Galindae

О. Н. Трубачев (O. N. Trubačëv)
INDOARICA
в Северном Причерноморье
pp. 21-22

GERMANICA И PSEUDOGERMANICA Ð' Ð"РЕÐ'НЕЙ ОНОМАСТИКЕ СЕÐ'ЕРНОÐ"О ПРИЧЕРНОМОРЬЯ. ЭТИМОЛОÐ"ИЧЕСКИЕ КОММЕНТАРИИ*

'1. Ð`астарны, происхождение этнонима
Кто такие были бастарны по языку (германцы? кельты? смешанный этнос?), доподлинно неизвестно. Характерно, что места их обитания простирались вдоль Карпат в современную Молдавию и Поднестровье, вплоть до северо-западных берегов Черного моря.

Столь же спорно происхождение имени бастарнов, однако методологически важно считать, что и конструктивное решение этимологии данного этнонима еще не означает прямого ответа на первый вопрос: кто были бастарны? Ð'полне возможно аллоэтническое, иноязычное происхождение этнонима (примеры известны из истории разных языков и народов).

Соседство бастарнов и достоверных иранцев - сарматов, по свидетельствам древних авторов, в наших глазах подтверждает этимологию этнонима бастарнов, выдвинутую нами уже довольно давно и основанную на стойкой античной традиции о "детях рабов", приурочиваемой к "Синдской Скифии" - земледельческому району низовьев Ð"непра и соседних мест. Так, опираясь на сведения о Scythae degeneres et a servis orti 'низко-рожденные "скифы", дети рабов' (Плиний), далее - Sindi ignobiles 'низко-рожденные синды' (Аммиан Марцеллин) и послегеродотовские, но коренящиеся в известной еще из Ð"еродота легенде Î"ουλόσπόροι 'дети рабов', мы предположили, что запечатлевшаяся в этом способе номинации иранская (скифо-сарматская) гегемония распространилась (по крайней мере, отчасти) и на соседних с запада бастарнов, породив их обозначение - иранское *bast-arna- 'потомки рабов', эквивалентное греч. δουλό-σπόροι, которое, видимо, отражает тот же иранский прототип, ср. сюда др.-перс, авест. basta- 'связанный' и иран. *arna-, родственное греч. `έρνος 'отпрыскь'. Славяне этой традицией о δουλόσπόροι никак не были затронуты, в чем я полемизировал с финским автором Т. Пекканеном. Считаю полезным отметить, что впоследствии Т. Пекканен (в письме) горячо одобрил эту новую этимологию: "I think your suggestion to explain Bastarnae from Old Iranian basta- and *arna- is excellent. In my Ethnic Origin (150-155) I accepted Much's etymology 'the Offspring of unlawful intercourse, the Bastards', but Avestan basta instead of Old French bast certainly gives a more satisfactory result. Accepting your interpretation of Bastarnae as 'the Offspring of Slaves' (basta = 'bound, slave') the semantic connection with doulosporoi is striking".

Остается поставить точку еще в одном важном вопросе. Западноевропейское название ублюдка, внебрачного ребенка - нем. Bastard, франц. bâtard - действительно связано этимологически с именем бастарнов, но не в том распространенном понимании (Мух, Клюге), что бастарны были бастарды, потому что их мужчины вступали в смешанные связи с чужеземками, а в том смысле, что западноевропейский термин бастард 'незаконнорожденный', происходящий от этнонима бастарнов, донес до нашего времени семантическую, внутреннюю форму последнего - 'рожденный от раба', т.е. 'низкий' 'незаконный' (ср. выше). Следовательно, имя бастарнов не было по происхождению германским.'


"Germanica and Pseudogermanica in Ancient Onomastics of the Northern Black Sea Coast. Etymological Comments

1. Bastarnae, the origin of the ethnonym
Who the Bastarnae were by language (Germani? Celts? mixed ethnicity?) is not known for certain. It is characteristic that their places of settlement stretched along the Carpathian Mountains in present-day Moldova and the Dniester area, all the way to the north-western shores of the Black Sea.

Equally questionable is the origin of the name Bastarnae, but methodologically it is important to bear in mind that a constructive solution of the etymology of a given ethnonym does not mean a direct answer to the first question: who were the Bastarnae? It is quite possible that thye origin of the ethnonym was alloethnic, that it was an exonym (examples are known from the history of different languages and peoples).

