There are many different orthographies to deal with.
I will mark long vowels with double (aa) and front
with : (a:). One sound using two letters will be
within []. High tone ', low tone `, mid unmarked.
[gh]=voiced pharyngeal fricative.
Personal pronouns (s1-3, p1-3)
Finnish
mina:, ma:
sina:, sa: (<tina:)
ha:n
me
te
he
Hungarian
Nominative
een
te
o:o:
mi
ti
o:o:k
Accusative
engem
teeged
o:o:t
minket
titeket
o:o:ket
xwol[kp]o' "howl, wolf"
xwal[kw]a'-s PIE, ulvo- (howl) F, u:vo:l-t (to howl,
roar) H (metathesis)
Metathesis in H occurs before change of labiovelar to
velar after l, etc. (F pilwe, H felho:o: (with final
long e rounded by labiovelar, velar>x>h in H),
"cloud").
[kj]u[xf]na'n "bark, dog"
[kj]u[xw]a'n-s PIE, koira F
Notice that Finnish doesn't have front vowels in "dog"
and "wolf", perhaps because of rounded consonants in
those words (as counter to velar fricatives)? These
fricatives existed for some time in the early Uralic
languages and were treated differently in each. So,
there's no need for Proto-Uralic reconstructions like
*u:lvo: and *ku:ina: that somehow are de-fronted in
Finnish (and with no explanation of n>r).
da`ya`[xj]wa(C) "god"
dya`[xj]u-s PIE, YahwaC PS
I'm not sure if there was a C that disappeared in PIE
(if xf>xw by dissimilation with u, if xj dissim with
first xj) or specific analogy in Semitic with the
first syllable.
[xj]a`s-([nj]a) "be"
[xj]a`s- PIE, hay(y) PS
Many Semitic roots seem to show reduplication of final
C to create CCC.
[kp]a`l "make, complete"
[kw]a`l- PIE, kall, kaly PS
sexe`[tl]-[mv]a "sun"
saxa`l-[mv]-0 PIE, selva: "clear" F, [lh]ams PS (with
metathesis)
me`[d"]u "honey"
ma`[dh]u-0 PIE, meez H
we'de' "water"
wa'da'-n-[mv] PIE, vesi (stem vet-) F, viiz H
xel- "high, beyond"
xa`l-ta'-s "tall" PIE, -(e)l- "top" F, -el- "away" H,
[gh]al "to, towards, upon", [gh]al-ya "high, exalted"
PS
xam- "family, love?"
xam- love PIE, [gh]amm "family member (paternal)" PS
xaus- "shine?"
xaus- PIE, aurin-ko "sun" F
[xj]a`[B]- "eat"
[xj]a`[dh]>[xj]a`d- PIE, a:ra Estonian, es- H
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