Chapter:  [ Contents | 1.Alphabet | 2.Sandhi | 3.Assimilation | 4.Strengthening | 5.Declension | 6.Feminine | 7.Adjectives | 8.Numerals | 9.Pronouns | 10.1 Verbs | 10.2 Verbs | 10.3 Verbs | 11.Indeclinables | 12.Compounds | 13.Derivation | 14.Syntax | 15.Prosody ]

A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language
Chapter 8

250. NUMERALS

The Numerals are as follows:

251.

CardinalsOrdinals
1. eka, one.pa.thama, first.
2. dve, two.dutiya, second.
3. tayo, three.tatiya, third.
4. cattaaro.catuttha, turiiya.
5. pa~nca.pa~ncatha, pa~ncama.
6. cha.cha.t.tha, chatthama.
7. satta.sattha, sattama.
8. a.t.tha.a.t.thama.
9. nava.navama.
10. dasa, rasa, lasa, .lasa.dasama.
11. ekaarasa, ekaadasa.ekarasama.
12. baarasa, dvaarasa.baarasama.
13. tedasa, terasa, telasa.tedasama.
14. catuddasa, cuddasa, coddasa.catuddasama.
15. pa~ncadasa, pa.n.narasa, pannarasa.pa~ncadasama.
16. so.lasa, sorasa.so.lasama.
17. sattadasa, sattarasa.sattadasama.
18. a.t.thaadasa a.t.thaarasa.a.t.thaadasama.
19. ekuunaviisati, ekuunaviisa.m.ekuunaviisatima.
20. viisati, viisa.m.viisatima.
21. ekaviisati, ekaviisa.m.ekaviisatima.
22. dvaaviisati.dvaaviisatima.
23. teviisati.teviisatima.
24. catuviisati.catuviisatima.
25. pa~ncaviisati.pa~ncaviisatima.
26. chabbiisati.chabbiisatima.
27. sattabiisati, sattaviisati.sattabiisatima.
28. a.t.thaviisa.m.a.t.thaviisatima.
29. ekuunati.msati, ekuunati.msa.m.ekuunati.msatima.
30. ti.msati, ti.msa.m.ti.msatima.
31. ekati.msati.ekati.msatima.
32. dvatti.msati.dvatti.msatima.
40. cattaaliisa.m, cattaariisa.m.cattaalisatiima.
50. pa~n~naasa, pa~n~naasa.m.pa~n~naasama.
60. sa.t.thi.sa.t.thima.
70. sattati.sattatima.
80. asiiti.asiitima.
90. navuti.navutima.
100. sata.m.satama.
200. baasata.m, dvaasata.m.baasatama.
1000. sahassa.m.sahassama.

252. (I) CARDINALS

253. Eka, one, is in the singular very often used in an indefinite sense, meaning: a certain, a; as,

eko naavikoa boatman, a certain boatman.
ekaa kumaarikaaa princess, a certain princess.
In the plural, it means: some, as,
eke purisaasome men...
ekaa maanusinisome women...

254. The Cardinals, eka, taya and cattaaro are declined in the plural in the three genders; eka, alone of course, having singular forms.

255. Declension of Eka, One

Singular
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Nom.eko.ekaa.eka.m.
Gen.ekassa.ekissaa, ekissaaya.ekassa.
Dat.ekassa.ekissaa, ekissaaya.ekassa.
Acc.eka.m.eka.m.eka.m.
Ins.ekena.ekaaya.ekena.
Abl.ekasmaa, ekamhaa.ekaaya.ekasmaa, ekamhaa.
Loc.ekasmi.m, ekamhi.ekaaya, ekissa.m.ekasmi.m, ekamhi.
Voc.eka.eke.eka.

Plural
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Nom.eke.ekaa, ekaayo.ekaani.
Gen.ekesa.m.ekaasa.m.ekesa.m.
Dat.ekesa.m.ekaasa.m.ekesa.m.
Acc.eke.ekaa, ekaayo.ekaani.
Ins.ekehi, ekebhi.ekaahi, ekhaabhi.ekehi, ekebhi.
Abl.ekehi, ekebhi.ekaahi, ekhaabhi.ekehi, ekebhi.
Loc.ekesu.ekaasu.ekesu.

Remark. The above declension is chiefly pronominal. (See Pronouns, Chapter IX)

256. Declension of Tayo, Three

Plural (No Singular)
MasculineFeminineNeuter
Nom.tayo.tisso.ti.ni.
Gen.ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m.tissanna.m, tissa.m.ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m.
Dat.ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m.tissanna.m, tissa.m.ti.n.na.m, ti.n.nanna.m.
Acc.tayo.tisso.tii.ni.
Ins.tiihi, tiibhi.tiihi, tiibhi.tiihi, tiibhi.
Abl.tiihi, tiibhi.tiihi, tiibhi.tiihi, tiibhi.
Loc.tiisu.tiisu.tiisu.