The fact that Bastarnae and Sarmatians - most likely Iranians - were neighbors, according to the testimony of ancient authors, in our view confirms the etymology of the ethnonym Bastarnae put forward by us quite some time ago and based on the idea of the ancient tradition of the "children of slaves", in conjunction with "Sindhi Scythians" - agricultural areas of the Lower Dnieper and neighboring towns. So, based on the information about Scythae degeneres et a servis orti "low-born 'Scythians', the children of slaves" (Pliny), and further Sindi ignobiles "low-born Sindi" (Ammianus Marcellinus) and the post-Herodotian, but rooted in the legend well-known from Herodotus Î"ουλόσπόροι "children of slaves", we hypothesized that the Iranian (Scythian-Sarmatian) hegemony embodied thus in this designation spread (at least in part) also to the neighbors to the west, Bastarnae, giving rise to their designation - Iranian *bast-arna- "descendants of slaves", equivalent to the Greek δουλό-σπόροι, which seems to reflect the same Iranian prototype, cf. here Old Persian, Avestan basta- "bound, tied" and Iranian *arna-, cognate to Greek `έρνος "offspring". This tradition of δουλόσπόροι in no way designated Slavs, as I argued with the Finnish author T. Pekkanen. I find it useful to note that subsequently T. Pekkanen (in a letter) warmly welcomed this new etymology: 'I think your suggestion to explain Bastarnae from Old Iranian basta-and *arna- is excellent. In my Ethnic Origin (150-155) I accepted Much's etymology "the Offspring of unlawful intercourse, the Bastards", but Avestan basta instead of Old French bast certainly gives a more satisfactory result. Accepting your interpretation of Bastarnae as "the Offspring of Slaves" (basta = "bound, slave") the semantic connection with doulosporoi is striking ".

It remains to put an end to yet another important issue. The West European epithet bastard, illegitimate child - German Bastard, French bâtard is indeed connected etymologically with the name of the Bastarnae, but not in that widespread understanding (Much, Kluge) that Bastarnae were bastards because their men had entered into a mixed relation with a foreigner, but in the sense that the West European term 'bastard' "illegitimate", originating from the ethnonym Bastarnae, took with it to our time the semantic, internal shape of the latter - 'born of a slave', ie "low", "illegal" (see above). Consequently, the name Bastarnae was not German in origin."


cf.
http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/12006
http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/47170
http://tech.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/cybalist/message/49728

(As a side remark, personally I think Pekkanen is right that the δουλόσπόροι "slave Sporoi" were Balts/Slavs.)

Now, if *bast- "bound, tied" can explain the ethnonym of the Bastarnae,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastarnae
perhaps *lin- can explain the ethnonym of the Galindae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galindae

de Vries
'líni m. 'slave, servant' (poet.), orig. 'flax worker' [I doubt that] (s. Strömbäck ANF 51, 1935. 114).

lína 1 f. 'linen band, headscarf' (poet.),
Icel. Faroese lína, Norw. Sw. lina, Da. line 'linen band'.
- OE OFrisian MLG līne, OHG līna 'string made of flax'.
- cf. lin.
It is not necessary to consider the Scand. word as loanword from MLG (cf. Torp, Wb. 380).

- 2 f. 'string, linie, strich',
Icel. Faroese lína, Norw. lina 'line', Sw. dial, lina 'field border'.
- > Shetl. linn 'cross-strips in a peat bog'
- Borrowed either from < MLG līne '­string made from flax' or < OFrench line; both < Lat. linea.

lindi 1 m. 'belt (orig. plaited from bast),
Icel. Faroese lindi, Norw. linde,
cf. Sw. linda.
- cf. lind 1.

lind 1 f.' lime; shield, spear (made of line wood),
Icel. Faroese Norw. Sw. dä. lind.
- OE lind, 'lime, shield', ON linda, lindia, MLG MDutch linde, OHG linta, lintea.
- Russ. lutÄ­e 'lime forest' (<*lontio), dial. lutÅ­ 'lime bast',
Greek `ελάτη 'spruce', Lithuanian lenta 'board' (Uhlenbeck KZ 40, 1907, 557).
- cf. linr and lindi.'


The participle prefix *ga- shows that the ethnonym Galindae must originate in Germanic, but the root *līn-/lĭn- + t- itself seems to have cognates outside Germanic and even outside IE.

