This focuses on the dif., more on Br. alone (including some slightly treated below) later.
see
http://starling.rinet.ru/ for more
Burushaski (Yas, H, N dia.) is closest to Yenisseian (Ke, Ko, Ar, P dia.), but they had
differences from long ago, with Yen. sharing some features with Dardic like Khowar.
Variation in +/- voice and aspir. stops/affr.
Some final met. (opt.)
*pl,wos > Lith pilvas
*pl,wos > Ar pYHorga 'belly'; Ke hVlYa
Ko pogal-tHi:n 'navel'
w>gW>g
*pl,wos > Lith pilvas
*pl,wos > Ar pYHorga 'belly'; Ke hVlYa
Ko pogal-tHi:n 'navel'
Br changes p>f, f>xW>h, but only by i/u/r/K(), like retroflexion
Yen p>pf (> pf / f / h / pH / p in dif. env. depending on dia.)
and p>f>v>w between V
*pl,wos > Lith pilvas
*pl,wos > Ar pYHorga 'belly'; Ke hVlYa
Ko pogal-tHi:n 'navel'
*pupo- > Lat pups
*pupo- > *pfufo- > *pfuwa- > Ko fa 'breast'; P pfu 'heart', Ke hu:
*putLos > *fusLaz > *xWusl > hales, dulas 'boy' (d- < dasen 'girl')
*putLos > *pfutwaz > *pfupa > Ko fup; Ke hIp / hI?p 'son'
With secondary u/etc. also in Br, but not Yen
*po:s pod- > *pu:s pod- > *pu:d-is, pl. pu:d-eyes
*fu:dis > Br Yas -hut.is, pl -hut.iN; HN -ut.(is) 'foot'
*pu:ris > Ke bu:lY, pl bulY@..., Ko pul, pl pulaN 'foot, leg'
Turns KW > Kw (so not pal'ized) before front
*kWiitlo- > *kYitHlo- > Av c^iTra- 'face'
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *kiksl > Br -skil 'face'
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *pits^l > Ko pic^al 'face, form'
Br has: before affrication, kYu > kWu
and secondary kYu > ru / KYw > rw
but Yen has late K() > P before w/u
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *pits^l > Ko pic^al 'face, form'
*d!nYgYHu:x > *lunYgYúLo- > *lingúLo- > Kh lingìni 'tongue'
*d!nYgYHu:x > *lunYgYu: > *lYinWgWu > Ko alup; Ar alYap 'tongue'
which happens before V+N > u before P in dia.
*bhendh-, *kampo- > *band-kampa- > Ke ba:tkup 'bend in river'
Br has kY>0/nasal_u but Yen only when N had dif. place of articulation
*d!nYgYHu:x > *c^uNgYu: > *syuNu > Yas -yuNus, HN -umus 'tongue'
*sm,kYm,tom > *se~kYo~tom > G hekatón '100'
*sm,kYm,tom > *sumumtam > *sumta > *huta > *hta > tHa
*sm,kYm,tom > *sumumtam > *sumta > *tamsu > P útamsa, Ko as^-tams^a / alc^in-
tams^u
*d!nYgYHu:x > *lunYgYúLo- > *lingúLo- > Kh lingìni 'tongue'
*d!nYgYHu:x > *lunYgYu: > *lYinWgWu > Ko alup; Ar alYap 'tongue'
tl > tsl; Br > ksl; Yen > c^l > various (see below)
*tri:x > *tsli: > iski '3'
*treyes > *tslaNkH > *ts^loNx > Ar tYoNa / tu:Na; Ke do:N / do?N
*kWiitlo- > *kYitHlo- > Av c^iTra- 'face'
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *kiksl > Br -skil 'face'
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *pits^l > Ko pic^al 'face, form'
Br changes s- > h- ( > 0 before C)
Yen not (dia. s>s^)
*sm,kYm,tom > *se~kYo~tom > G hekatón '100'
*sm,kYm,tom > *sumumtam > *sumta > *huta > *hta > tHa
*sm,kYm,tom > *sumumtam > *sumta > *tamsu > P útamsa, Ko as^-tams^a / alc^in-
tams^u
dia. s>s^
*sm,kYm,tom > *sumumtam > *sumta > *tamsu > P útamsa, Ko as^-tams^a / alc^in-
tams^u
ts>c^
*kWiitlo- > *kYitHlo- > Av c^iTra- 'face'
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *kiksl > Br -skil 'face'
*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *pits^l > Ko pic^al 'face, form'
c^r > tYr > tY / t / d etc.
