Chapter:  [ Contents | 1. Alphabet | 2. Sandhi | 3. Assimilation | 4. Strengthening | 5. Declension | 6. Feminine | 7. Adjectives | 8. Numerals | 9. Pronouns | 10.1 Verbs | 10.2 Verbs | 10.3 Verbs | 11. Indeclinables | 12. Compounds | 13. Derivation | 14. Syntax | 15. Prosody ]

A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language
Chapter 10   Part 3

 Part 3  Derivatives & Prefixes

VERBS

(B) DERIVATIVE or *SECONDARY CONJUGATION (HL: *the other is conjugation from Primitive verbs. 369)

478. The Derivative Conjugation includes:

(1)the Passive;
(2)the Causative;
(3)the Denominative;
(4)the Desiderative and,
(5)the Intensive.

479. It is called the derivative conjugation because the above named five kinds of verbs are derived from the simple root with a well-defined modification of the sense of the root itself.

480. Except for the Causative, Derivative verbs are not conjugated in all the tenses and in all voices.

(I)The Passive

481. The Passive Conjugation is formed by adding the suffix ya to the root.

482. The suffix ya having been added and the Passive Base obtained, the Personal Endings of either the Active Voice or of the Reflective Voice are added to the base.

483. Ya is affixed to the root in three ways:

(i)Directly after roots ending in a vowel.
(ii)To roots in a double consonant, ya is joined by means of i, this i being lengthened to ii. It is also joined by means of i when a root ends in a consonant that does not generally reduplicate (s, h and r).
(iii)It may be added directly to roots ending in a consonant; in this case the y of ya becomes assimilated to the last consonant of the root according to the Rules of Assimilation. (70.)
(iv)Ya is also added to the Special Base by means of i, lengthened.

Examples of (i).
Remarks.
(a) When ya is added to roots ending in a vowel, the vowel of the root undergoes some change, especially vowels: a, i and u.
(b) Radical aa is changed to ii before ya and radical i, u, are lengthened to ii, uu.

Examples of (i)
RootPasssive Base
/cito heapciiyato be heaped up
/daato givediiyato be given
/dhato holddhiiyato be held
/jito conquerjiiyato be conquered
/kuto singkuuyato be sung
/paadrinkpiiyato be drunk
/suto hearsuuyato be heard

(c) Radical long ii and uu, remain unaffected:

/bhuuto becomebhuuyato have become
/luuto reapluuyato be reaped
/niito leadniiyato be led

(d) In some instances, the long vowel before ya is shortened, in which case the y is doubled.

RootPassive Base
/daato give/diiyaor diyya
/niito lead/niiyaor niyya
/suto hear/suuyaor suyya

484. To the above bases the Active or Reflective Personal Endings being added, we obtain, for instance from /ji, to conquer, base jiiya (or jiyya).

PRESENTActive
SingPlur
1jiiyaamiI am conqueredjiiyaamawe are conquered
2jiiyasithou art conqueredjiiyathayou are conquered
3jiiyatihe is conqueredjiiyantithey are conquered

PRESENTReflective
SingPlur
1jiiyeI am conqueredjiiyaamhewe are conquered
2jiiyasethou art conqueredjiiyavheyou are conquered
3jiiyatehe is conqueredjiiyantethey are conquered

Optative:(1) jiiyeyya.m, jiiyeyyaami(2) jiiyetho, jiiyeyyaasi(3) jiiyetha, jiiyeyya, etc.
Imperative:(1) jiiye, jiiyaami(2) jiiyassu, jiiyaahi(3)jiiyata.m, jiiyatu

Examples of (ii)
RootPassive Base
/hasto laughhasiiyato be laughed at
/karto makekariiyato be made
/mahto honourmahiiyato be honoured
/pucchto askpucchiiyato be asked
/sarto remembersariiyato be remembered
/vasto livevasiiyato be lived upon
Examples of (iii)
RootPassive Base
/bandhto bindbajjhato be bound (70, 71, 74)
/bhanto speakbha~n~nato be spoken (70, 71)
/hanto killha~n~nato be killed (70, 71)
/hasto laughhasiiyato be laughed at
/karto makekariiyato be made
/khaadto eatkhajjato be eaten (70, 71, 34)
/labhto obtainlabbhato be obtained (70, 71)
/mahto honourmahiiyato be honoured
/pacto cookpaccato be cooked (70, 71)
/pucchto askpucchiiyato be asked
/sarto remembersariiyato be remembered
/vasto livevasiiyato be lived upon

Examples of (iv)
RootPassive Base
/budhto knowbujjhiiyato be known
/gamto gogacchiiyato be gone to
/isto wish. desireicchiiyato be wished for

485. Long ii, before ya of the Passive, is sometimes found shortened, as: mahiiyati or mahiyati, to be honoured.

486. It is usual to form the Passive of roots ending in a consonant preceded by long aa, by means of ii:

/yacto begyaaciiyati
/ajto drive+ prefix pa =  paajpaajiiyatito be driven

487. Ya may be added directly after some roots ending a consonant without assimilation taking place and without the insertion of connecting vowel ii; as:

/lupto cut, elidelupya + ti =lupyatito be elided, cut off
/gamto gogamya + ti =gamyatito be gone to

Remarks.
(a) We have already said that when the ii before ya is shortened, initial y is reduplicated by way of compensation (483, d).
(b) The Perfect, thc Aorist, the Future and the Conditional (which four tenses are called: General Tenses; see, 367), of the Reflective Voice, are often used in a passive sense.

