Re: Burushaski

--- In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, "stlatos" <stlatos@...> wrote:

> -n in many singular forms (below)
>
>
> Br. retains 'laryngeals' as h-, but doesn't vocalize them before a

sonorant

>
> *xWoinos, -kos > hen, hek 'one'
>
> *xne:r > *hri:r > hir 'man'; Arm. ayr
>
> *xYnYewn, > hunti '9'; Arm. inn
>
> *xYekYwos > *hargW > haGor 'horse'
>
> > *GLoup(e)xYkY+ > hal halj- 'fox', Arm. alue:s

Changes s- > h- ( > 0 before C)

*septm' > *hatwu > *hltu > tHalo '7'

*smi:x > mi-, Arm mi

tsundo '5'
mis^indo '1+5 > 6'

> Changes p>f, f>v>w between V, f>xW>h, but only before +back
>
> *pr,xWmos > *farwaz > *xWalw > hawel 'foremost'
>
> *putLos > *fusLaz > *xWusl > hales, dulas 'boy' (d- < dasen 'girl')
>
> > *GLoup(e)xYkY+ > hal halj^- 'fox', Arm. alue:s

Actually, it appears that the env. is i/u/r/K(), like retroflexion

*piixYmYn, > *firwan > iran 'cream', G pi^ar, Av paeman-

*pLxmi:x > *fL:n.i: > *xWar.n.i > *hern > -ren 'hand', Skt pa:n.i-


in other env., p remained

*paxsYkY- > paqu 'loaf'

*psxaLi:x > ps^aLi: > *pc^li > c^api 'pliers', G sp- / psalis
'shears', OIr spel 'sickle'

> Changes w>gW>g in most positions
>
> *xYekYwos > *hargW > haGor 'horse'
>
> *wikYpotis > gus^pur '~ prince'
>
> *yuu-wn-ka:x > yugus 'daughter' (prob. borrowed)
>
>
> sw > sw0 > skW > sk
>
> *swekYuros > *skWekWuraz > *skkur > -skir 'father-in-law'
>
> *swekYru:x > *skWes^ru: > *sksu > -skus 'mother-in-law'
>
>
> xw > xw0H> kWH > kH
>
> *gW(e)lxwa:n > *gWalkWHa:n assim.> kHakHa:y 'walnut'
>
> (the W-w dissimilates to W-y in Baltic, to W-0 in most)
>
>
> after another word, pronouns with t>', then '>d initially in Arm.,

but '>0 in

>
> *tu: > *'u: > un 'thou'
>
> *twe- > *'we- > *gWa- > go-
>
>
> but instead of dw > rk, dw > rt > lt (other r > l below)
>
> *dwo:xW > *rwo: > alto '2', Arm. erku
>
> *kWetwo:r > *kwerwo: > walto '4'

*septm' > *hatwu > *hltu > t(h)alo '7'

*wiikYmt- > *dwikYumt- > *ltirut- > *altr > altar '20'

> Turns gW > gw (so not pal'ized) before front, but others also
>
> *gWenxik- > *gwenx,kY- > gus 'woman', Arm. kin
>
> *kWetwo:r > *kwerwo: > walto '4'
>
> *kWe > *kwe > ka 'and' (prob. kw- > w or k depending on if preceded

by V)

*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *kiksl > -skil 'face', Av c^iTra-

*gYHeL-xW-nos > *gWHet-x-nwos > *gwets.nyaz > *gats.ny > Gendes.
'gold', Skt hiranya-

> Turns pal. K > affricates:
>
> *dhugYH-x-te:r > *dukYtr- > dasen 'girl'
>
> *(xa)xkYro-? > *akYHra-? > c^Har 'rock'
>
> *gWenxik- > *gwenx,kY- > gus 'woman', Arm. kin
>
> > *GLoup(e)xYkY+ > hal halj^- 'fox', Arm. alue:s
>
>
> Turns middle ik>kY>c^
>
> *gWenxa:x
> *gWenxik- > *gwenx,kY- > gus 'woman', Arm. kin
>
> *morma:x
> *mormik- > *mormkY- > *morc^m- > Arm. murjm- 'ant'
>
>
> But before affrication, kYu > kWu
>
> *pelekYus 'stone ax' > baluqa 'stone (in game)'
>
> *swekYuros > *skWekWuraz > *skkur > -skir 'father-in-law'
>
>
> and secondary kYu > ru
>
> *dekYm, > *dakYum > torum 'ten'; Arm. tasn

*wiikYmt- > *dwikYumt- > *ltirut- > *altr > altar '20'

