Key Points About Tone Rules

• If there is a tone marker, the resulting tone will never be mid.
• "Vowel duration" is only considered for low class initial with dead ending.
• For information on "consonant class," see either the simple list or structured table.
• Live endings:

  -ng	-ง
  -n	-น, -ณ, -ญ, -ร, -ล, -ฬ
  -m	-ม
  Some would add:
  -y	-ย
  -w	-ว

• Dead endings:

  -k   -g	-ก -ข -ค -ฆ
  -t   -d	-ฅ -ฏ -ถ -ฐ -ท -ฒ -ฑ -ธ -จ -ช -ฌ -ส -ศ -ษ -ด -ฎ
  -p   -b	-ป -พ -ภ -ฟ -บ
  -'	-ะ or any other short vowel

Tone Rule Summary
initial consonant class	no tone mark					tone mark
	live syllable		dead syllable
	long vowel (open)	live ending (closed)	short vowel (open) or closed by glottal stop	dead ending (closed)
				short vowel	long vowel
low	M		H		F		H
mid			L				F	H	R
high	R

Acknowledgements