488. ThePassive may assume several forms from the same root:

/karto do, makekariiyatikariyyatikayirati(with metathesis)kayyati(with asssimilation  of r, 80)
/gamto gogamiiyatigacchiiyatigamyati
/gahto takegayhati(metathesis)gheppatiquite an anomalous form
/haato abandon haayatihiyati

489. Anomalous form of the Passive.

/vacto speakuccuccaamiuccasiuccati, etc
/vacto speakvuccvuccaamivuccasivuccati, etc
/vahto carryvuyhvuyhaamivuyhasivuyhati,vuyhevuyhasevuyhate,etc.
/vasto livevussvussaamivussasivussati, etc
/yajto sacrificeijj(to be sacrificed)ijjaamiijjasiijjati ,etc

490. Final s of a root, which is not usually susceptible of reduplication is, however, sometimes found reduplicated as:

/disto see, becomesdissatito be seen
/nasto destroynassatito be destroyed

Causative Verbs

491. Causal or Causative verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes:

(i)aya, which is often contracted to e.
(ii)aapaya, which likewise may be contracted to aape.

492.

(i)The radical vowel of the root is gu.nated or strengthened before these suffixes, if followed by one consonant only.
(ii)It remains unchanged when it is followed by two consonants.
(iii)In some cases, radical a is not lengthened although followed by a single consonant.
(iv)Roots in i, ii and u, uu form their causal from the Special Base.
(v)Other verbs, too, may form the causal from the Special Base.
(vi)Some roots in a take aape, aapaya.

Examples
RootCausative Bases
/bhidto breakbhedebhedayabhedaapebhedaapayato cause to break. (i)
/bhujto eatbhojebhojayabhojaapebhojaapayato cause to eat. (i)
/bhuuto bebhaavebhaavayaetc (iv)
/chidto cutchedechedayachedaapechedaapayato cause to cut. (i)
/daato givedaapedaapayato cause to give.
/dhaato placepidhaapepidhaapayato cause to shut. (vii)
with prefix pipidahaapepidahaapayato cause to shut. (v, ii)
/gamto gogamegamayagaameto cause to go(iii):
/karto dokaarekaarayakaaraapekaaraapayato cause to do. (i)
/marto killmaaremaarayamaaraapemaaraapayato cause to kill. (i)
/niito leadnaayayanayaapenayaapayato cause to lead. (iv, iii)
/pacto cookpaacepaacayapaacaapepaacaapayato cause to cook. (i)
/pucchto askpucchaapepucchaapayato cause to ask. (ii).
/rudhto hinderrodherodhayarodhaaperodhaapayato cause to hinder. (i)
/samto be appeasedsamesamayasamaapesamaapayato cause to be appeased.(iii)
/siito lie downsaayesaayayasayaapesayaapayato cause to lie down. (iv, iii)
/suto hearsaavesaavayasaavaapesaavaapayato cause to hear. (iv)
/.thaato standthapethapayato place (vi, with a shortened)

Double Causal

493. There is a double causal formed by adding aapaape to the root.

Examples
RootSimple CausalDouble Causal
/bhujto eatbhojebhojaape etcbhojaapaapebhojaapaapaya
/chidto cutchedechedaape ctcchedaapaapechedaapaapaya
/pacto cookpaacepaacaape etcpaacaapaapepaacaapaapaya

Remarks. The double causal may be translated by "to get to, or, to make to cause to." For instance: So purisa.m daasa.m odana.m paacaapaapeti. "He causes the man to cause the slave to cook the food." or "He got the man to make the slave to cook the food."
Note that the first accusative or object purisa.m may be and is often, replaced by an Instrumentive.


494. The causative verbs are declined like the verbs in i, ii of the 1st conjugation, 3rd Division (393, 385) and like the verbs of the 7th conjugation. (379)

Examples /pac   to cook
Causative Base:
paacepaacayapaacaapepaacaapayato cause to cook
 PRESENT
Singular
1paacemipaacayaamipaacaapemipaacaapayaamiI cause to cook
2paacesipaacayasipaacaapesipaacaapayasithou causest to cook
3paacetipaacayatipaacaapetipaacaapayatihe causes to cook
Plural
1paacemapaacayaamapaacaapemapaacaapayaamawe cause to cook
2paacethapaacayathapaacaapethapaacaapayathayou cause to cook
3paacentipaacayantipaacaapentipaacaapayantithey cause to cook
OPTATIVE
Singular
1paaceyyaamipaacayeyyaamipaacaapeyyaamipaacaapayeyyaamiI should cause
2paaceyyaasipaacayeyyaasipaacaapeyyaasipaacaapayeyyaasithou shouldst cause
3paaceyyapaacayeyyapaacaapeyyapaacaapayeyyahe should cause
Plural
1paaceyyaamapaacayeyyaamapaacaapeyyaamapaacaapayeyyaamawe should cause
2paaceyyaathapaacayeyyaathapaacaapeyyaathapaacaapayeyyaathayou should cause
3paaceyyumpaacayeyyumpaacaapeyyumpaacaapayeyyumthey should cause
And so on for the other tenses

Remarks.
(a) The bases in e and pe take the Sigmatic Aorist Endings (418, 419).
(b) The bases in aya take the other Endings (407, b). As, paacesi.m, paacesi, paacaapesi.m, paacayi.m, paacayi, paacaapayi.m, paacaapayi, etc.


