SV: Why -bhyos and -ei?

From: Urban Lindqvist
Message: 2047
Date: 2000-04-05

> From: Hakan Lindgren <h16255@...>
>
> I've heard, as an explanation for noun inflection in
> Indo-European languages, that the case endings were
> once separate words, a kind of adverbs or
> postpositions, that have merged with the noun. If this
> is true, then why are the case endings of the same
> case so different from each other in plural and
> singular (and in different declinations)? Wouldn't
> that have resulted in a system like in Finnish, where
> case endings are the same in plural and singular?
> Compare Finnish talo-ssa (locative singular) and
> talo-i-ssa (locative plural) with the large number of
> forms in Proto-Indo-European: dative singular *-ei,
> dative plural *-bhyos; locative *-i, plural *-su etc.
> It's hard to believe that *-ei and *-bhyos have
> developed out of the same word. Other inflecting
> languages, like Finnish or Inuit (Eskimo), have much
> more "regular" case systems than Indo-European and
> there are no declensions (several sets of endings for
> the same cases) in these languages.

If it is true for IE, it may simply be the case that IE has changed more than Finnish. One trace in IE of such a state of affairs would be accusative sing. *-m vs. pl. *-ns < *-m-s. Consider also the instr. pl. *-bhis, where the -s might originally have been a plural marker; it's missing in Greek -phi -- which was indifferent to number. Could there also have been some relationship between thematic dat. sg. *-o:i and instr. pl. *-o:is (< *-o-ei / *-o-ei-s?)?

Anyway, Finnish isn't completely regular either: the plural marker -i is missing in the nominative, talot, and (synchronically)there are different endings in the illative: sg. talo-on, pl. talo-i-hin; and the partitive: sg. asia-a 'of the thing' vs. pl. asio-i-ta. And though there are no declensions, there are different stem types with different endings: add to the illative endings above -seen as in taivaa-seen 'into the heaven'; partitive: sg. talo-a '(of the) house' vs. sg. tuul-ta '(of the) wind'; genitive sg.: puu-n 'of the tree', pl. pu-i-den; cf. further gen. pl. is-i-en (nom. sg. isä 'father'), and gen. pl. nais-ten (nom. sg. nainen 'woman').

Urban