Unmarked thematic ending in -a- will show traditional
e/o variation. Any thematic verbs with tone on final
-a- change by analogy.
Onely one marked tone per word. Usually only first
tone remains. Many affixes with tone are still
underlyingly marked and they retain tone (such as in
most plural inflexion, mo'xtrsu'> moxtrsu' but in sng
swe`fro's>swe`fros).
Low tones to high (or stress, depending on your belief
about PIE's stress' nature).
Then basically the traditional "laryngeal" shifts with
the velar fricatives. Approximately:
V-high>a/_x and x_
V-high>e/_xj and xj_
V-high>o/_xv and xv_
Yes, it's possible there are more complex rules, such
as -ox# staying, o not being affected in certain
places, etc. I won't try to solve this.
Analogy restores most morphemes affected by X-shift in
only some lexical items.
The few changes after this may be different in
dialects, as we're near break-up. I'm not as certain
about their nature or their range of application
across language families. I'm not confident in
explaining these later changes.
All the Z elements (those sounds that can serve as C
or nucleus) phonologically add their syllabic element
after another Z or after a long syllable. X may not
be included.
For example:
VrwV>VruwV
salyet(x)e>saliyete>sali:tis (Latin)?
drwa'x>druwa'x
dorw->doruw->da:ruw- (Indo-Iranian) then double
metathesis? (da:rwu- > da:wru-) to form Avestan
da:uru-
saxwe'l>saxuwe'l>sauil (Gothic); possible but
unlikely.
Far more certain is the spread sometime (at least this
late) of -i in present tenses (and probably pres pass
-r). Also, -s/-n in 1 and 2pl.
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