lovely = paasaadika (adj).
magnificently = visi.t.thaakaarena (adv).
mass of rock = pabbatakuu.ta (m).
musical instrument = turiyabha.n.da (n).
pair = yugala, yuga (n).
plough = na`ngala (n).
provides = sampaadeti (v).
ranging in order = pa.tipaa.tiyaa .thatvaa.
remained = a.t.thaasi (v).
rock that encircles the world = cakkavaa.lapabbata (m).
royal apparel = raajaabhara.na (n).
royal resting stone = ma`ngalasilaa (f).
sceptre-javelin = cakkaayudha (n).
selects = uccinaati (v).
shouts = ugghoseti (v).
sings = gaayati (v).
skilful = susikkhita (pp).
smooths = sama.m karoti (v).
sounds [a drum, etc.] = vaadeti (v).
space = okaasa (m).
sunset = suriyattha`ngama (m).
supremely beautiful = abhivis.t.tharuupa (adj).
thereupon = atha (indec).
to be robed = nivaasaapetu.m, ala`nkaaretu.m (inf).
turns [itself] = parivattati (v).
Verbs
Verbs are formed with roots by adding suffixes and prefixes to them.
60. A root is a primitive element of the language, expressing an
abstact idea. It is incapable of any grammatical analysis.
A. It is common in European languages to express the idea contained in
the root by means of the Infinitive, e.g., bhuu (to be); but it must
be borne in mind that the root is not an Infinitive, but a primary
element expressing a crude idea.
B. The Classical Pali Grammarians give all roots ending in consonants
with a euphonic vowel at the end, e.g. pac(a)=to cook; gam(u)=to go.
This vowel, however, does not really belong to the root.
C. The roots in Pali are divided into seven groups, which are
conjugated differently. The names of these groups and their
conjugational signs are given in §14 First Book.
D. Again, all the roots are divided into (1) Transitive, and (2)
Intransitive.
(1) A verb formed from a transitive root requires an object, e.g.,
from the root khaada (to eat) the verb khaadati (eats) is formed. When
one says "he eats", there must be something to eat; therefore it
requires an object.
(2) An intransitive verb is used without an object, e.g., from si (to
sleep) the verb sayati (sleeps) is formed. When one says "he sleeps",
its meaning is complete; it does not require an object.
But when these intransitive verbs are causative they take an object,
and become transitive.
Simple Intransitive
Daarako sayati (the baby sleeps).
Causative from the same
Maataa daaraka.m sayaapeti (the mother makes her baby sleep).
Modes
61. There are eight modes of conjugation of verbs in Pali; they do not
exactly correspond to the Moods or the Tenses in English.
The eight modes are:
(1) Vattamaanaa = Present Indicative.
(2) Ajjatanii = Past Indicative or Aorist.
(3) Bhavissantii = Future Indicative.
(4) Pa~ncamii = Imperative and Benedictive.
(5) Sattamii = Optative or Potential.
(6) Hiiyattanii = Imperfect.
(7) Parokkhaa = Perfect (or Past Indefinite)*.
(8) Kaalaatipatti = Conditional, expressing future relatively to
something that is past, and an action unable to be performed on
account of some difficulty in the way of its execution.
(2) Ajjatanii was formerly used to express the time recently passed;
but now this is very extensively used to express the past in general.
62. Each of the seven groups of roots may be conjugated according to
the eight modes given above.
But roots of some groups are not conjugated in the 2nd, 3rd, 7th and
8th modes.
Each example for each dhaatuga.na (group), together with its
respective conjugational sign, is given below:
Root Conj. sign
(1) bhuu (to be) + a + ti = bhavati (is, becomes)
(2) rudha (to obstruct) + .m-a + ti = rundhati (obstructs)
[.m takes its place after the first vowel of the root.]
(3) divu (to play) + ya + ti = dibbati (plays)
(4) (i) su (to hear) + .naa + ti = su.naati (hears)
(ii) su (to hear) + .no + ti = su.noti (hears)
(5) ki (to bargain) + .naa + ti = ki.naati (buys)
(6) (i) kara (to do) + o + ti = karoti (does)
(ii) kara (to do) + yira + ti = kayirati (does)
(7) (i) cura (to steal) + e + ti = coreti (steals)
(ii) cura (to steal) + aya + ti = corayati (steals)
(See pg. II of the First Book)
63. Of the two Voices, the Active is used when the effect or
consequence of the action expressed by the verb passes on to a person
or thing other than the subject.
* This tense is more like the Pluperfect in Latin, to be translated by
had with pp.