From: stlatos
Message: 41621
Date: 2005-10-27
--- In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, "A." <xthanex@...> wrote:
> As I understand it, David Watson suggests that Rta, Arta, and Asha
> all develop from a zero grade form which is the Proto-Indo-Iranian
> *rta-.
I agree that they're all from the zero grade, but since Iranian and
Indo-Aryan have some different outcomes of H in various positions the
proto-form should be H2rtó-, the same as in PIE.
> Having stated that, I would love to understand more of how the
> various terms developed such as: *ar- > *??? > Proto-Indo-Iranian
> *rta- > Sanskrit Rta > ??asha???
In PIE:
H2èr + tó = H2rtó-
-tó- is the "past particple" (as in Latin facere "to make" factus
"made, having made")
If the accent is on the last syllable of the verb stem (it usually is)
adding -tó- shifts the accent to -tó- itself.
If the verb ends in a high vowel/glide or consonant capable of
becoming syllabic the e drops and it's in zero grade. Otherwise that
e remains.
Examples:
H2èr+tó H1èi+tó mèd+tó Hyès+tó g^èneH1+tó H3erèg^+tó mewèr+tó
H2èr+tó H1èi+tó mèd+tó Hyès+tó g^èneH1+tó H3règ^+tó mwèr+tó 1
H2er+tó H1ei+tó med+tó Hyes+tó g^èneH1+tó H3reg^+tó mwer+tó 2
H2r-tó H1i-tó med-tó Hyes-tó g^èn-H1-tó H3reg^-tó mwr-tó 3
H2r-tó H1i-tó med-tó Hyes-tó g^èn-H1-tó H3reg^-tó mur-tó 4
right gone wet foamed begotten straight dead
Rules:
1 e drops in first syllable if acceptable cluster formed
2 suffix with accent deletes accent on previous syllable
3 e drops if followed by high V or C capable of becoming syllabic
4 more sonorant sound before syllabic C becomes syllabic instead
In Proto-Indo-Iranian Dialects:
H drops at end of syllable and lengthens preceding vowel
r is (remains) retroflex (r.)
l > l.
t > s and d > z after voiced velar stop (g, gh, g^, gW, etc.) but not
at morpheme boundaries
t > s after r. or l. (in Iranian only, optional)
s > s. and z > z. after velar, retroflex C, or high vowel
n > n. as above (in IA only at boundaries; in Iranian only word-final
(-r.ns > -r.n.s.))
syllabic H drops (varying locations in IA and Ir)
s drops between two stops (in IA only)
stop after voiced aspirate becomes voiced aspirate
voiced aspirate deaspirates before s or z
voiced stop devoiced before voiceless sound
t > s and d > z before obstruent (in Iranian only)
velar > alveopalatal before front vowel or glide (g > j)
o > o: syllable-final (but not word-final)
o/e > a
o:/e: > a:
l. usually becomes r. (not regular)
To Avestan:
metathesis with H (not regular)
syllabic r. > ar. before a C in the same syllable
H > 0
voiced aspirates deaspirate
r. > 0 before s. in next syllable
stops > fricatives in various environments (notice rg>rG but not rng)
n^ > 0 between consonants
s. > S and z. > Z
r. > r.@ at end of syllable
x > 0 between consonants
voiced stops to fricatives after fricative
voiceless aspirates deaspirate
To Sanskrit:
all dental > retro after s., z., or n.
all dental > retro after r. (dialect)
metathesis with H (not regular)
H drops at end of syllable and lengthens preceding syllabic consonant
nasal drops as above unless following C has same place of articulation
syllabic H > @
syllabic r. > ur after various labial sounds
syllabic r.: > u:r after various labial sounds
syllabic r.: > @:r
H > 0
@ > i
gh > h except by consonant
Examples:
To Avestan:
right bursting long wet bear daughter
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-tó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-só- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-só- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-só- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-s.ó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-s.ó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-s.ó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-s.ó- dhúgh-ter-
H2r-s.ó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-s.ó- dhúgh-dher-
H2r-s.ó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rg-s.ó- dhúgh-dher-
H2r-s.ó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- met-tó- H2rk-s.ó- dhúgh-dher-
H2r-s.ó- sphH1r-gó- dln^-ghó- mes-tó- H2rk-s.ó- dhúgh-dher-
H2r-s.á- sphH1r-gá- dln^-ghá- mas-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-dhar-
H2r-s.á- sphH1r-gá- drn^-ghá- mas-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-dhar-
rH2-s.á- sphrH1-gá- drn^-ghá- mas-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-dhar-
arH2-s.á- spharH1-gá- darn^-ghá- mas-tá- H2ark-s.á- dhúgh-dhar-
ar-s.á- sphar-gá- darn^-ghá- mas-tá- ark-s.á- dhúgh-dhar-
ar-s.á- sphar-gá- darn^-gá- mas-tá- ark-s.á- dúg-dar-
a-s.á- sphar-gá- darn^-gá- mas-tá- ark-s.á- dúg-dar-
a-s.á- sphar-Gá- darn^-gá- mas-tá- arx-s.á- dúG-dar-
a-s.á- sphar-Gá- dar-gá- mas-tá- arx-s.á- dúG-dar-
a-Sá- sphar-Gá- dar-gá- mas-tá- arx-Sá- dúG-dar-
a-Sá- spha-r@-Gá- da-r@-gá- mas-tá- arx-Sá- dúG-dar-
a-Sá- spha-r@-Gá- da-r@-gá- mas-tá- ar-Sá- dúG-dar-
a-Sá- spha-r@-Gá- da-r@-gá- mas-tá- ar-Sá- dúG-Dar-
a-Sá- spa-r@-Gá- da-r@-gá- mas-tá- ar-Sá- dúG-Dar-
To Sanskrit:
right bursts long wet bear daughter
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gé-ti dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-tó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gé-ti dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-só- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gé-ti dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-só- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gé-ti dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rgh-s.ó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gé-ti dln^-ghó- med-tó- H2rg-s.ó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-gé-ti dln^-ghó- met-tó- H2rk-s.ó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tó- sphH1r-jé-ti dln^-ghó- met-tó- H2rk-s.ó- dhúgh-H2-ter-
H2r-tá- sphH1r-já-ti dln^-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-H2-tar-
H2r-tá- sphH1r-já-ti drn^-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-H2-tar-
H2r-tá- sphrH1-já-ti drn^-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-H2-tar-
H2r-tá- sphr:-já-ti drn^-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-H2-tar-
H2r-tá- sphr:-já-ti dr:-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-H2-tar-
H2r-tá- sphr:-já-ti dr:-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-@-tar-
H2r-tá- sphu:r-já-ti dr:-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-@-tar-
H2r-tá- sphu:r-já-ti d@:r-ghá- mat-tá- H2rk-s.á- dhúgh-@-tar-
r-tá- sphu:r-já-ti d@:r-ghá- mat-tá- rk-s.á- dhúgh-@-tar-
r-tá- sphu:r-já-ti di:r-ghá- mat-tá- rk-s.á- dhúgh-i-tar-
r-tá- sphu:r-já-ti di:r-ghá- mat-tá- rk-s.á- dhúh-i-tar-