> ---In cybalist@yahoogroups.com, <bm.brian@...> wrote:
> > At 9:46:42 PM on Thursday, November 21, 2013, Joao S. Lopes wrote:
> >
> > My main question is: how can a phoneme be "added" to a
> > lanaguage inventory without being substratal, superstratal
> > or adstratal?
>
> Phonemic split.
>
> https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonological_change#Split
There is also a third option that is a hybrid of these two: the phonemization of an allophone thru the adoption of loanwords.
Frequently it seems that an allophone is recognized as distinct already before it actually acquires phonemic status, which allows a phone to be used in loanwords even in positions where it is not predicted by the previous phonological rule. The distinction between /f/ and /h/ in Japanese, for example, has this kind of a history: in old vocabulary only /ha he hi ho/ and /fu/ are allowed, but in recent loanwords /f/ is also allowed before other vowels (e.g. /fooku/ "fork"). /v/ in English seems to be an example as well, I think?
A fourth somewhat similar option possible is the extension of an allophone into a phoneme thru analogy (though I am unsure if there are any completely unambiguous examples known of this). Suppose e.g. a language where /s/ has an allophone [S] before /i/; also suppose that there is a class of words whose stem ends in -i in most forms, but in -a in certain inflected forms. If [S] is analogically introduced to inflected forms also before /a/, then its contrast with [s] will have ceased to become phonologically predictable and we'd have to consider it a separate phoneme.
It may be possible to still analyze a phoneme of this sort as morphophonologically secondary, if a form such as /muSa/ is taken to be underlyingly //musi+a//.
Some changes of this sort have been associated with consonant gradation in Finnic. For one example, in Proto-Finnic [N] originally occurred only as an allophone of /n/ (or, equally well, /m/) before /k/, including its weak grade allophone [g]. Eventually [Ng] was assimilated to [N:], which would have granted /N/ the status of a phoneme, strictly speaking. However, as consonant gradation remained a conditioned morphophonological process, this could still have been considered the weak grade of //nk//, and so still no underlying //N// would need to be posited. - In Modern Finnish though, the status of /N/ has been reinforced thru the adoption of loanwords such as _anglo-_ /aNlo/, _magneetti_ /maNneetti/, _tango_ /taNNo/.
_j.