*tri:x > *tsli: > iski '3'
*treyes > *tslaNkH > *ts^loNx > Ar tYoNa / tu:Na; Ke do:N / do?N
*gYHr,xu- > *j^uru > *syuru > *hyul > -ul
*gYHr,xu- > *j^uru > *c^uc^ulu- > *c^uc^li- > Ar s^odoroN; Ko tHutul; Ke tu:lYi
'intestine(s)'
(dissim. u-u-u > u-u-i)
Turns pal. K > affricates:
Br most c^ > s etc. but
Br c^ > sy and j^ > zy before back (opp. KW)
Br sy > Ty > hy > h/y/0 (like other s- > h-)
Br zy > Dy > d
Yen j^ > D > d / j^ > c^ (dia.)
Yen c^ > T > t / c^ > s^ (dia.)
*gYen-xY-tis > G génesis
*gYen-xY-tis > *j^aNsiz > *c^ens > ses / sis
*gYen-xY-tis > *j^aNsiz > Ko c^eäN; Ke dE?N 'people'
*gYHr,xu- > *j^uru > *syuru > *hyul > -ul
*gYHr,xu- > *j^uru > *c^uc^ulu- > *c^uc^li- > Ar s^odoroN; Ko tHutul; Ke tu:lYi
'intestine(s)'
(dissim. u-u-u > u-u-i)
*gYonuL > *j^uNu > *zyuNu-s > HN -dumu(s), Yas -nuNus 'knee'
*d!nYgYHu:x > *c^uNgYu: > *syuNu > Yas -yuNus, HN -umus 'tongue'
original r > l in most positions beforehand
*gWHer- > Gul- 'burn'
*gYHr,xu- > *j^uru > *syuru > *hyul > -ul
*gYHr,xu- > *j^uru > *(c^u)c^ulu- > Ar s^odoroN; Ke tu:lYi 'intestine(s)'
*po:s pod- > *pu:s pod- > *pu:d-is, pl. pu:d-eyes
*fu:dis > Br Yas -hut.is, pl -hut.iN; HN -ut.(is)
*pu:ris > Ke bu:lY, pl bulY@..., Ko pul, pl pulaN
Like Khowar t>r/V_V
*po:s pod- > *pu:s pod- > *pu:d-is, pl. pu:d-eyes
*pu:ris > Ke bu:lY, pl bulY@..., Ko pul, pl pulaN
-ti > -r / -i
*kYweito- > *s^we:tah >> is^peru 'white'
and u>i before NYGY
*d!nYgYHu:x > *lunYgYúLo- > *lingúLo- > Kh lingìni 'tongue'
*d!nYgYHu:x > *lunYgYu: > *lYinWgWu > Ko alup; Ar alYap 'tongue'
Br has opt. nom. -s added to -u (like Arm. -u(s.) > -r) and -i
us. / is. is preserved (then C>-retro/_#) (like Av. -us^ vs -o:)
*gYonuL > *j^uNu > *zyuNu-s > HN -dumu(s), Yas -nuNus 'knee'
*d!nYgYHu:x > *c^uNgYu: > *syuNu > Yas -yuNus, HN -umus 'tongue'
*po:s pod- > *pu:s pod- > *pu:d-is, pl. pu:d-eyes
*fu:dis > Br Yas -hut.is, pl -hut.iN; HN -ut.(is)
*pu:ris > Ke bu:lY, pl bulY@..., Ko pul, pl pulaN