257. Declension of Cattaaro, Caturo, Four

MasculineFeminineNeuter
Nom.cattaaro, caturo.catasso.cattaari.
Gen.catunna.m.catassanna.m, cattassa.m.catunna.m.
Dat.catunna.m.catassanna.m, cattassa.m.catunna.m.
Acc.cattaaro, caturo.catasso.cattaari.
Ins.catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi.catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi.catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi.
Abl.catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi.catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi.catubbhi, catuuhi, catuubhi.
Loc.catuusu.catuusu.catuusu.

258.

(a)In composition, the base of tayo isti, as:
tilokahitadabestowing benefits on the three worlds.
(b)Not seldom, tri also is met with:
trikumbhanagara.mthe "three-Hillock-City" (Rangoon)
(c)The base of cattaaro in composition is catu before a consonant, the consonant being often reduplicated; and catur before a vowel:
catumukho having four faces.
catuppadoa quadruped.
catuparisa.mthe four assemblies.
catura"ngii, (catu. r. a"ngii)having four divisions.
caturasso, (catu . r. asso)having four corners, quadrangular.

259. The Dual has completely disappeared in Paali; the only two vestiges that have come down to us being dve or duve, two, and ubho, both. But even in these two words, the student will remark that the inflection of the plural has almost entirely superseded that of the dual.

260. Dve or duve and ubho, are of the three genders, and used in the plural only.

Dve, TwoUbho, Both
Nom.dve, duve.ubho, ubhe.
Gen.dvinna.m, duvinna.m.ubhinna.m.
Dat.dvinna.m, duvinna.m.ubhinna.m.
Acc.dve, duve.ubho, ubhe.
Ins.dviihi, dviibhi.ubhohi, ubhobhi, ubhehi, ubhebhi.
Abl.dviihi, dviibhi.ubhohi, ubhobhi, ubhehi, ubhebhi.
Loc.dviisu.ubhosu, ubhesu.

261.

(a) The base of dve, duve in composition is dvi and also di, du and dve:
dvijotwice born, a brahmin.
dvijivhodouble-tongued, a snake.
dvipodrinking twice, an elephant.
dipadotwo-legged, a biped.
 digu.notwo-fold.
 duvidhoof two kinds.
dvebhuumakohaving two stories.
dvepakkhotwo factions or parties.

(b) dva, dvaa are also used as the bases of dve, but chiefly in composition with other numbers:
dvattikkhatu.m (dva-ti-khattu.m)two or three times
dvati.msatithirty two.
 dvaasa.t.thisixty-two.
 dvaaviisatitwenty-two.

(c) baa is similarly used as a base.
baarasa, baadasatwelve.
baaviisatitwenty-two.

262. Pa~nca, five, is, like dve, of the three genders. It is declined as follows:

Nom.pa~nca.
Gen.pa~ncanna.m.
Dat.pa~ncanna.m.
Acc.pa~nca.
Ins.pa~ncahi.
Abl.pa~ncahi.
Loc.pa~ncasu.

263. The other numbers up to 18 included, are also of the three genders, and are declined as follows:

Nom., Acc. & VocGen. & Dat.Ins. & Abl.Loc.
six, cha.channa.m.chahi.chasu.
seven, satta.sattanna.m.sattahi.sattasu.
eight, a.t.tha.a.t.thanna.m.a.t.thahi.a.t.thasu.
nine, nava.navanna.m.navahi.navasu.
ten, dasa.dasanna.m.dasahi.dasasu.

264. The numerals from 11 to 18 are declined in exactly the same way.

265. Here it must be observed that 10 has three forms:

dasarasalasa

the last two being used only in composition with other numerals; .lasa is also found.

266. The numerals from 19 to 99 are Feminine; as they are formed by prefixing the numerals from 1 to 9 to the decades, the decades are here given separately.

20,viisati, viisa. 50,pa~n~naasa, pa.n.naasa.
30,ti.msati, ti.msa. 60,sa.t.thi.
40,cattaaliisa, cattaalisa 70,sattati.
cattaarisa, 80,asiti.
taalisa, taalisa. 90,navuti.

267. The numerals ending in i are declined like the Feminines in i (jaati, ratti).

268. Those in a take in the Nom. sometimes the form in aa, like ka~n~naa, but usually they assume in the Nom. Neuter form in a.m.