Causal Passive

495. The passive of a causal verb is formed by joining the suffix ya of the Passive to the Causative Base, by means of i, lengthened to ii, final vowel e of the Causative base having been dropped first. The Causal Passive may be translated by "caused to... , made to do..." the action expressed by the root.

Examples
RootSimple VerbCausalCausal Passive
/bhujto eatbhu~njatibhojetibhojiiyatito be caused to eat.
/karto dokarotikaaretikaariiyatito be caused to do.
/pacto cookpacatipaacetipaaciiyatito be caused to cook.

Remark. Connective vowel i may also be found short.


496. Some verbs, although in the Causative, have merely a transitive sense as:

/carto goCausative caaretito cause to goto administer (an estate)
/bhuuto beCausative bhaavetito cause toto cultivate, practise

497. Verbs of the 7th Conjugation form their causal by adding aape or aapaya to the base, the final vowel of the base having first been dropped.

RootBase
/curto stealcore
/kathto tellkathe
/timto wetteme

Simple VerbCausal
coreticorayaticoraapeticoraapayati
kathetikathayatikathaapetikathaapayati
temetitemayatitemaapetitemaapayati

Denominative Verbs

498. So called because they are formed from a noun stem by means of certain suffixes.

499. The meaning of the Denominative Verb is susceptible of several renderings in English; it generally expresses:

(a)"to act as, to be like, to wish to be like"that which is denoted by the noun.
(b)"to wish for, to desire"that which is signified by the noun.
(c)"to change or make into"that which is denoted by the noun.
(d)"to use or make use of"that which is expressed by the noun.

500. The suffixes used to form Denominative Verbal Stems are:

(i)aaya, aya, e.
(ii)iiya, iya.
(iii)a.
(iv)aara, aala.(These two rather rare).
(v)aape.

501. The base or stem having been obtained by means of the above suffixes, the Personal Endings of the tenses are added exactly as they are after other verbs.

Examples
Noun StemDenominative Verbs
ara~n~naforestara~n~niiyatito act (in town) as in the forest
ciivaramonk's robeciivariiyatito desire a robe
dhanarichesdhanayati, dhanaayatito desire riches
dolaaa palankindolaayatito desire a or wish for one's own palankin
dukkhamiserydukkhaapetito make miserable
ganaa followingganayatito wish for a following or disciples
jataamatted hairvijataayatidisentangle, comb out, tangled branches
karunamercy. pitykarunaayatito pity
maccharaavaricemacchaarayatito be avaricious (lit to act avariciously)
mettamlovemettaayatito love
nadiirivernadiyitito do, act like a river
pabbataa mountainpabbataayatito act like a mountain
pariyosaanaendpaariyosaanatito end. to cease
pattaa bowlpattiiyatito wish for a bowl
puttaa sonputtiiyatito desire, or treat as a son
saarajjamodestysaarajjatito be shy, nervous shyness
samodhaanaa connectionsamodhaanetito connect. join
samuddathe oceansammuddaayatito be or act like the ocean
sukhahappinesssukhaapetito make happy
tanhaacravingTanhaayati, tanhiiyatito crave
unhaheatunhaapetito heat, warm
upakkamadiligence. planupakkkamaalatito make diligence, to devise plans
viinaaa luteviinaayatito use the lute, to play on the lute

502. Denominatives can also be formed from the stems of adjectives and adverbs; as:

a.t.taafflicted, hurta.t.tayatito hurt, afflict.
da.lhafirm, strongda.lhaayatito make firm, strong.
santa.mbeing goodsantaratito act well, or handsomely.

Remarks.
(a) Suffixes aara and aala are simply modifications of aya.
(b) There is an uncommon way of forming Denominative Verbs from nouns: the 1st, 2nd or 3rd syllable of the noun is reduplicated and the suffix iiyisa or yisa added to the word thus reduplicated; the vowel u or i may or may not be inserted between the reduplication. (Niruttidiipanii).

Noun StemDenominative Verb
kamalamflowerkakamalaayisati or kamamalaayisati or kamalalaayisatito wish to be (as) a flower
puttasonpupputtiiyisatito wish to be (as) a son
puttaa sonputtittiyisatito wish to be (as) a son

(c) The Causal and Passive of all Denominatives are formed in the usual manner.


Desiderative Verbs

503. As its very name indicates, the Desiderative Conjugation expresses the wish or desire to do or be that which is denoted by the simple root.

