yujA (to join) + ta = yutta (endowed with, joined)
supA (to sleep) + ta = sutta (slept)
B. Where "-ta" is not reduplicated but the end of the root is elided:
karA (to do) + ta = kata (done)
marA (to die) + ta = mata (dead)
manA (to think) + ta = mata (thought, idea, known)
hanA (to kill) + ta = hata (killed)
gamU (to go) + ta = gata (gone)
ramU (to sport) + ta = rata (amused, delighted)
C. Sometimes "-ta" undergoes a change together with the last consonant of the root.
1. s + ta becomes -.t.tha
dasA (to bite) + ta = da.t.tha (bitten, stung)
kasA (to plough) + ta = ka.t.tha (ploughed)
hasA (to laugh) + ta = ha.t.tha (delighted)
rusA (to be angry) + ta = ru.t.tha (provoked, angry)
ghusA (to make a noise) + ta = ghu.t.tha (proclaimed)
aa + kusA (to rebuke) + ta = akku.t.tha (rebuked)
2. m + ta becomes -nta
khamU (to forbear) + ta = khanta (forgiven)
samU (to pacify) + ta = santa (calmed)
bhamU (to reel) + ta = bhanta (swerving)
damU (to subdue) + ta = danta (subdued)
pa + kamU (to go) + ta = pakkanta (gone)
3. dh + ta becomes ddha
budhA (to know) + ta = buddha (known, the person who knows)
rudha (to obstruct) + ta = ruddha (obstructed)
4. bh + ta becomes ddha
labhA (to get) + ta = laddha (obtained)
lubhA (to covet) + ta = luddha (covetous, greedy)
5. j + ta becomes gga
bhajA (to break) + ta = bhagga (broken)
sa.m + vijA (to be agitated) + ta = sa.mvigga (agitated)
6. other irregular changes are:
duhA (to milk) + ta = duddha (milked)
ruhA (to ascend) + ta = ruu.lha (ascended)
majjA (to polish) + ta = ma.t.tha (polished)
pacA (to cook) + ta = pakka (cooked)
vasA (to dwell) + ta = vuttha (dwelt)
D. Sometimes -ta changes the root before it, and it stands unchanged.
janA (to produce) + ta = jaata (born)
paa (to drink) + ta = piita (drunk)
.thaa (to stand) + ta = .thita (stood)
maa (to measure) + ta = mita (measured)
E. -ta after some monosyllabic roots neither changes itself nor the root.
bhuu (to be) + ta = bhuuta (been, become)
nii (to lead) + ta = niita (led)
bhii (to be afraid) + ta = bhiita (frightened)
~naa (to know) + ta = ~naata (known)
yaa (to go) + ta = yaata (gone)
ji (to conquer) + ta = jita (conquered)
ci (to collect) + ta = cita (collected)
nhaa (to bathe) + ta = nhaata (bathed)
(Both naha and nhaa are found in Pali.)
148. Much more common and easier way to join "-ta" to form a participle, is to insert an
"i" between the root and the suffix.
This is mostly done after the roots ending with a.
pacA (to cook) + ta = pacita (cooked)
gahA (to take) + ta = gahita (taken)
khaadA (to eat) + ta = khaadita (eaten)
ma.n.dA (to adorn) + ta = ma.n.dita (adorned)
kathA (to tell) + ta = kathita (told)
likhA (to wirte) + ta = likhita (written)
149. "-na" is suffixed to some roots to form past participles. In many places n of the suffix
is reduplicated and the last consonant of the root is elided. Sometimes i or ii is inserted
between the root and the suffix.
n becomes .n when the last consonant of the root is r.
chidA (to cut) + na = chinna (cut, broken)
chadA (to cover) + na = channa (covered)
bhidA (to break) + na = bhinna (broken)
ni + sadA (to sit) + i + na = nisinna (sat)
tarA (to cross) + i + na = ti.n.na (gone ashore)
puurA (to fill) + na = pu.n.na (full)
jarA (to decay) + i + na = ji.n.na (decayed)
daa (to give) + i + na = dinna (given)
khii (to exhaust) + na = khii.na (exhausted)
dii (to be miserable) + na = diina (miserable, mean)
luu (to cut) + na = luuna (cut, mowed)
pa + haa (to eliminate) + ii + na = pahiina (eliminated)
aasA (to sit) + ii + na = aasiina (sat)