bidden = aa.natta (pp).
body-guard = a`ngarakkhaka (m).
canopy = vitaana (m,n).
chief of the army = senaapati (m).
crimson = lohitava.n.na (adj).
curtain = saa.ni (f).
desert = kantaara (m).
excellent = atisundara (adj).
exquisite = ativisi.t.tha (pp).
fraudulent = sa.tha (adj).
is accompanied = parivaariiyati (v).
is admired = vimhayena olokiiyati, patimaaniiyati (v).
is avoided = cajiiyati, vajjiiyati (v).
is attacked = pahariiyati (v).
is buried = nikha.niiyati (v).
is bought = ki.niiyati (v).
is deposited = nidhiiyati (v).
is esteemed = agghiiyati (v).
is fed = bhojiiyati (v).
is heard = suuyati (v).
is hung = olambiiyati (v).
is killed = maariiyati (v).
is perfumed = vaasiiyati (v).
is plundered = acchindiiyati (v).
is read = pa.thiiyati (v).
is served up = upaniiyati (v).
is tormented = hi.msiiyati (v).
is wounded = va.niiyati (v).
journey = caarikaa (f).
novel = navakathaa (f), navappabandha (m).
odour = gandha (m).
on account of = nissaaya (indec).
overhead = upari (indec).
pleasure = piiti, tu.t.thi (f).
round = samantaa (adv).
studded = khacita (pp).
tutor = sikkhaapaka (m).
Causal Suffixes
The causal suffixes and the method of forming causal verbs are given
in §74 of the First Book.
84. Of the four causal suffixes only e and aya are annexed to the
roots ending in u or uu; only aape and aapaya are annexed to the roots
ending in aa, and to all the roots of the 8th conjugation.
Any one of the four may be annexed to the roots ending in a vowel
other than the above, or in a consonant.
85. To the passive verbs these are annexed together with an i inserted
between the suffix and the passive sign ya, e.g.
Causal active: haraapeti (causes to carry)
Causal passive: haraapiiyati (is caused to carry)
86. The causal suffixes are annexed not only to verbs but also to the
Participles, Absolutives, Infinitives and Primary Derivatives when
they are expressing a causal meaning.
Participles
pacA (to cook) + e + nta = paacenta (causing to cook)
karA (to do) + e + nta = kaarenta (causing to do)
Absolutives
harA (to carry) + aape + tvaa = haraapetvaa (having caused to carry)
bhujA (to eat) + aape + tvaa = bhojaapetvaa (having fed or caused to eat)
Infinitives
marA (to die) + aape + tu.m = maaraapetu.m (to kill)
[base] ga.nha (to take) + aape + tu.m = ga.nhaapetu.m (to cause to take)
Primary Derivatives
daa (to give) + aape + tu = daapetu (one who causes to give)
gahA (to take) + aape + aka = gaahaapaka (one who causes to take)
87. A causal verb formed from a transitive root takes more than one
object. When it has taken two objects, one of them is called the
"direct", and the other "indirect".
Puriso kammakaara.m rukkha.m chindaapeti (the man causes the labourer
to cut a tree).
Here, rukkha.m is the direct object, being the thing wanted by the
man. Kammakaara.m is the indirect object, as the man's requirement
does not lie with him.
88. It should be noted that this indirect object often takes the
instrumental case.
Gahapataanii daasiyaa odana.m paacaapeti (the mistress of the house
causes the slave woman to cook rice).
Here, daasiyaa is in the instrumental. This may be changed to daasi.m
without altering the sense.
89. The subject in a sentence formed with a simple verb may become the
indirect object when the same sentence is reconstructed with a causal
verb.
Suudo odana.m pacati (the cook boils the rice) is a sentence with a
simple verb. When this verb is replaced with a causal one from the
same root the subject becomes the object, and someone else becomes the
subject.
Suudaje.t.tho suuda.m odana.m paaceti (the head-cook causes the cook
to boil rice).
Suudo in the first sentence has become suuda.m in the second.
Exercise 17
Translate into English
1. "Raajaa pasanno aparaani pi pa~nca-vattha-sataani aaharaapetvaa
paadamuule .thapaapesi." [Dh.A.i.219]