504. The Desiderative is not extensively used in Paali; however, it is frequent enough to warrant a careful perusal of the rules for its formation.

505. The suffix sa is the characteristic sign of this conjugation; another characteristic is the reduplication of the root according to the rules already given (372). The student ought first to look carefully over those rules.

RootDesiderative BaseDesiderative Verb
/bhujto eatbubhukkhabubhukkhatito wish to eat (86. 372-5)
/ghasto eatjighacchajighacchatito desire to eat (89. 372-7a)
/kitto curecikicchacikicchatito desire to cure,  to treat (88; 372-2)
/paato drinkpipaasa,  pivaasapivaasatito desire to drink (372-7a)(pivaasa, from the root)
/suto hearsussusasussusatito desire to hear = listens (33.372-7c)
/tijto beartitikkhatitikkhatito endure. be patient (86. 372-7b)

506. It will be remarked that the initial s of sa is mostly assimilated.

507. The bases being obtained, the personal endings are added as usual.
Remark. The Causal and Passive are formed in the usual way.

Intensive Verbs

508. The Intensive Verbs also called Frequentative Verbs, express the frequent repetition or the intensification of the action denoted by the simple root. The characteristic of the Intensive Conjugation is the reduplication of the root according to the usual rules (372).

509. These verbs are not very frequent in Paali.

Examples
RootIntensive Verb
/calto moveca~ncalatito move to and fro. to tremble
/gamto goja"ngamatito go up and down
/kamto goca"nkamatito walk to and fro
/lapto talklaalappati, laalapatito lament
The personal endings are added as usual

510.Defective and Anomalous Verbs

/as   to be
Present System
Present
 SingularPlural
1asmi, amhiI amasma, amhawe are
2asithou artatthayou are
3atthihe issantithey are
Imperative
SingularPlural
1asmi, amhilet me beasma, amhalet us be
2ahibe thouatthabe ye
3atthulet him/her/it besantulet them be
Present Participle
ActiveReflective
Mascsantobeingsamaanobeing
Femsantiibeingsamaanaabeing
Neutsantambeingsamaanambeing
Aorist
ActiveReflective
1aasimI was, I have beenaasimhaa, aasimhawe were we have been
2aasithou was, thou hast beenaasitthayou were you have been
3aasihe was, he has beenaasum, aasimsuthey were they have been
Conditional
ActiveReflective
1assamif I were or should beassaamaif we were or should be
2assaif thou wert or should beassathaif you were or should be
3assa, siyaaif he were or should beassu, siyumif they were or should be

511.

/huu to be      (huu is a contracted form of root bhuu)
Present System
Present Imperfect
SingPlurSingPlur
1homihomaahuva ahuvamahuvamha ahuvamhaa
2hosihothaahuvoahuvattha
3hotihontiahuva ahuvaaahuvu
ImperativeOptative
SingPlurSingPlur
1homihomaheyyaamiheyyaama
2hohihomaheyyaasiheyyaatha
3hotuhontuheyyaheyyum
Present Participle
Masc: hontoFem: hontiiNeut: hontam
Aorist
SingularPlural
1ahosim ahumahosimhaa ahumhaa
2ahosiahosittha
3ahosi ahuahesum ahum
The Future has already been given (436)
Infinitive GerundFuture PP
hotum hutvaahotabbo

512.

/kar     to do, make
The present Active has already been given (403)
Present System
Present
Reflective
SingularPlural
1kubbekubbamhekurumhe
2kubbasekurusekubbavhekuruvhe
3kubbatekurute kubbatikubbantekurunte
Optative
Active
SingularPlural
1karekubbekubbeyyakareyyaamakubbeyyaamakayiraama
kareyyakayiraakayiraami
2karekubbekubbeyyaasikareyyaathakubbethakayiraatha
kareyyaasikayiraakayiraasi
3karekubbekayiraakareyya.mkubbeyya.mkayira.m
kubbeyyakareyya 
Imperfect
ActiveReflective
SingPlurSingPlur
1akara     akaramakaramhaaakari.makaramhase
2akaroakaratthaakaraseakaravha.m
3akaraakaruakaratthaakaratthu.m
The Aorist has been given (412)
Imperative
ActiveReflective
SingPlurSingPlur
1karomikaromakubbekubbaamase
2kuru  karohikarothakurussukuruvho
3karotu  kurutukarontu  kubbantukuruta.mkubbanta.m
Present Participle
ActiveReflective
Masckara.m  karontokaramaano  kurumaano  karaano  kubbaano
Femkarontikaramaanaa  kurumaanaa  karaanaa  kubbaanaa
Neutkara.m  karonta.mkaramaana  kurumaana.m  karaana.m  kubbaana.m

Future Passive Part.
kattabbokaatabbokaariyokayirokayyokara.niiyo

Remarks. All the forms in yira are obtained through metathesis, in kayyo the r has been assimilated.
Present Passive Part
kariiyamaanokariyyamaanokayiiramaanokariyamaano
Passive Base
The Passive Base has several forms:
kariiyakariyyakariyakayira

513. /da, to give.
The Present Optative and Imperative have already been given.(395). The student will remark that some of the tenses are formed directly on the root: the Radical Aorist, the Sigmatic Aorist, the Future and the Conditional.

