious phony <slavekrig> "slave war" in Jutland in 1848, where rumours that the slaves in the Rendsburg garrison had escaped led to widespread panic in northern Jutland.
http://ordnet.dk/ods/ordbog?query=slavekrig
In those conditions, a collective designation for those who make up the threat will create a collective identity for them among first their enemies, then themselves.


Here's my go at the Gmc. *skatt- "treasure; tax" word:

'Zbigniew Gol/a,b
The Origins of the Slavs
pp. 368-9
'13) skotъ "cattle." Its semantic relationship to Slavic gove,do is not clear, although we should assume a primary distinction; the word is attested in all Slavic languages, e.g.,
OCS skotъ "pecus, iumentum,"
Russian skot "Vieh" (in ORussian also "Besitz; Geld, Steuer," the latter under the influence of ONorse),
Polish skot,
Serbo-Croatian sk`òt, etc. idem.
Most scholars derive it from
PGermc. *skatta-,
attested by
Gothic skatts "de:nárion, mnã,"
OHG scaz "denarius,"
OE sceatt "Schatz, Geld, Besitz, Reichtum; Münze, Denar, etc.,"
OIc. skattr "Steuer,"
and only in
OFries. skett "Schatz, Geld" and "Vieh."
This semantic difference, Germc. "treasure, money" ~ Slavic "cattle," against a comparative background would rather point towards Slavic as the source of the borrowing (cf. Latin pecus "cattle" -> pecunia "money," etc.), the more so that the word does not have any satisfactory etymology in Germanic. So it is at least questionable that it was borrowed by the Slavs from Germanic (Kiparsky, 1934:186-88). In view of the above Martynov (1963:183-87) has proposed a Slavic etymology of the word and included it in his list of prehistorical Slavic loanwords in Germanic with the medium degree of plausibility. Martynov's etymology (skotъ is allegedly related to OCS sъčetati "connect, unite" etc., and its primary form is *sъkotъ and the meaning "increase in breeding" as in Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian) is too speculative and does not explain important formal problems, among other things the double consonant in Germanic (skatta-). All difficulties would be removed if we derived PSlavic skotъ from the primary *skok-to-, a noun based upon the Slavic verb skočiti, etc., "jump" (for the formation cf. potъ from *pok-to- "sweat" ~ *pek-ti "bake," mostъ from *mot-to- "bridge" ~ *mesti "throw," etc.) and reconstructed its primary meaning as "calf, calves (collective)," i.e., "jumping (young animal[s])"; the semantic content is obvious to anybody familiar with the behavior of calves. So the geminate in Germanic could easily be interpreted as reflecting an earlier PSlavic stage *skotto- before the ultimate simplification of the consonant clusters (*skokto- > *skotto- > skoto- ). In view of the above, skotъ should rather be removed from the list of Germc. loanwords in Slavic and qualified as a Slavic loanword in Germanic. The above etymology of skotъ as *skok-to- was proposed by M. Rudnicki (Prasłowiańszczyzna-Lechia-Polska, 1961, II, 79). There is, however, another etymology, that by E. Stankiewicz (in A Festschrift in Honor of Boris O. Unbegaun, 1968:219-26), deriving skotъ from *skop-to- cf. Slavic skopiti "castrate"). This latter seems to have better semantic justification against a wide background of cultural and linguistic facts, although formally either one explains satisfactorily the geminate in Germc. skatta-.'

de Vries
'skattr m. "tax; treasure" in Niflunga skattt "Nibelungen treasure",
Icelandic, Faroese skattur, Norwegian Swedish skatt, Danish skat.
- > Shetland Orkney skatt; > NSaami skatta (Qvigstad 293).
- Gothic skatts "money, coin",
OE sceatt "tax, coin, money",
OFrisian skett "money, cattle",
Old Saxon skat "coin, fortune",
MLG MDutch schat "tax; treasure",
OHG scaz "denarius, money, possessions".
- cf. skettingr.
The Russian loanword skotŭ means "cattle"; thus we should as in Latin pecunia start from a sense "catttle". Thus Wood MPh 18, 1920, 86 from a basic form PIE *skhətwo "lit. what is hide-covered" (pure construction).
E. Schröder KZ 48, 1918, 266 points to the OHG side forms quaz and swaz; that would point to a basic form *skwattaz, which is otherwise unknown; besides ON skattr would have to have been loaned from Southern Germanic.
- Holthausen PBB 66, 1942, 267 seeks a connection to the word group Latin scatÄ"re "well forth" (cf skaddr and Skáney); quite unsatisfactory.
- Desparate is Mar­stranders attempt SVA Oslo 1924 No 9, 13, which would derive the word from the Gallic tribe name Scottoi.
- Perhaps an old Wanderwort from the east; since "interest, tax" are rather un-Germanic concepts.
- cf. further Feist, Got. Wb. 429.'

Noticing the OHG forms quaz and swaz, perhaps *šaN-t- -> *sxaN-t- -> *sxłaN-t- -> sxwaN-t-?




Kuhn thinks the -tt- of skatt- proves it can't have been inherited, but must have been borrowed in Germanic:

H. Kuhn
Chatti und Mattium
Die langen Tenues des Altgermanischen

"The Gothic Bible from the 4th century contains only a very small number of words with a long tenuis, and none of them can be inherited. They are atta "father" and skatts "coin" (with skattja "money changer"), aikklesjo "congregation", sakkus "sack" and smakka "fig", further the Biblical names Arkippus, Filippus and Zakkaius. Besides these last mentioned foreign provenance is also certain for aikklesjo and sakkus and for smakka and skatts very likely for empirical reasons. The Germani took over monetary matters from other peoples, but did not wait to learn from Greeks and Romans. Of the attested Gothic names of coins assarjus and drakma are probably foreign, kintus and skatts of unclear origin and only skilliggs Germanic, at least its suffix is. But also the probably foreign *panning- / *paning- "penny" has the same suffix. That skatt is attested later also as "cattle" says just as little of its provenance as Icel. peningur "penny" in the same use and ON eyrir, from Latin (solidus) aureus, in the sense of means of payment and also "possession" in general. Here a decline and extended depression of money economy is in play. G. Kossack drew my attention to a Germanic cultural group of the 1st century BCE in Bessarabia and Moldavia, in whose non-Greek neighborhood money already circulated. In such an environment words like skatts and kintus would have come to the eastern Germani. Other than that, the Bastarnae had already lived in those parts for a long time."