> as well as kYw (sim. to lkYw>lrw in Greek *pelkYw- > *pelrw- > pleuron)
>
> *xYekYwos > *hargW > haGor 'horse'

and xYw

*piixYmYn, > *firwan > iran 'cream', G pi^ar, Av paeman-

> but original r > l in most positions beforehand
>
> *gWHer- > Gul- 'burn'
>
> *der-, del-? 'flay, split, hew' > del- 'hit'
>
> *pr,xWmos > *farwaz > *xWalw > hawel 'foremost'
>
> *bher- > balda 'load' (borrowed?)
>
> *dhworu > bal 'door' (borrowed?)
>
>
> so too original L > l
>
> *meLit > *malit > mel 'wine'
>
> *putLos > *fusLaz > *xWusl > hales, dulas 'boy' (d- < dasen 'girl')
>
> > *GLoup(e)xYkY+ > hal halj^- 'fox', Arm. alue:s
>
>
> though L > lt before s > s. after K/T.
>
> *paLiso/paLsyo- > *palts.az > *balts. > baltas. 'stone thrown at

someone'

>
>
> and L > t by x()
>
> *meL-x-nos 'dirty' > matum 'black'
>
> *xal-x-mLos 'fruit' > *-bLos > *bal-x-Los > balt 'apple'
>
> (from dim. of *xal-x-mos xl-x-m(e)- 'tree > elm')

*gYHeL-xW-nos > *gWHet-x-nwos > *gwets.nyaz > *gats.ny > Gendes.
'gold', Skt hiranya-


m>w after (all?) C

*septm' > *hatwu > *hltu > t(h)alo '7'

*piixYmYn, > *firwan > iran 'cream', G pi^ar, Av paeman-

*bhr,gYhmYn, 'height, mountain'
*bhr,gYhmYno- 'person of the mt.'
*brz^wno-
*mrz^wo-
*mruz^awa-
burus^o-

(some of these forms are attested, see the recently discussed
substrate works by Witzel showing r, in Br words/names described or
borrowed into Skt (Br,saya-, br,sa, etc.))

um > uw > u before (all?) C

*kYmtom > *c^umtam > *suta > *sta > tHa '100'

*wiikYmt- > *dwikYumt- > *ltirut- > *altr > altar '20'


un > um

*meL-x-nos 'dirty' > *matunaz > matum 'black'


ku > qu except by (all?) C

*paxsYkY- > paqu 'loaf'

*pelekYus 'stone ax' > baluqa 'stone (in game)'


tl > tsl > ksl

*tri:x > *tsli: > iski '3'

*kWiitlo- > *kwitslo- > *kiksl > -skil 'face'


s(t)r > sl > s (after met. and insertion in end clusters)
and probably all fric.+l

*tri:x > *tsli: > iski '3'

*dhugYH-x-te:r > *dukYtr- > -str- > dasen 'girl'

*swekYru:x > *skWes^ru: > *sksu > -skus 'mother-in-law'

*psxaLi:x > ps^aLi: > *pc^li > c^api 'pliers', G sp- / psalis
'shears', OIr spel 'sickle'


t>tH after fric.

*septm' > *hatwu > *hltu > tHalo '7'

*kYmtom > *c^umtam > *suta > *sta > tHa '100'


umlaut a-i > e-i

*meLit > *malit > mel 'wine'

*gYHeL-xW-nos > *gWHet-x-nwos > *gwets.nyaz > *gats.ny > Gendes.
'gold', Skt hiranya-

*pLxmi:x > *fL:n.i: > *xWar.n.i > *hern > -ren 'hand', Skt pa:n.i-



umlaut a-u > o-u (but q blocks)

*dekYm, > *dakYum > torum 'ten'; Arm. tasn

*paxsYkY- > paqu 'loaf'

*pelekYus 'stone ax' > baluqa 'stone (in game)'


Also, numerals (mixing, -ti as Slavic)

*kYswekYs? > *c^swac^s '6'

*pentkWe > *penti / *pn,ti > *c^sunti >

tsendo / tsundo '5'; OCS pe,tI
mis^indo '1+5 > 6'

*xYnYewn, > hun-ti '9'; Arm. inn; OCS deve,tI


The differing V in tsendo / tsundo is due to contamination from hunti

Adding of -ti to higher as -tI as Slavic

The endings -o, -i vary due to use and mixing with the endings of
other numbers (alto).

The variation -nt- / -nd- probably comes from ana *hunti-o > huc^o,
etc., where c^ wouldn't be voiced.