>
> --- In cybalist@... s.com, "Joao S. Lopes" <josimo70@ .> wrote:
> >
> > Latin tempus (gen. temporis) "season, time, timespan, weather"
> > (> tempestas "storm")
> >
> > Is there any PIE etymology? I cannot understand why pl. tempora
> > means "side of the head, temple".
> >
> > How is it analysed?
> >
> > 1) < *temp-os-
> > 2) < *ten/m-p-os, *ten/m-pw-os or *ten/m-Cp-os
>
> In my opinion *tem-p-es-, *tem-p-os 'a cutting', hence on the one
> hand 'a division (of time), a season, weather', etc., on the other
> hand 'a steep side, temple of the head, precipitous cliff', with
> the latter sense in the plural giving the name of the vale of Tempe.
>
> The extension *-p- occurs with a handful of other IE roots
> signifying cutting. I do not have a good guess as to its original
> force.
>
> DGK
> De: Rick McCallister <gabaroo6958@...>
> . I wonder if it's not somehow related to *tem- (vel sim) "dark" in
> the sense of "shadow, dark/shaded side, dark half (i.e. night,
> winter)" analogous to how *wet- begat "weather, wether". In
> Spanish, and I can't speak for other Romance languages, temporada
> "season" usually refers to "winter, monsoon", i/e/ "bad weather."
>
>
>
> *temHos ... akin to temakhos "slice of fish"?
>
>
>
> Did *tempos replace an older *temHos ? What's the explanation for
> the -p- in templus and amplus?
> In Portuguese <temporada> means "season, a span of time", in
> <temporada de ferias> "vacation period", and can refer to TV
> series, for example, <ultima temporada de Arquivo X>, "X-Files'
> last year"
> <temporal> means "storm, powerful rain"
>
> *temos > *temes-rh2 > *temesra > *temeBra > *temebra > tenebra
> "darkness"
>
> JS Lopes
Pokorny
'1. ten-, tend- "stretch, pull, tighten",
auch von der Weberei, "weaving, thread" etc.;
tenos- n. "tense sinew",
tena:, to(:)no-s "tension",
ten-tlo- : ten-tlo- "net";
tn.-to- "stretched",
tn.-ti-s "tension";
ten- forms in IE an athematic root aorist
(Ved. átan, átata "he has stretched") and a perfect
(Ved. tatána, tatné, Lat. tetini).
The present is formed with a -eu- extension
(Ved. tanÏti, tanuté, Gr. Hom. tánutai) or
-ye/o- suffix (Gr. teÃno:);
cf. tenu-s "thin" and the extensions
tengh-, tenk-, temp-, tens-.
Sanskr. tanó:ti "stretches, tightens, stretches, lasts",
Av. pairi-tanava 1. sg. subj. act. "I will keep away",
pairi-tanuya 1. sg. opt. med.;
Sanskr. ut-ta:na- "stretched out" =
Av. usta:na- id. (*tn.nÏ-, cf.