Radical AoristSigmatic Aorist
SingPlurSingPlur
1adamadamhaaadaasimadaasimhaa
2adoadatthaadaasiadaasittha
3adaadamsu, adumadaasiadaasu.m, adaasi.msu
Future
a. From the Baseb. From the Root
SingPlurSingPlur
1dadissaamidadissaamadassaamidassaama
2dadissasidadissathadassasidassatha
3dadissatidadissantidassatidassanti
Conditional
SingPlur
1adassamadassamhaa
2adasseadassatha
3adassaaadassamsu
Participles (Masculine)
PresentPPPActive PP
dadam, dadantodinnodinnavaa
Fut PFut P P
dadassam, dadassantodaatabbo, daayo
 Pres Reflect Part
dadamaanodadamaanaadadamaanam

Verbal Prefixes

514. The Prefixes or Prepositions, called in Paali: Upasagga (23, Remark), are prefixed to verbs and their derivatives; they have been, on that account, called Verbal Prefixes. They generally modify the meaning of the root, or intensify it, and sometimes totally alter it; in many cases, they add but little to the original sense of the root.

515. The usual rules of sandhi apply when these prefixes are placed before verbs. When a prefix is placed before a tense with the augment a, the augment must not change its position, but remain between the prefix and the root, as; agaa+ati=accagaa (74, i), and not; aatigaa

516. These prefixes are as follows:

aato, at, towards, near to, until, as far as, away, all round.
Examples
/chadto cover= acchaadeti, to cover over or all around, to put on clothes (33, 35).
/cikkhto show, tell= aacikkhati, to point out, tell to (to communicate).
/kirto pour, scatter= aakirati, to scatter all over or around, to fill.
/ka.d.dhto drag, draw= aaka.d.dhati, to draw towards, to drag away.
Remarks. This prefix reverses the meaning of some roots;
/daato givebut aadaati, to take
/gamto go, base:gaccha= aagacchati, to come
abbh(abhi before vowel)
abhito, unto, towards, against, in the direction of. It also expresses excess, reverence, particularity. (Before a vowel=abbh).
Examples
/gamto go= abhigacchati, to go towards, approach
/ka"nkhto desire= abhika"nkhati, to desire particularly, to long for, yearn
/jalto blaze= abhijalati to blaze excessively, viz, fiercely
/vandto salute= abhivandati, to salute reverentially
acc(ati before vowel)
adhi(before vowels=ajjh), over, above, on, upon, at, to in, superior to, great, it expresses sometimes superiority.
Examples
/bhaasto speak= adhibhaasati, to speak to, to address.
/gamto go= ajjhagamaa, he approached = adhi + augment a + gamaa(Aorist)
/vasto live= to live in, to inhabit.
ajjh(adhi before vowel)
anuafter, along, according to, near to, behind, less than, in consequence of, beneath.
Examples
/dhaavto run= anudhaavati, to run after to pursue.
/gahto take= anuga.nhati, to take near, beneath = to protect.
/kamto go= anukkamati, to go along with, to follow.
/karto do= anukaroti, to do like, viz., to imitate, to ape.
apaoff, away, away from, forth: it also implies detraction, hurt, reverence.
Examples
/cito notice,observe= apacaayati, to honour, respect; apaciti, reverence.
/gamto go= apagacchati, to go away
/manto think= apama~n~nati, to despise
/niito lead= opaneti, to lead away, viz., to take away, remove.
apion, over, unto, close upon. This prefix is very seldom used; it is prefixed mostly to the roots: /dhaa, to put, set, lay, and /nah, to bind, join. It is moreover found abbreviated to pi in most instances.
Examples
/dhaato put, set, lay= pidahati, to cover, close, shut. apidhana.m, pidahana.m, pidhaana.m, covering, lid, cover.
/nahto bind, join= pinayhati, to bind on, join on.
ati(before vowel=acc.) beyond, across, over, past, very much, very; it expresses excess.
Examples
/carto act= aticarati, to act beyond, too much, in excess = to transgress
/kamto step, go= atikkamati (33), to step over to go across, go past, to escape, overcome, transgress, excell, to elapse
/niito lead= atineti, to lead over or across, to irrigate.
avadown off away back aside little less Implies also: disrespect disregard
Remarks ava is often contracted to o
Examples
/jaato know = avajaanaati, to despise
/harto take= avaharati, to take away. avahaaro, taking away
/khipto throw= avakhipati, to throw down
/lok, lukto look= oloketi to look down = avaloketi
ud(=the u of native grammarians; for the assimilation of final d to the following consonants see 58, 60, 62, 65. Before h, sometimes final d is lost and the u lengthened.)
Upwards, above, up, forth, out.
Examples
/chidto cut= ucchindati, to cut off
/harto take= uddharati (96) to draw out. uddhara.na.m, pulling out.
/khipto throw= ukkhipati, to throw up, get rid of; ukkhepana.m, excommunication.
/.thaato stand= u.t.thahati to stand up, rise, u.t.thaana.m, rising.
Remark. ud reverses the meaning of a few verbs
/namto bend= unnamati, to rise up, ascend
/patto fall= uppatati, to leap up, spring up.
upaunto, to, towards, near, with, by the side of, as, like, up to, (opposed to apa), below, less.
Examples
/ka.d.dhto drag= upaka.d.dhati, to drag or draw towards, to draw below or down.
/kamto go, step= upakkamati, to attack, (lit. to go towards).
/karto do= upakaroti, to do something towards unto; viz, to help, upakaaro, help, use; upakara.na.m, instrument (lit. doing with).
ni(sometimes lengthened to nii, and before a vowel=nir) out, forth, down, into, downwards, in, under.
Examples
/dhaato place= nidahati or nidheti, to deposit, hide.
/hanto strike= nihanti, to strike down
/harto take= niiharati, to take out
/kamto go= nikkhamati, to go out, to depart.
ocontracted form of ava
paonward, forward to, forth, fore, towards, with. It expresses beginning.
Examples 
/bhaato shine= pabhaati, to shine forth, to dawn. pabhaa, radiance.
/bhuuto be= pabhavati, to begin to be, viz., to spring up, to originate.
/jalto burn= pajjalati, to burn forth, to blaze.
palipari is often written:  pali(72).
paraaaway, back, opposed to, aside, beyond.
Examples
/kamto go= parakkamati, to strive put forth effort
/jito conquer= paraajeti, to overcome
pariaround, all around, about, all about, all over. Expresses completeness, etc.. pari is often written: pali (72).
Examples 
/carto walk= paricarati, to walk around, viz,. to serve, honour.
paricaaro, attendance; paricca, having encircled (=pari + i + tya).
/chidto cut= paricchindati, to cut around, to limit, mark out.
/dhaavto run= paridhaavati, to run about.
/jaato know= parijaanaati, to know perfectly, exactly.
pati, pa.tiagainst, back to, in reverse direction, back again in return, to, towards, near.
Examples
/bhaasto speak= pa.tibhaasati. to speak back, to reply.
/kamto step= pa.tikkamati, to step back, to retreat
/khipto throw= pa.tikkhipati, to refuse. pa.tikkhepo, refusing.
samwith, along, together, fully, perfectly.
/bhujto eat= sambhu~njati, to eat with.
/vasto live= sa.mvasati, to live together with; sa.mvaaso, living with.
viasunder, apart, away, without. Implies separation, distinctness, dispersion.
Examples
/chidto cut= vicchindati, to cut or break asunder, to break off, interrupt.
/jaato know= vijaanaati, to know distinctly, to discern; vijaana.m, knowing.

