--- In cybalist@..., tgpedersen@... wrote:
> The 'lat-enders' and the 'winter-enders'? Well if you say so.
Before we start another productive discussion - this time on Baltic ethnony=
my - here's a brief of the latest papers on the topic (not what I say or yo=
u say - rather what they say):
1. Proto-Baltic *gal-ind- (two different tribes - lived in Prussia and pre=
sent-day Moscow district).
1.1 (Bu_ga, Endzeli_ns, Fraenkel, Vasmer, Toporov et al.) - *gal-ind is re=
lated to Lith. ga~las 'border; end', cf. Germ. Markomannen, Ukr. ukrai"n'ci,=
Latv. dzi_vot pasaules gala_ 'live at the back of beyond (lit. on the borde=
r of the world)'
1.2 (Nalepa, Maz^iulis) - *gal-ind is related to Baltic *gal-/*gil- 'deep',=
i. e., of a hydronymic origin, cf. Galent, Galanten 'a lake in Poland (1379=
, now Giela,dzkie jezioro)', Galinde 'a right tributary of the Narew River'
1.3 (Schmid) - *gal-ind is related to Lith. gale.'ti 'be able, mighty', gal=
ia` 'power', gali`ngas 'mighty' and to (attention, Torsten) Cymr. gallu 'be=
able, mighty', Irish gal 'power', Lat. Galli , Gallia.
1.4 Ptolemy, Geography: Galindoi; Greek Phinikos, Galindikos, Venedikos 't=
itle of Volusianus ( III c. AD)'
1.5 Peter of Dusburg, Chronicon terre Prussie (XIV c): Galindia 'toponym'=
(< Pruss. Galinda), Galindite 'ethnonym'.
1.6 Old Russian gol'adI (XI, XII cc.) 'a tribe near present-day Moscow' (re=
gularly < Proto-Slavic *gole,dI < Baltic *galind-).
1.7 Greek Kalidonia:Kalindia 'a city in ancient Macedonia'
1.8 Czech Holedec^, Holedec^ek, Holes^ice, Germ. Gross-, Klein-Holetitz, Ho=
leditz (earlier Golensizi), 'toponyms in the Sudeten mountains' (< * Slavic =
gole,d-), Old Polish gradice Golensiczeshe, Golendzin 'toponyms', Golandin, =
Golanda 'anthroponyms'.
1.9 Russ. Goledin'ja, Gol'ad'anka, Goled' 'hydronyms', Gol'adina gora 'oron=
ym', Gol'aaz^'je, Vsgoliaz^'je, Gol'adi 'villages' (from Pripiat to Volga),=
Gol'adin 'last name'.
1.10 (Sachs, Mastrelli, Toporov, Dini) *gal-ind- reached, along with the Go=
ths, the Iberian Peninsula:
- Galin(d) Garc,iaz el bueno de Aragon (a friend of Cid Campeador),
- Galindus, Galin 'anthroponym, popular in northern Spain in IX-XII cc'
- Cast. Galindo, Cat. Gali 'anthroponym', Cast. Galindez 'pathronymic anthr=
oponym',
- Gainde, Gaindo, villa Gaindanes 'toponyms in Portugal'
- Castel de Galindo, Tor de Galindo 'toponyms in Castile'
- Castelgali, St. Joan de Gali, Font Gali, Punta Galindab 'toponyms in Cata=
lonia',
- Garindain 'toponym in the Basque Country'
(alternative hypothesis posits Germanic origin for *Galind- in Iberian ono=
mastics).
2. Proto-Baltic *lat-gal- (a tribe in present-day East Latvia).
2.1 (Bu_ga, Mu"lenbachs, Endzeli_ns) - *lat-gal- is related to Latv. Latava=
, Latupe, Late (<*Lata:-) 'hydronyms' < Baltic *le:ta- 'marsh' + gal- 'borde=
r'.
2.2 (Karaliu_nas) lat-:let-i- < 'autonym of Latgals (< 'a member of the com=
munity')'
It's interesting that in some papers the compound -gal- is not even analyze=
d (considered obvous?).
2.3 Old Russian lUtIgola, lotygola 'toponyms (XI c.)'
2.4 Heinrici Chronicon (XIII c) reliqui per terramusquequaque diffusi Lyvon=
es ac Lethos, qui proprie dicuntur Lethigalli, cum armis suis vocant... Leth=
i vel Letthigalli, adhuc pagani....Letthigallia ... terra Lethorum ... Letht=
hi ... Lettti ... Lettia ... Livonia et Letthia, German sources of the same =
period Letten, Lettland, Lettlant
2.3 Latin Lato:vici 'a (probably Celtic) tribonym', Laetus 'a (probably Cel=
tic or Germanic) tribonym', Latin Letavia, Irish Letha 'Western Gallia'
3. Proto-Baltic *z'eim-gal- (z' for palatalized z, close to Polish z', s- s=
ubstitution in medieval sources is normal).
3.1 (Bu_ga, Endzeli_ns) - Lith. Z^ie~mgala 'toponym', as well as Old Russia=
n and Old Swedish forms support *z'eim- 'north' ('northlanders'); Lith. Z^em=
~gala 'toponym' supports *z'em- 'low' ('lowlanders').
3.2 (Bus^s) of hydronymic origin, cf. Lith. Z^eimi`ke., Z^eimena` 'rivers'
The compound -gal- is not even analyzed - 'border' is silently assumed ever=
ywhere.
3.2 Old Norse Simkala, Old Danish SOEimgala, (Latinized) Semigalia 'East B=
altic toponyms (XIII c)'; Old Swedish Seimgaler 'ethnonym in Ingvarsaga viT=
fOrla'
3.3 Old Russ. zimigola 'Baltic tribe west of PolotIskU' (XII c)
3.3 Lat. (Cronicon Livoniae) portus Semigallorum 'East Baltic toponym'
3.4 Flemish (XV c) Zamegaelz:Tzamegaelz 'a language in present day northern=
part of Lithuania'
3.5 Medieval German sources - Semegallen, Semgallen.
Now if you are still here...
> How about this: The Latvian *gal-'s and the Sem- *gal-'s, where *sem-
> is the same as in Saami and Suomi (and possibly Samland and Samsø?),
> thus "the celts who now speak Baltic" and "the celts who now speak
> Fennic"? (the s- for z- I have from Saxo, it might be insurmountable,
> but I liked the semantic part of this idea).
>
I don't see your point. Do you mean the original form of the Baltic tribony=
m was *sem-, not *z'eim- and Lith. z^iem~- (z^ like s in pleasure), as well =
as the Old Russian and the Flemish forms are late folk-etymological corrupti=
ons? Or do you mean *sem- is an old substratic (pre-IE?) toponymic/ethnonymi=
c element, reflexed in Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Germanic? Or may be *sem- is =
of a Finno-Ugric origin, adopted by the Balts etc? But *z'eim-gal- (or desig=
nate them as you like) spoke a Baltic language, not "Fennic" one - there are=
undisputable Baltic traces in toponymy, Lithuanian dialects etc.
As for Celtic gal- (?), even Schmid with his (as usual) eccentric hypothesi=
s doesn't claim gal- means 'Celtic', but rather 'mighty'.
Sergei