--- In
cybalist@yahoogroups.com, Abdullah Konushevci
<akonushevci@...> wrote:
> On 7/16/05, Patrick Ryan <proto-language@...> wrote:
> >
> >
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: elmeras2000
> > To: cybalist@yahoogroups.com
> > Sent: Saturday, July 16, 2005 11:12 AM
> > Subject: [tied] Re: Short and long vowels
> >
> > --- In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, "Patrick Ryan" <proto-
> > language@...> wrote:
> >
> > What do you mean by "by pre-PIE"? How far pre? By PIE, we know
with
> > certainty that three distinct laryngeals existed. They cause
three
> > distinct sets of secondary developments in Greek. There is no
way
> > that can be accounted for by a system containing only two
> > laryngeals.
> > Jens
> ************
> thetos, verbal adjective, derived from zero-grade *dH1-
tos 'placed' of
> the verb *dhe:- 'to set, put', contracted from *deH1-.
> So, we have H1 = e.
>
> statos, verbal adjective, derived from zero-grade form *stH2-tos
> 'standing' of the verb *sta:- 'to stay', contracted from *steH2-
> So, we have H2 = a
>
> dotos, verbal adjective, derived from zero-grade *dH3-tos 'gived'
of
> the verb *do:- 'to give', contracted from *deH3- (cf. also Gk.
dosis
> < *dH3-ti, beside full-grade *do:-ro > doron 'gift'; -ti is a
suffix
> of creatin the abstract nouns).
> So we have H3=o
>
> That's all folks!
No. It's yet something:
The laryngeal theory and Hittite
In general Hittite is seen as the chief witness for the truth of the
laryngeal theory. This is cetainly the case fundamentally, but at
the same time Hittite decisively contradicts several aspects of the
current laryngeal theory.
(a) In a number of cases Hittite presents vowel + h where the other
languages have a long vowel, e.g..
Hitt. pahs- `protect' : Skt. pa:- `id.', Lat. pa:sco:
newah- `renew' : Lat. noua:re
nehur `time' : Goth. me:l `id.', Lat. me:tior
In such cases, then, Hittite demonstrates that the long vowel of the
other languages has arisen from short vowel + h. There are, however,
many instances in which a long vowel has no corresponding h in
Hittite.
(b) The most common form of the laryngeal theory assumes three
laryngeals, of which H2 nd H3 are preserved in Hittite. The
following agree with this:
Hitt. hant- `front' :Lat. ante
hassa- `hearth' :Lat. a:ra
hapin- `rich' :Lat. op-ulentus
Luw. Hawi- `ram' :Lat. ouis
Hitt. happ(a) `river' :Skt. ap-, Lat. amnis
hara(n) `eagle' :Gr. ornis, Goth. ara
harki- `white' :Gr. argos argi- `white', Lat.
argentum, Toch. a:rki
hartagga- `bear' :Gr. arktos, Lat. ursus
hastai- `bone' :Skt. asthi, Gr. osteon
hasterza `star' :Gr. aster
hatuka `terrible' :Gr. atuzomai `take fright'
hul-ana `wool' : Lat. la:na, Gmc. *wulla-
There are, however, correspondences in which Hittite does not oppose
ha- to an a- or o- of the other languages:
Hitt. ais `mouth' :Lat. o:s
appa `behind, after' :Gr. apo or opi-
aku(wa)- `to drink' :Lat. aqua
arkiya- `testicle' :Gr. orkhis
arras `arse' Gr. orros, IE *orsos
arsaniya- `be envious' Skt. i:rsyati (Szeméryi, IIEL. Pp.
137-138)
I think that, concerning the Hitt. <appa> `behind, after' and
Hitt.
arkiya `testicle', Szemérenyi's objections, based in
Alb.
counterpart <prapa> `behind', derived from *prV-hap and
<herdhe> `testicle' are not based.
Konushevci
> Konushevci