Remarks It should be borne in mind that two and sometimes three of the above prefixes may combine The most common combinations are:

ajjhaa( = adhi + a)ajjhaavasati to dwell in (vas) ajjhaaseti to lie upon (/sii)
ajjho( = adhi + o, o= ava)ajjhottharati to overwhelm (/thar to spread)
anupa( = anu + pa)anupakhaadati to eat into (khad); anupabbajati to give up the world (/vaj to go)
anupari( = anu + pari)anuparidhaavati to run up and down (dhav); anupariyaati to go round and round (/yaa)
anusam( = anu + sam)anusa"ngito chanted together rehearsed; anusa~ncarati to cross
samaa( = sam + aa)samaaharati to gather (/har); samaagamo assembly (/gam)
samabhi( = sam + abhi)samabhisi~ncati to sprinkle (/si~nc)
samud( = sam + ud)samukka msati to exalt; samucchindati to extirpate (/chid); samudeti to remove (/i)
samudaa(sam + ud + aa)samudaacarati to address practise (/car); samudaaha to produced (/har); samudaagamo beginning (/gam)
samupa( = sam + upa)samupeti to approach (/i); samupagacchati: to approach
upasam( = upa + sam)upasa mharati to bring together (/har); upasa mvasati to take up one's abode in (/vas to live)
vyaawritten byaa ( = vi + aa);vyaakaroti to explain (/kar); vyaapajjati to fall away (pad to go)
Remark The student must be prepared to meet with some other combinations; the general meaning of a word can always be traced from the sense of the several combined prefixes

517. It is important to note that the prefixes or prepositions are used, not only with verbs, but also with verbal derivatives, nouns and adjectives, as:

anutiirealong the bank
adhicitta.mhigh thought
abhiniilovery black

518. pari is often written: pali (72).

519. pari, vi and sam very often add merely an intensive force to the root.