Sanskr. tani-man- n. "thinness", also
Lith. tìnti, Lat. tene:-re);
MPers. tani:ðan "turn, spin";
as d- present (as Lat. tendo:)
Sanskr. tandate: "gives way, becomes tired"
(tandrá: "tiredness, looseness");
partic. sanskr. tatá- m. "stretched"
(= Gr. tatÏs, Lat. tentus);
tati- m. "row, thread, sacrificial act"
(= Gr. tásis "tension, stretching",
Lat. in-, con-tentio:), beside hochstufig
tánti- "thread, string, row",
tantu- "thread, line, string";
tan- "extension, continuation, procreation, descendants",
instr. taná: "continuo:",
tána- m. "descendant",
tána-m, tána:, tánas- n. "descendants";
tántra-m "Zettel, Aufzug am Webstuhl" =
MPers. ta:r (av. *ta,þra-) ds.,
Afghan. to:r "net";
Sanskr. ta:na- m. "tone, thread" (cf. Gr. tÏnos);
perhaps also
tanú:- f. "body, person, self" ==
Av. tanu:- f. id. (Mayrhofer 475);
Gr. tánutai "stretches" (= Sanskr. tanute:),
tanúo: (etánusa etc) "stretch, extend";
teÃno: ds. (tatÏs), titaÃno: ds.;
tainÃa: "(long) strip, bind"
(based on an adj. *taniÏs);
tétanos "tension, pull";
tetanÏs "stretched, long, taut";
téno:n, -ontos "sinew",
ténos n. "sinew, tightened band"
(= lat. tenus, -oris, cf. also Sanskr. tánas- n.),
a-tené:s "very tense, taut"
(a- probably with Ion. psilosis = sm.-), whence
atenÃzo: "look intently at smt.";
tÏnos "tension")
also of the voice, musical tone"
(:Lith. tãnas);
tásis f. "tension" (*tn.tis);
on tanú- "extending" s. under tenu-s;
Alb. ndënj "extend, pull, tighten the strings";
katund, këtunt (*ke-tn.-t-) "village" ("*set-up, tightened tent");
Lat. tendo:, -ere, tetendi, tentum, younger te:nsum
"tighten, extend, stretch out" (orig. d- present) =
Umbr. an-, en-tentu "intendito:",
ustentu "ostendito:" etc,
Lat. tentus, (in-)tentio:;
teneo:, -e:re, tenui (OLat. tetini: = Sanskr. tatane:),
tentum "hold etc."
(orig. durative, trans. and intrans. "keep smt. tense",
whence |tene:re also "last" = extend),
at-tine:re, pertine:re, continuus;
tene:re aliquid orig. with acc. of goal
"be stretched out to, tense about"
(tene:-re belongs to
OHG. done:n "stretched out, extended" and
Lith. tìnstu, tìnti "swell");
tenus, -oris n. "string with noose"
(== gr. ténos), tenor, -o:ris m.
(uninterrupted course, continuation, coherence;
(legal.) meaning, contents of a law",
tenus prep. w. abl. gen. acc. "(stretching) unto",
protinus "(stretching) forwards"
(cf. Sanskr. nú:tana:h., -tna:h. "present",
Lat. diu:-tinus,
Lith. dabartìnis "present"),
tena:x "tenacious";
Umbr. tenitu "teneto";
OIr. tan "time" (*tena),
Lith. "continuation, temporal extension"
(in tain "when") (: Latv. tina),
OIr. tét "string" (*tn.ta:) =
Welsh tant id. (cf. Sanskr. tantu-, Icel. þind) =
Bret. ar-dant "pegs on the waggon to fasten the rope on";
OIr. te:it "goes"
(*ten-ti, old root aorist, orig. "stretched");
Got. uf-þanjan "stretch out, extend",
ON þenja "stretch out, extend",
OE ðenian, ðennan "stretch, extend",
ahd. den(n)en "extend";
aisl. þinull
"rope going round a net which serves to tighten it",
ON þind, Norw. tinder f. "diaphragm"
(OIr te:t, Sanskr. tántu-);
dh- present OE ðindan "swell, be angry";
further ON þund f. "river";
OE ðunian "rise, extend, swell",
equals
OHG MHG donên "extend, swell, strut";
don "stretched out",
MHG done, don "tension",
OHG dona,
OS thona "branch, stalk",
German Dohne,
OE ælf-ðone "Solanum dulcamara";
ON þo,n f.
"small wooden pegs for keeping hides stretched out on the ground",
Swed. tana "sinew",
older Dan. tan "diaphragm";
Lith. tìnstu, tìnti "swell",
tãnas "tumor"
("*extend", also from the tense skin in swollen places; supported by the rhyming tvìnti "swell");
Lith. tiñ-klas "net",
OPr. sasin-tinclo "hare net",
Latv. tinu, tît "plait, wind, wrap",
tina "type of net" (: OIr. tan),
tineklis "something wound, wrapped";
Lith. tandus "inert";
OChSl. teneto, tonoto "rope".
