For those who are interested. This lexicon is based on previous postings by
some of our colleagues. No guarantees as to accuracy or re: typos on my
part. I'd appreciate any corrections and updates.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Uralic lexicon
Sources:
Ante Aikio <
anaikio@...>
Xavier Delamarre <e-mail>
Adam Hyllested <
adahyl@...>
Jorma Koivulehto "Uralische Evidenz für die Laryngaltheorie" (1991) (cit.
Ante Aikio)
Uralic *aja-, *xaja- ?drive? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< ? Pre-Uralic *xaja- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *(H)ag´- ?drive? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *d´ïxmi ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Sami (North) /duopma/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Sami (South) /foeme/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Finnish /tuomi/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Estonian /toom/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Mordvin (Erzya) /l´om/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Manysi (Pelymka) /l´ëëm/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Selkup (Taz) /c^ëm/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Kamass /lem/ ?bird cherry? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Uralic *elä- ?carry, lift? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *ertäs [Aikio 10 Mar 2000]
< pre-Aryan *erdhos ?side? [Aikio 10 Mar 2000]
Mordvin ir´d´es, Mari ördEZ) ~ *ertä [Aikio 10 Mar 2000]
Saami earti [Aikio 10 Mar 2000]
Udmurt urd-lï [Aikio 10 Mar 2000]
Komi ord-lï [Aikio 10 Mar 2000]
proto-Uralic *jäNi ?ice? (N = velar nasal) [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
> Germanic-Celtic *yeg- ?ice? [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
Uralic *jïNsi ?bow? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Sami /juoksa/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Hungarian /íj/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets /nginº/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *juxi- ?drink? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< ? IE *g´uH- ?pour? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *kaja- ?sun, dawn? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *kay- ?heat? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *kala ?fish? [Aikio 10 Jul 2001]
> IE *(s)kwalo- ??whale, ?fish species? [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
Finnish kala ?fish? [Aikio 10 Jul 2001]
Uralic *käl(x)i-w- ?brother/sister-in-law? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< Pre-Uralic ?*kälxiw- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *ghlHi- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Uralic *kani- ?go? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *kan-ta- ?carry? (causative derivative of Uralic *kani- ?go?) [Aikio
27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *käti ?hand, arm? (not < IE) [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
Uralic *ka:te ?hand? (< IE zero grade) [Hyllested Feb 2000]
related forms in Mordvin, Omok, Yukaghir [Hyllested Feb 2000]
Finnish <ka:si> [Hyllested Feb 2000]
Finnic-Mordvin *küm(m)ini ?10? (not < IE) [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
see Finnish <kymmenta:/kymmenen> ?ten? (< IE full grade) [Hyllested
Feb 2000]
< IE *kmt- ?hand? (zero grade) [Hyllested Feb 2000]
see IE derivations *dekmt ?10?, *(d)kmtom ?100? [Hyllested Feb
2000]
Uralic *käwDi- ?rope? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *Haw-dh- ?flechten, binden? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< ? pre-IE *h2ewdh- / *h2awdh- [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
see Armenian z-aud ?Band?, Old Norse vádhr ?Seil, Schnur? [Aikio 10
Feb 2000]
Uralic *käxli ?tongue? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Sami /kiella/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets (Forest) /sye/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *kaxsi ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Sami /guossa/ ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Finnish /kuusi/ ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Estonian /kuusk/ ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Mordvin /kuz/ ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Khanty (Vasjugan) /kagøt/ ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Nenets /xadi/ ?spruce? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Uralic *kelki- ?must, have to? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *skelH- / *sklH- ?must, have to? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *kerä- ?bunch; collect? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *ger- ?collect etc.? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
proto-Uralic *koki- ?see, find? [Aikio 23 Jan 2000]
< IE *Hokw- ?see? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Uralic *kosi- ?cough? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *kwa:s- ?cough? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *kota- ?hut, house? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *kot- ?Wohnraum? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *koxji ?birch? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Finnish /koivu/ ?birch? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Estonian (South) /kõiv/ ?birch? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Mari /kue/ ?birch? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Nenets /xo/ ?birch? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Nganasan /küø/ ?birch? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Uralic *kulki- ?wander, go, flow? (not ?*kulxi- > *kuli-) [Koivulehto cit.
Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *kwelH- ?wander, etc.? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Finnish /kulke-/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets /xæ-/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
> Samoyedic *kEj- [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Uralic *kuns´i- ?to urinate? [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
> Hungarian /húgy/ [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
but elsewhere Uralic *s´ was depalatalized [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
Uralic *lons'a ?soft, mild? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
> Hungarian /lagy/ [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Uralic *luka ?10? (Saamic, Mari and Manysi) [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
see Uralic *luki- ?count, say? [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
Uralic *luki- ?count, say? [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
Uralic *meti- ?honey? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *medhu- ?honey? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *mexi- ?sell, give? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *mey-gw- ?exchange? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *mos´ki- ?wash? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *mozg-eye- ?wash? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
< IE *mozg- ?wash? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *myxi- ?earth? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *näxi- ?woman, wife? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *gwnaH- ?woman? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< ? pre-IE *gwneh2- / *gwnah2- [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *nimi ?name? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *nimi-n genitive [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *nimi-m accusative [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *nimi-N lative [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *nimi-nä locative [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *nimi-mi ?my name? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< ? IE *nmen ?name? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *h1neh3-men ~ *h3neh3-men ?name? (abstract suffix *-men)
[Carrasquer Vidal 5 Feb 2000]
see Hittite <lamaan> ?name? [Carrasquer Vidal 5 Feb 2000]
Mordvin-Mari *limi- [Aikio 4 Feb 2000]
see Yukaghir <niu, neve, nim> [Hyllested 15 Feb 2000]
see Chuvan <nyva:> [Hyllested 15 Feb 2000]
< Indo-Uralic *(n)newmn- [Hyllested 15 Feb 2000]
< Indo-Uralo-Yukaghir *(n)newme- [Hyllested 15 Feb 2000]
Uralic *orpa(s)- ?orphan? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *orbho(s)- ?orphan? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *pärtä- ?board? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *bhrdho- ?board? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *pel(x)i- ?fear? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< ? Pre-Uralic *pelxi- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *pelH- ?frightening, etc.? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Uralic *pexi- ?cook? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *bheH- ?roast, etc.? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic ?*pic´(V)lV or ?*pic´(V)rV ?rowan? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Finnish /pihla-ja/ ?rowan? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Estonian /pihlakas/ ?rowan? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Mordvin /piz´ol/ ?rowan? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Udmurt /palez´/ ?rowan? (metathetic) [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Khanty (Vakh-Vasjugan) /pec´ør/ ?rowan? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
(the reflexes of this word contain phonological irregularities).
[Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Uralic *pitä- ?attach, hold, bind? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *ped- ?fassen? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic ?*pow(x)i- / *poxi- / *puxi- ?tree? (reconstruction problematic)
[Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *bhowH- ?grow? (with derivatives meaning ?tree?) [Aikio 10 Feb
2000]
Uralic *pun(x)a- ?plait? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< ? Pre-Uralic *punxa- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *pnH- (zero grade) [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *(s)pn(H)- ?plait? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *pur(x)a- ?drill? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< ? Pre-Uralic *purxa- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *bhrH- (zero grade) [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Uralic *s´äcä ?water? (reflexes mean ?water? in Saamic, ?flood water? in
Khanty) [Aikio 25 Jan 2000]
Uralic *s´ada- ?rain, fall? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *k´ad- ?rain, fall? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *s´alka- ?pole, rod? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *g´halgho- ?pole, rod? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic ?*SäSi, ?*SäS-kä ?otter? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
> Proto-Finnic *hähkä ?otter? [Aikio 21 Feb 2001]
> Proto-Samoyedic *tet ?otter? [Aikio 21 Feb 2001]
Uralic *Selki- ?fly? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
> Proto-Samoyedic *tij- (*e > *i and *lki > *j are regular) [Aikio 15
Feb 2001]
Uralic *sexji ?pus? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Sami /siet´t´a/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Hungarian /év/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets/tyím-/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *sïksi ?Siberian pine? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Komi /susï-pu/ ?Siberian pine? (/pu/ ?tree?) [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Khanty (Vakh-Vasjugan dialect) /Lïgøl/ ?Siberian pine? [Aikio 4 Jul
2001]
Manysi (Pelymka dialect) /tëët/ ?Siberian pine? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Nenets /tideh/ ?Siberian pine? [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
(no cognates in more western Uralic, because the tree only grows in
the speaking area of Samoyedic, Ob-Ugric & Permic) [Aikio 4 Jul 2001]
Uralic *SiNiri ?mouse? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Finnish /hiiri/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Hungarian /egér/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *s´ola- ?gut? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *k´olo- [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
see Greek kólon [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *k´el- ?cover? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *s'üns'ä ?breast? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
> Hungarian /szüügy/ [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Uralic *suxi- ?to row? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
< ? IE *suH- ?to propel, put in motion? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Samoyed *tu- [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Uralic *syxni- ?vein, sinew? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *sHi-nu- ?vein, sinew? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *teki- ?put, do? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *dheH- ?put, do? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *-teksä(n) numeral affix [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
Finnish kahdeksan ?eight?, yhdeksän ?nine? [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
< Proto-Iranian *detsa [Aikio 25 Feb 2000]
but see Sanskrit <das'a> ?10? and Avestan <dasa> ?10? [Hyllested
Feb 2000]
Uralic *toxi- ?bring, give, sell? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *doH- ?give? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *tuli- ?fire? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *tuxli- ?feather, wing; wind; mood; to blow? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *dhuH-li- [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *dhewH- ?stieben, wirbeln, wehen, blasen usw.? [Aikio 10 Feb
2000]
Uralic *ulki ?pole? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Sami /holka/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets /ngú/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Samoyedic *uj- [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Uralic *wajNi ?breath, spirit? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Sami /vuojNa/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets /yíntºq/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *wetä- ?pull, lead? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *wedh- ?lead? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *weti ?water? [Aikio 29 Jan 2000]
< IE *wed- ?water? [Aikio 29 Jan 2000]
Finnish /vesi/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Nenets /yiq/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *widimi ?marrow? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Finnish /ydin/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Hungarian /velöö/ [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *wixi- ?take (somewhere)? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *weg´h- [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
Uralic *wixti ?five or ten? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
> *wiiti > *viiti > *viic´i > [Aikio 10 Jul 2001]
> Finnish /viisi/ ?5? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