520. After prefixes, sam upa, paraa, pari, and the word pura, in front,

/kar sometimes assumes the form: khar. E.g.
purakkharotito put in front, to follow= pura + /kar
parikkharosurrounding= pari + /kar

521. A few adverbs are used very much in the same way as the Verbal Prefixes, but their use is restricted to a few verbs only. They are:

aaviin full view, in sight, in view, manifestly, visibly.It is prefixed to the verbs: bhavati (/bhuu) and karoti (/kar).
Examples
 aavibhavatito become manifest, visible, to appear, be evident
aavikarotito make manifest, clear, evident; to explain, show.
ala.mfit, fit forused with verb, karoti in the sense of decorating.
Examples
ala"nkarotito adorn, embellish, decorate.
antaraamong within, betweenused with /dhaa, to put, place,
Examples
 antaradhaayatito vanish, disappear, hide;
antaradhaapetito cause to vanish or disappear.
attha.m(adv. and noun) = home; disappearance, disappearing, settingused with verbs of going=to set, disappear (of moon, sun and stars). Mostly used with the verbs gacchati and eti (/i), to go.
Examples
attha"ngacchatito disappear, to set, atthameti, to set (of the sun).
paatu(before a vowel: patur) = forth to view, manifestly, evidentlyused with bhavati and karoti.
Examples
 paatubhavatito become manifest, evident, clear, to appear, to arise
paatubhaavoappearance, manifestation;
paatukarotito manifest, make clear, evident; to produce.
purain front, forward, beforeused almost exclusively with karoti, (520).
Examples
purakkharotito put or place in front, to appoint or make a person (one's) leader, and thence: to follow, to revere.
tiroout of sight; across, beyondprefixed to roots kar and dhaa, in the sense of covering, hiding, etc.
Examples
 tirodhaapetito veil, to cover, put out of sight
tirodhaana.ma covering, a veil;

522. Prefixes du and su are never used with verbs. (See Chapter on Adverbs), and prefix a (an), is very seldom so used.

523. To finish this chapter on Verbs, we will now give the paradigm of a verb fully conjugated:

Present System.
/pac to cook. (stem paca).
Present. I cook, etc.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1pacaamipacaama.pacepacaamhe.
2pacasipacatha.pacasepacavhe.
3pacatipacantipacatepacare, pacante.
Imperfect. I cooked. etc.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1apaca, apaca.mapacamhaa, apacamha.apaci.mapacaamhase. apacamhase.
2apacoapacattha.apacaseapacavha.m.
3apacaapacu.apacatthaapacatthu.m.
Imperative. Let me cook etc.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1pacaamipacaamapacepacaamaase.
2pacaahi, pacapacathapacassupacavho.
3pacatupacantupacata.mpacanta.m.
Optative. I should. would. could. can etc. cook.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1paceyyaami, pacepaceyyaama.paceyya.mpaceyyaamhe.
2paceyyaasi, pacepaceyyaatha, pacethopaceyyavho.
3paceyya, pacepaceyyu.m.pacethapacera.m.
Present Participle.
ActiveReflective
Masc.paca.mpacantopacamaano.pacaano.
Fem.pacatiipacantiipacamaanaa.pacaanaa.
Neut.paca.mpacanta.mpacamaana.m.pacaana.m.
Aorist System.
(Stem pac).
Aorist. I cooked or I have cooked. etc.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1apaci.mapacimhaa.apacaapacimhe.
2apaciapacittha.apaciseapacivha.m.
3apaci, apaciiapacu.m, apaci.msu.apacaa, apacuuapacu.m, apaci.msu.
Remarks. The augment a may be left out.
Perfect System.
(Stem: papac)
Perfect. I cooked.etc.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1.papacapapacimha.papacipapacimhe.
2.papacepapacittha.papacitthopapacivho.
3.papacapapacu.papacitthapapacire.
 Perfect Participle Active. Having cooked.
 Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Masc.pacitavaa, pacitavanto, pacitaaviipacitavaa, pacitavanto, pacitaavii
Fem.pacitavatii, pacitavantii, pacitaaviniipacitavatii, pacitavantii, pacitaavinii.
Neut.pacitava.m, pacitavanta.m, pacitaavipacitava.m, pacitavanta.m, pacitaavi.
 Remark.The Perfect Participle is the same for the Reflective as for the Active Voice. (For formation. see 465).
Future System.
(Stem: pacissa)
Future.   I shall cook. etc.
Active VoiceReflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1.pacissaamipacissaamapacissa.mpacissaamhe
2.pacissasipacissathapacissasepacissavhe
3.pacissatipacissantipacissatepacissante
Conditional. If I could cook. etc.
Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1.apacissa.mapacissamhaaapacissa.mapacissaamhase
2.apacisseapacissathaapacissaseapacissavhe
3.apacissaaapacissa.msuapacissathaapacissi.msu
 Future Participle.
 Active Voice.Reflective Voice.
Masc.pacissa.m, pacissantopacissamaano, pacissaano
Fem.pacissatii, pacissantiipacissamaanaa, pacissaanaa
Neut.pacissa.m, pacissanta.mpacissamaana.m, pacissaana.m
Infinitive.pacitu.m
Gerund.pacitvaapacitvaanapacituunapaciya
Fut. P.P.pacitabbapacaniiya
P.P.P.pacita