WP 1 723 f.,
WH. II 662 ff.,
Trautmann 323 f.,
Vasmer 3, 93,
Mayrhofer 1, 475,
Bergin Eriu 12, 227 ff.
temp- "extend, pull, tighten',
extension of *ten- id;
tempos- "(time) span'.
NPers. ta:b-að,
inf. ta:ftan and ta:b-i:-ðan "turn, spin',
intr. "turn, be tormented'
(from a
*tap = PIE *tm.p-
formed analogically to
caus. *ta:payati),
whence probably as Iran. loan
Gr. tápe:s, dápis "cover, carpet';
Arm. t´amb
"(*stuffed satchel), saddle; the soft meat on animal bones";
Gr. place name Témpe: (: lat. tempus "temple (anat.)");
here also
Lat. tempus, -oris n. "temple (anat.)"
(of the thinly stretched skin,
cf. ON etc þunn-vangi m. "temple (anat.)") =
Lat. tempus "time stretch", further
tempera:re "hold, give measure" (whence "mix");
templum "the observation area delimited by the augur;
any consecrated area" ("*stretched out = measured out");
perhaps
antemna: f. "yard (naut.)" ("the stretched-out onee") from
*an(a)-temp-na:;
templa, -o:rum
"the stretched-out crossbeams on which the shingles are attached";
contempla:ri: âatenés blépein",
tempto:, -a:re (iterative to *tempo:)
"touch, attack, examine, test"
(s. Persson Beitr. 488 ff.);
ON þambr "swollen, fat",
þo,mb noun "swollen belly, bow string";
Lith. tem~pti "tighten, extend",
iter. tampýti id., tim~pti "stretch",
tìmpa "sinew",
temptýva "bow string" =
OChSl. te,tiva "sinew",
Lith. i,~tampas "tension, effort"
(with ablaut i,tumpas "approach to a jump"),
tamprùs "tough, elastic";
Latv. tìeptiês "be tenacious";
OChSl. to,pU "obtusus, crassus"?
perhaps from "swollen";
Russ. tepstà "tighten taut";
Toch. A tampe "power", AB cämp- "be able to, capable of".
WP. I 721 f.,
WH. I 54, II 659 f. 662,
Trautmann 317 f.,
Vasmer 3, 95, 101, 153,
Frisk Göteborgs Högsk. Ã
rsskr. 57, 1951: 4.'
de Vries
'þunnr adj. "thin, weak, clear",
Icel. þunnur, Faroese tunnur,
Norw. Sw. tunn, Da. tynd
(umlaut indicates u- stem).
â" OE ðynne, OS OHG thunni, MLG MDutch dunne, OHG dunni.
â" Sanskr. tanu- "thin, slender",
Gr. tanú- "extended, long",
Lat. tenuis,
OIr. tanae,
OSl. tInUkU "thin",
Lith. te,vas "slender" (IEW 1069).
â" cf. þynna.
â" Ãunnr m. as name of Odin is obscure,
perhaps to be read Ãundr.
â" þunnvangi m. "temple (anat.)", also þunnvengi,
cf. MNorw. tunnvange,
MSw. tinning, MDa. tinding,
cf. Orkn. tangvangels (Marwick 187).
â" OE. ðunwang(e),
MLG MDutch dunni(n)ge,
OS tinnong,
OHG dunwengi.
â" The first part is perhaps a
Gmc. *þunno:, *þinno: f. "forehead, temple (anat.)"
(Johannesson, Wb. 438)
and the word is thus not to be understood as
"place where the cheek is stretched" (FT 1262)'
The "extended" *temp- root is probably back-formed from
*ten-l- > *temp-l-, which Joao pointed out.
Note Danish
tynd "thin" with umlaut,
tinding "temple (anat.)" without.
I suspect the -v- in þunnvangi etc is not from vangi "cheek", but the -u- of the u-stem "thin" word. In other words *þinw-ung- (reinterpreted with vangi "cheek"?) "Stretched cheek" makes absolutely no sense used of the temples, "the thinning" does, as most men know.
Torsten