> Hungarian /öt/ ?5? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
> *wixtø > *wiøtø > *wüøtø > [Aikio 10 Jul 2001]
> Proto-Samoyedic *wüøt > *wüøq > *wüq > *w'uq [Aikio 10 Jul
2001]
> Nenets /yuq/ ?10? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Uralic *wosa- ?merchandise? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *wos- ?merchandise? [Aikio 10 Feb 2000]
< IE *wosah2- ?merchandise? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Mansi /wëët-xum/ ?merchant? (/xum/ ?man?) [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
< *waTa- [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Komi /vuz/ ?merchandise? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Lule Sami /oase-s/ ?merchandise? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Finnic-Saamic *kas´a- ?tip, end? [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
< IE *Hak´- [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
Finnic-Saamic *suki- ?family, kin? [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
< IE *suH- [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
Finnish lehti ?leaf? (cognates in Saamic and Mari) [Koivulehto cit. Aikio
31 Jan 2000]
< *leSti [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE / Pre-Germanic *bhlH-ts- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
> Germanic *bladha- ?leaf? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Finnish puhdas ?clean? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< *puStas [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *puH-to-s [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
> Old Indic pu:táh ?clean? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Finnish rehto ?row (of constructions)? [Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< *reSto [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE / Pre-Germanic *rH-tó- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
> Germanic *radha- ?row etc.? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
Finnish rohto ?herb, medical plant? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< *roSto [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE / Pre-Germanic *ghróH-to- [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
> Germanic *gro:tha- ?herb, plant, etc.? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan
2000]
Finnish tahdas ?dough? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< *taStas (instead of *taSistas on phonotactic grounds) [Koivulehto
cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
< IE *taH-i-s-to-s [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan 2000]
> Cymric toes, Russian testo ?dough? [Koivulehto cit. Aikio 31 Jan
2000]
Hungarian /arany/ ?gold? [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
see Avestan zaranyam "gold", Old Persian daranyam "gold" [Carrasquer
Vidal 10 Feb 2001]
Hungarian /hét/ (< *ét) ?seven? [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
see Proto-Iranian *hapta [Carrasquer Vidal 10 Feb 2001]
< IE *septm [Carrasquer Vidal 10 Feb 2001]
Mansi /ootEr/ ?lord? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
< *aTir- < *asira [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
< Proto-Aryan *asura- ?lord? [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Komi /ozïr/ [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Mordvin /azoro/ [Aikio 15 Feb 2001]
Saamic *s´uki- ?sharpen? [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
< IE *k´uH- ?pointed, sharp? [Aikio 24 Jan 2000]
Samoyedic-Ugric shift *s > *T [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
> *t in Samoyedic [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
(explained by pushing effect of Uralic palatalized *s´ [Aikio 3 Feb
2001]
Uralic palatalized *s´) [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
> *s in Ugric and Samoyedic [Aikio 3 Feb 2001]
Finnic-Saamic *kas´a- ?tip, end? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
< IE *Hak´- [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Estonian (Southern) kadsa ?corner of the back of an axe blade? [Aikio
27 Jan 2000]
Finnic-Saamic *suki- ?family, kin? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
< IE *suH- [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Estonian sugema ?arise, develop, be born etc.?, sugu ?family, kin?
[Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Samoyedic *pura- ?burn? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
< IE *pur- ?fire? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Hungarian, Ob-Ugric *tüwV-s ?fire? [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
< ? IE *dhew- (the vowel causes some difficulties) [Aikio 27 Jan 2000]
Finnish torvi ?horn (instrument)?
< *tawras < Baltic
see Lithuanian taure~
Finnish karva ?hair (not on head)?
see Lithuanian gau~ras
------------------------------------------------------------------
21 Feb 2001 Ante Aikio <
anaikio@...>
The Uralic sibilant correspondences are roughly the following:
Sami Finnic Mordvin Mari Permic Hungarian Khanty Mansi Samoyed Uralic
1) s s s/z S s/z 0 *L *t *t *s
2) c^ s s'/z' S s'/z' <sz> (/s/) *s *s
*s *s'
3) s h S/Z S S/Z 0 *L *t *t *S
------------------------------------------------------------------
10 Mar 2000 Ante Aikio <
anaikio@...>
[Xavier Delamarre]
Finnish porsas < Aryan [Delamarre]
Finnish taivas < Aryan [Delamarre]
Finnish arvo < Aryan [Delamarre]
Finnish orpo ?orphan?; back-formation of *orpas
< Proto-Finnic *orpoi
< *orpa-j (diminutive suffix *-j)
Saami oarbbis
Mordvin uros
Hungarian árva (*s > zero regular in Hungarian)
-o in arvo 'value' must be secondary, since there is Finnish arva-ta 'to
guess, estimate'.
*harkSas
> Pre-Finnic *kar(k)Sa seems perfectly possible - but Finnish -u would have
to be a suffix (< *-Vw).
------------------------------------------------------------------