So the geminated -tt- of *skatt-, if it is the result of -kt-, -pt or the like (but see fiurther down), that process probably took place outside of Germanic (or there would be many more geminates in early Germanic).

Here is a verb which seems more semantically relevant than "jump" or "castrate" for explaining skatt-/skotъ-

http://runeberg.org/svetym/0828.html

"sko sig, in selling etc take an undue or illegal profit, grab, eg sko sig på någons bekostnad "enrich oneself at someone's expense" eg. ...
At least in Norwegian merged with sko(a) in appr. the same sense, from
sko "greedy" etc, sideform to
skjød = Icel. skø´dr "harmful", from
Gmc. *sko:þia-, potential adj. to skada ..., cf. also
Norwegian skaa seg =
Icelandic skásk "improve one's lot",
from the adj. skaa "exposed to", in cmpds. ..."


I would think that a more likely candidate than *skok- "jump" for the original root of Gmc. *skatt- would be the various *(s)kap- "grab as booty" verbs cited above,
eg ха´пать, хопи´ть etc

and cf.

'ха´пторка 'Female reindeer, which has stopped calfing', Mezen (Podv.).
Cf. Samoyed. Jur. habarta 'elk' (Schrenck), but also hâpt 'castrated' (Schrenck),'

thus a collection that's been taken out, set apart.

In case the "sheep" word originall meant "flock of sheep", this word goes here too:


http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sheep#Etymology
'OE scÄ"ap, from Proto-Germanic *skæpom (compare
West Frisian skiep,
Dutch schaap,
German Schaf
), from *kæppi (compare
Old Norse kjappi "he-goat",
German dialect Kippe "newborn calf"
), ultimately from Sarmato-Scythian (compare
Persian čapiš "yearling goat",
Ossetian cæw "goat"
); akin to
Albanian c(j)ap, sqap "he-goat",
Old Church Slavonic kapÅ­.'

Konrad Schwenk
Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
'das Schaf "sheep", a quadriped: OE sceap, English sheep, OHG scaap, scaf, Dutch schaap.
The name is not Germani(ic), but borrowed from the Slavic language:
Bohemian skopec, which actually means designates the castrated animal, the mutton,
Slavic skopiti castrate v., skopetz castrated one.
Schöps is a side form of Schaf


The suspicion that the Å¡aN- word might designate also a flock or collection of something seems well-founded:


Falk & Torp
'skock, also: set of 60, OSw. skokker "bundle, flock" =
Danish skok id., in Norwegian-Danish and also Danish: "flock, crowd";
presumably loan from
MLG schock n., 60 sheaves, set of 60,
from OS. skok n. = MHG schoc m., "flock, heap", as n. also: "set of 60" (German
schock n., set of 60),
MEng. schokke, "stack, stook" (Eng. shock),
from Gmc. *skukka-,
besides skuk- in MHG schock(e), small heap,
from PIE *(s)kug-, rel. to
Latvian (s)kauds^e, large straw or haystack, and prob. also
Lithuanian kúgis id.,
MLG, German hocke "stack", plus poss. (acc. to Fröhde i. a.) also
Latin cumulus "hill, heap" (if so then from *kug-mulus); prob. ultimately to the basic root of hög. -
Wrt. the sense of "60", a relic of an old counting system with 12,
see tolv.'
[cf Wennemann's -kogel in Bavarian mountain names]


Rick Derksen
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon

*kopa f. ā 'heap, shock'
East Slavic
Russian kopá 'heap of hay or rye';
ORussian kopa 'monetary unit, shock (group of sixty units, group of sheaves)'
West Slavic
Czech kopa'shock (group of sixty units), heap, pile, (dial.) hay-stack';
Slovak kopa 'shock (group of sixty units), heap, pile, hay-stack';
Polish kopa 'shock (group of sixty units, group of sheaves), hay-stack'
South Slavic
Serbo-Croatian k`òpa (Vuk) 'hay-stack'; kòpa 'hay-stack';
Čakavian k`òpa (Vrg., Orb.) 'hay-stack'; k`òpa (Vrg., Orb.) 'hay-stack'; k`òpa (Orb.) 'hole (to plant a tree in)';
Slovenian kópa 'hay-stack';
Bulgarian kopá 'heap'
Balto-Slavic *kop-
Baltic
Lithuanian kãpas m. 4 'grave';
Latvian kaps m. 'grave'
PIE *(s)kop-
Deverbative ā-stem. See -> *kopàti.


Related to Eng. sheaf. Recent history as a loan includes <shock> from <shock troops>, from the large number of pikes of such troops (coordinated mass attack).

BTW cf.
Orël & Stol'bova
Hamito-Semitic Etymological Dictionary

'1428 *kap- "hand"
Semitic *kapp- "hand": Akkadian kappu, Ugaritic kp, Hebrew kap, Aramaic (Syrian) kappō,
Arab kaff-, Harsusi kef, Mehri kef.
Egyptian kp "enemy's hands separated from his arms; cut off hand" (n).'




Torsten