269. The following will serve as a model for the declension of numerals from 20 to 99:

Declension of Viisati, 20

Nom. & Voc.Acc.Gen. & Dat.Ins. & Abl.Loc.
1st form: viisa.m, viisa.visa.m.visaaya.visaaya.visaaya, visaaya.m.
2nd form: viisati.viisati.m.visatiyaa.visatiyaa.visatiyaa, visatiya.m.

Remark. Numerals in i follow the 2nd form and those in a the 1st form.

270. To express full decades but one, as 19, 29, 39, etc: ekuuna (eka, one + uuna, deficient by) is prefixed to the decades, as:

ekuunaviisati,     19, viz., 20 deficient by one.
ekuunati.msa,     29 viz., 30 deficient by one, etc.

271. The very high numerals as, ko.ti, ten millions, pako.ti, one hundred billions, etc., are declined like viisati.

272. Sata.m    100, sahassa.m    1000, lakha.m    l00,000, are Neuter substantives, and therefore declined as such on the model of ruupa.m (124).

273. (II) ORDINALS

274. The Ordinals are formed from the Cardinals, from 5 upwards, by means of the suffix ma:

CardinalOrdinal
5pa~ncapa~ncama 5th.
6chachama, 6th.
7sattasattama, 7th.
8a.t.thaa.t.thama, 8th,  etc.

275. Ordinals 5th, 6th and 7th, have two forms:

5thpa~ncathapa~ncama.
6thcha.t.thacha.t.thama.
7thsattasattama.

276. From 5 upwards, the Ordinals form their Feminine by means of suffix ii (181, 2) and their Neuter is formed in a.m. They are therefore declined like devo, nadii and ruupa.m.

Examples
Masc. Nom.Fem. Nom.Neut. Nom.
pa~ncamopa~ncamiipa~ncama.m
cha.t.thamocha.t.thamiicha.t.thama.m
sattamosattamiisattama.m
a.t.thamoa.t.thamiia.t.thama.m,  etc.

277. From 11 upwards, however, the Cardinals themselves are not seldom used as Ordinals; so that we have the choice of two forms, and can say either,

ekaarasa, 11th, orekaarasama, 11th.
pa~ncadasa, 15th, orpa~ncadasama, 15th.
catuviisati 24th, orcatuviisatima, 24th, etc.

278. The first four Ordinals are as follows:

Masc. Nom.Fem. Nom.Neut. Nom.
pa.thamopa.thamaapa.thama.m
dutiyodutiyaadutiya.m
tatiyotatiyaatatiya.m
catutthocatutthaacatuttha.m

Remark. They are consequently declined like deva, ka~n~naa and ruupa.m.

279. (III) Adverbial Derivatives from Numerals

280. Many important adverbs are derived from numerals by means of some suffixes.

281. By means of suffixdhaa are formed adverbs signifying: ways, times, fold and sometimes kinds.

Examples
ekadhaaonce.
dvidhaain two ways; in two; of two kinds.
tidhaain three ways; three-fold, in three parts.

282. The word gu.na, though not a suffix, is often employed like dhaa with the meanings of times, fold. In the sense of times, it generally takes the Neuter form in a.m.

Examples
dasagu.na.mten times; or ten-fold.
tigu.na.mthree times; or three-fold.
catugu.na.mfour times; or, four-fold.

Remark. In the sense of fold, the compound being an adjective, is treated as such and is declined like deva, ka~n~naa and ruupa.m.

283. dhaa is also used in the same way after a few adjectives:

bahudhaain many ways.
anekadhaain more than one way.

284. Distributive adverbs are formed from numerals by means of suffix so (Sansk. iias).

Examples
ekasoone by one.
pa~ncasofive by five.

285.

Examples
dvikkhattu.mtwice.
sattakkhattu.mseven times.
satasahassakkhattu.mone hundred thousand times.

286. The two following suffixes, from substantives and adjectives ka and ya, form collective nouns and adjectives.

Examples
catukkafour-fold, consisting of four, a collection of four things; a place where four roads meet.
dvayaof two sorts, consisting of two a pair.
dvika, dukaconsisting of two, a pair.
tika, taya, tayiconsisting of three, a triad, etc.

287. There is an adverb, meaning once, at once, never used in composition with numerals, it is saki.m, (Sansk, sak.rt). When used before words beginning with a vowel it sometimes takes the forms sakid or sakad.

Examples
saki.mpassantoseeing (him) once.
saki.myevaat once, simultaneously.
sakid evaat once, simultaneously.
sakadaagamii (aagami)returning once only.


(Original file downloaded from www.tipitaka.net/pali/grammar/. Tabulation follows the pdf file located at www.buddhanet.net/pdf_file/paligram.pdf .)