Fem.corayissatiicorayissantiicoressatii.coressantii.
Present System. Active Voice
First form. (base, coraya).Second form (base, core).
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1corayaamicorayaama.coremicorema.
2corayasicorayatha.coresicoretha.
3corayaticorayanti.coreticorenti.
Imperfect. (from base, coraya only).
Sing.Plur.
1acorayaacoraya.macorayamhaa.acorayamha.
2acorayoacorayattha.
3acorayaacorayu.
Imperative.
First form. (base, coraya).Second form (base, core).
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1corayaamicorayaama.coremicorema.
2corayaahicorayatha.corehicoretha.
3corayatucorayantu.coretucorentu.
Optative.
First form. (base, coraya).Second form (base, core).
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1corayeyyaamicorayeyyaama.coreyyaamicoreyyaama.
2corayeyyaasicorayeyyaatha.coreyyaasicoreyyaatha.
3corayeyya coraye.corayeyyu.mcoreyyacoreyyu.m.
Present Participle
First form. (base, coraya).Second form (base, core).
Masc.coraya.mcorayanto.corento.
Fem.corayatiicorayantii.corentii.
Neut.coraya.mcorayanta.m.corenta.m.
Aorist System.
Aorist.
First form. (base coraya).Second form (base core).
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1corayi.mcorayimhaa. corayimha.coresi.mcoresimhaa coresimha.
2corayicorayittha.coresicoresittha.
3corayicorayu.m corayi.msu.coresicoresu.m coresi.msu.
Perfect System.
(The Perfect Tense of these verbs is not generally met with but it would be: cucora, cucore, cucorimha, etc.).
Perfect Participle Active.
Base: coraya.Base: core.
Masc.corayitavaa, corayitavanto, corayitaaviicoritavaa, coritavanto, coritaavii
Fem.corayitavatii, corayitavantii, corayitaaviniicoritavatii, coritavantii, coritaavinii
Neut.corayitava.m, corayitavanta.m, corayitaavicoritava.m, coritavanta.m, coritaavi
Future System.
Future.
First form. (base, coraya).Second form (baes, core)
1corayissaamicorayissaama.coressaamicoressaama.
2corayissasicorayissatha.coressasi.coressatha.
3corayissaticorayissanti.coressaticoressanti.
Conditional.
First form. (base coraya).Second form (base core).
1acorayissa.macorayissamhaa.
2acorayisseacorayissatha.
3acorayissaaacorayissa.msu.
Future Participle.
Active.
First form. (base, coraya).Second form (base, core).
Masc.corayissa.mcorayissantocoressa.m.coressanto.
Fem.corayissatiicorayissantiicoressatii.coressantii.
Neut.corayissa.mcorayissanta.mcoressa.m.coressanta.m.
Pres. Participle Reflective.
Masc.corayamaanocorayaano.
Fem.corayamaanaacorayaanaa.
Neut.corayamaana.mcorayaana.m.
Infinitive.corayitu.mcoretu.m.
Gerund.corayitvaacoretvaa.
P.P.F.corayitabbocoretabbo

525. The Reflective Voice presents no difficulty; it is generally formed on the base in aya:

Reflective.
Present.Imperfect.
Sing.Plur.Sing.Plur.
1corayecorayaamheacoraya.macorayaamhase.
2corayasecorayavhe.acorayaseacorayavha.m.
3corayatecorayanteacorayatthaacorayatthu.m

Passive Voice

526. The Passive Voice is formed in the usual way by joining ya to the base by means of vowel i lengthened to ii, the final vowel of the base being dropped before ii.

Present.
SingularPlural.
1coriiyaamiI am robbedcoriiyamaawe are robbed
2coriiyasithou art robbedcoriiyathayou are robbed
3coriiyatihe is robbedcoriiyantithey are robbed

And so on for the other tenses.


527. The Causal and the Denominative Verbs are conjugated exactly like coreti.

528. The following paradigm will familiarize the student with the changes which take place in the principal forms of the Verb:

RootSpecial BaseActiveReflect.PassiveCausalCausal Passive
/pac, to cookpacapacatipacatepaccate, paccatipaaceti, paacaapeti, paacayati, paacaapayati.paaciyati, paacaapiyati.
/daa, to givedadaadadaatidadatediyate, diyatidaapati, daapaapetidaapiyati
/nii, to leadne, nayaneti, nayatinayateniyate, niyati, niyyatinaayayati, nayaapeti, nayaapayatinayaapiyati
/han, to killhanahanati, hantihanateha~n~nate, ha~n~natihaneti, hanaapeti, hanayati, hanaapayatihanaapiyati, hanayiyati
/khaad, to eatkhaadakhaadatikhaadatekhaajjate, khaajjatikhaadeti, khaadayati, khaadaapeti, khaadaapayatikhaadapiyati, khaadaapiyati
/lu, to cutlunaalunaatilunateluuyate, luuyatilaaveti, laavayatilaaviyati
/bhuu, to bebhavabhavatibhavatebhuuyate, bhuuyatibhaaveti, bhaavayati, bhaavaapeti, bhaavaapayatibhaaviyati
/labh, to getlabhalabhatilabhatelabbhate, labbhatilabheti, labhayati, labhaapeti, labhaapayatilabhaapiyati
/su, to hearsu.naa, su.nosu.naati, su.notisu.natesuuyate, suuyatisaaveti, su.napetisaaviyati


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