--- tolgs001 <
george_st@...> wrote:
> So, up to the arrival of the Cumans, "Turkey", i.e.
> Hungary of the
> 10th century/11th century had three main groups of
> Turkic
> extraction.
****GK: I still have doubt as to whether actual
Pechenegs formed part of the Hungarian complex prior
to the destruction of the Pecheneg steppe empire by
Yaroslav of Kyiv in 1036. Constantine P. mentions
those Pech. who stayed behind with the Ghuzz Turks. He
would have mentioned Pecheneg component in
Pannonia/Transylvania had there been one. However,
after the disintegration of Pechenegia, many groups
continued to thrive, well into the 12th c. I suspect
that's when some were used by Hungarian monarchs as
border troups, and left topnyms. A similar situation
evolved in Ukraine. We had Pechenegs (and Berendeys)
on the frontiers of the Galician, Kyivan, and
Chernihiv states practically until the advent of the
Mongols. And toponyms also. BTW, a small aside: before
the advent of the Cumans,there was also what the Old
Ukrainian chronicles call a "Tork" invasion. These
"Torks" were likely Ghuzz (perhaps accompanied by
those "other" Pechenegs). The most successful "late"
Pechenegs were those who conquered the lands between
Danube and Haemus from the Byzantines in 1049, where
they were christianized and then amalgamated with
Bulgars and Vlachs (the territory was called
"Bolgarska Zemlya" by the Kyivan Chronicler of
1116).****
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