Ernout-Meillet
'līnea, -ae f.: actually a feminine nominalized from līneus,-a, -um, "flax string" (l. restis); also every type of line, of rope of string, fishing line, line or net held by hunters: carpenter's string (= στάθμη, hence ad līneam, recta līneā); pearl necklace, bleached rope marking the departure or arrival line in a circus, etc. By analogy: drawn line (= γραμμή), geometric line (cf. Gellus 1, 20, 7), line, line count (Imperial Latin),
cf. στέμματα cognationum directo limite in duas lineas separantur, quarum altera est superior, altera ίnferior..., Dig.38,10,9.
- Ancient (Pl.), common; technical. M.L.5061.
Irish líne, Welsh lin.
Derivatives:
līneāris, līneālis, līneārius: līneola "small string", M.L.5062;
līneō,-ās: trace a line, measure with string,
līneāmentum "line, facial feature", M.L.5061a;
dÄ"lineō, dÄ"lineāmentum; collÄ«neō: adjust or aim in a straight line.
All these words derived from līnea "line" no longer have any semantic connection wth līnum.

linteus: s. the following.
līnum, -ī n.: flax, linen; also any object made from flax: thread, fishing line, necklace, string tied around writing tablets, fishing net; cf. linea.
- Ancient (Cato), common. Pan-Romance M.L. 5073; and Celtic: Irish lin, etc.
Derivatives:
līneus, nominalized in līnea, which see; seems not attested as adj. before Vg.; M.L.5064;
linārius m.: linen weaver;
līnā­mentum "linen";
linteus: made of flax.
- Obscure formation: derived from lintom?, or with suffix -teo- designating the material? cf. robusteus in Vitruvius. Or perhaps linteus is due to sparteus, dūrāteus, divided spar-teus, dūrā-teus? Or perhaps of Etruscan origin, like balteus?
cf. the librī linteī.
Hence:
linteum: (linen, and any object made from linen (or from cotton), napkin, handkerchief, towel, veil (= uÄ"lum), M.L.5073 (lÄ­nteum and lĕn-, cf. Einf, 3, p. 180), and Gmc.: OHG linz;
linteolum: small piece of linen, handkerchief, M. L. 5070, and
linteā­rius (l. pallium, Prud.);
linteāmen: linen;
linteolus: of linge, of canvas;
linteātus: dressed in linen;
linteō,-ōnis m.: weaver;
linteōnā­rius.
Compounds:
līni-fer, -ger, -ficus, all from the imperial epoch.
The ī of Latin occurs also in the Celtic (Irish lín) and Germanic (Gothic lein, etc.) forms which might be loans. Greek has a similar word with ĭ: λίνον; the common Slavic form is also lĭnŭ (Russian lën, etc.), and the Baltic form has ĭ too: Lithuanian linai~ (plural), etc. To write the history of this word one would have to know exactly the history of the cultivation of linum usitatissimum (see most recently, Schrader-Nehring, Reallexikon, under Flachs).
The name of "hemp" (s. cannabis) also contains embarrassing problems.'


UEW
'lemšз (leme-šз) '(young) lime' FW
?[Finn. lehmus (gen. lehmuksen) 'lime; Tilia ulmifolia';
Estonian lõhme (gen. lõhme), lõhmus (gen. lõhmuse, lõhmukse) 'young lime (which can't yet be stripped for bast)'] |

? Mordvin (Paas.: MSFOu. 22:103) E ľevš, M ľevoš 'lime bast' |

? Mari
KB nemeštə, ñemeštə, U nə^məšte, M nimištə, B nə^mə^šte 'felled and de-branched young lime tree yet to be stripped (KB U M), young lime (B)',
(Szil.) lamə^šte 'felled young lime tree yet to be stripped'.

Finn. us (ukse), and Estonian us (use, ukse) are derivational suffixes.
Estonian e hides a derivational suffix *k.
Mari tə, te is also a derivational suffix, which after a *š may possibly go back to *ne, *ńe.

In this collection of words there are several irregularities in the phonemes, which however is not rare with names of trees.

The Baltic Finnic words can only be brought together with the Mordvin and Mari word if a metathesis *lemšз (*leme-šз) > *lemhe ( > *lemeh) > *lehme ( > Finnish lehmus, Estonian lõhme, lõhmus) has taken place in Proto-Finnic.
Cf. Finnish ihme < imeh 'Wunder', kahmalo < kamahlo 'double hollow handful'.

The n, ń in anlaut in Mari would have come about by assimilation to the inlautende m from earlier l (cf. lemə^šte).

The vowel correspondence of the first syllable in Mari is also irregular.

On the possible change in Mordvin *m > v cf.
Finnish lumi 'snow' ~ Mordvin lov, inn. loma 'space between things' ~ Mordvin M luv: käď-luv 'space between two fingers'.

If *leme-šз should be reconstructed for the proto-language, the *šз is a derivational suffix added to the stem in Finno-Volga times.'



Russian Ð"олядь Goljad <- *goleNd-, cf готов gotóv "ready" <- Gmc. *ga-tau- "done"


In other words, the Galindae were one of the Bastarnae tribes, the two ethnonyms, Germanic and Iranian in origin, respectively, meaning "the bound/tied ones, the slaves". Perhaps one might surmise that their upper/dominating layer similarly were Germanic and Iranian, respectively.



Torsten