From: Torsten
Message: 67293
Date: 2011-03-29
> scapulae, -Ärum f.pl. (singular rare and late, Vulg.): shoulders;Falk & Torp
> technical senses:
> arm of a machine (Vitr.);
> mountain top (Tert.).
> Ancient (Cat., Pl. ), common; serves as cognomen: Scapula, whence
> ScapulÄnus.
> Not much represented in the Romance languages, cf. M.L.7657, where
> it has been replaced by spatula.
> Late derivative: scapulÄre n.
> Irish scabal "scapulaire".
> In Umbrian, there is one occurrence of destrame scalpa "in dextram
> scapulam".
> The explanation of the word by the root of Greek ÏκάÏÏÏ "I dig",
> etc., which has been justified by the fact that the shoulder blades
> served as spades, is obviously hypothetical; cf. the later
> substitution of scapula with spatula. See scabÅ; besides, the
> shoulder blades might have been named after their resemblance to
> spades. M. J. Bloch points to Marathi khavÄ, from skapaka.
> [I propose *Å¡aN# -> Å¡aNp#; *Å¡aNp-Vl- ("tool for taking out dirt,
> rotten stuff", ie. eg. "shovel", cf. scapula) -> *šáp-Vl-/*šup-V´l-]
> ...
>
> Pokorny
> 'OHG scultirra,
> OE sculdor "shoulder"
> (*skļ-dhrÄ "scapula as shovel, as digging tool");'
>
> [ie. *šaN-l-tér-aN- -> *šul-dhér-aN-]
>
> [and for this entry I propose *šáp-Vl-/*šup-V´l- -> by metathesis
> *šálp-/*šulp´-]
>
> scalpÅ, -is, -psÄ«, -ptum, -ere: scratch.
> Ancient, popular in this sense (comedies, satires, etc.).
> Took on a technical sense in the laguage of cutters and sculptors,
> and served to translate Greek γλÏÏÏ "carve, engrave" and "sculpt".
> Without doubt the classical language knew only scalpÅ and its
> derivatives with these divers senses, and the difference that has
> been sought establish between scalpÅ = ξÎÏ and sculpÅ = γλÏÏÏ is
> unfounded. Varro only knew scalpÅ (cf. L.L.6,96 "scalpere" a
> ÏκαλεÏειν); as did Diomedes, GLK I 378,31: scalpo, insculpo: quare
> "gemma scalpta" dicendum non "sculpta"; adiecta enim praepositione
> facit "sculpta". But in the imperial period, on the model of the
> compounds exsculpÅ (already in Pl.Ci. 541 in a figurative sense),
> Ä«nsculpÅ, a simple sculpÅ can be seen being gradually substituted
> for scalpÅ in the technical sense; and a distinction of secondary
> and recent character is established between scalpÅ "scrape, scratch"
> and sculpŠ"sculpt, carve". Inscriptions of the bonne époque and the
> good manuscrits know only the formes with 'a': the Acta fratr.
> Arual. correctly oppose scalptÅ«ra (marmoris) to Ä«nsculpÅ; the
> indices of the Pliny the Elder and Vitruvius show that the best
> manuscripts have a majority of the forms scalpÅ, scalptor,
> scalptūra, cf. Hūlsen, Philol. 56,388. Very often, where editors
> read sculptūra, the mss. hesitate between the form with 'a' and the
> form with 'u'; and the preference given by the moderns to the latter
> is only founded on the difference in sense arbtitrarily supposed
> between scalpÅ and sculpÅ (the article in Georges' dictionary, 8th
> ed., is in that respect completely wrong): thus for instance
> in Ov., M.10,248, M1 has correctly scalpsit; the correction sculpsit
> adopted by all the editors is secondary;
> in Hor., S. 2,3,22, the mss. are divided between sculptum and
> scalptum; and a comparaison with C.3,11,51 shows that the latter
> reading is the correct one.
> The difference between scalpÅ and sculpÅ is a difference not of
> sense, but of date. Even so, the form sculpÅ, at first avoided by
> the the purists, is attested in the beginning in inscriptions of
> less cultured language (cf. HÅ«lsen 1.1.), ended up towards the 3rd
> century eliminating scalpÅ in the sense of "sculpt"; it is from this
> time it must have begun to spread in the mss., from which it has
> often driven out an old and authentic scalpÅ: this is why in Cic.,
> Ac.(Luc.) 2,31,101, all editors read: non est e saxo sculptus aut e
> robore dolatus, whereas Cicero very likely wrote scalptus (cf.
> N.D.2, 60, 150 itaque ad pingendum ad fingendum ad scalpendum...
> apta manus est) or exsculptus.. . edolatus (cf. Att. 13, 28, 3
> exsculpseram; 13,47 a edolaui). It is almost certain that until the
> middle of the second century CE, writers only knew scalpÅ. In the
> glosses, the differentiation between the two forms is accomplished
> and one finds there: scalpÅ, scalptor, scalptum, scalptÄ«uum (and
> naturally scalprum, scalpulus, scalpellum, scalpuriÅ, scalpellat) as
> also sculpÅ, -is (and perhaps sculpÅ, -Äs, cf. the glosses sculpa
> γλÏÏÏν = γλÏÏον and sculpÄtor, and the compound exsculpÅ, -Äs in
> Aus.Idyl.11, Pref.), sculptor, sculptūra, sculptus, sculptilia.
> The Romance languages have preserved scalpere and an iterative
> *scalpitÄre; the Italian scolpire presupposes a doublet *scalpere,
> cf. M.L.7643, 7644, 7754.
> Nominal forms, derived and composed:
> scalprum (et scalper m., cf. cultrum et culter): cutting instrument.
> From this general sens are derived various special senses in the
> technical languages: chisel (see fabrile); cobbler's knife; lancet,
> scalpel; jackknife; sickle, cf. Rich, and Daremberg-Saglio, s.u.
> Continued in the Romance languages, cf. French échoppe, M.L.7645.
> Derivatives
> scalprÄtus: sickle-formed;
> scalÂpulus (Gloss.),
> scalpellum (-lus, Celse, *scarpellum): scalpel, M.L. 764a et
> scalpellÅ, -Äs (Marc. Emp .), M.L. 7641;
> scalptor; scalptūra: engraver, engraving; sculptor, sculpture; cf.
> Plin.36,5,1
> scalptores marmorum; scalptÅrium: scraper;
> scalpitiÅ, scalpitÅ«dÅ (Gloss.): itching, prurigo;
> scalpurriÅ, -Ä«s, Pl.Aul.467 (scalpuriÅ, Gloss.);
> scalpur(r)Ä«gÅ;
> scalticus: scabby (Theod. Prisc.).
> exsculpÅ: dig out, whence "make out of marble, sculpt" (cf.
> exprimÅ). Ancient (Pl.), as shown by the inner vowel;
> Ä«nsculpÅ, -is: cut, sculpt into (cf. incÄdÅ).
> - Beside these ancient forms there exist recent composites which
> have maintained the 'a':
> adscalpÅ (Apul.), circumscalptus (Plin.), exscalpÅ, interscalptus,
> subscalpÅ, all with the sense of "scratch";
> auri-, denti-scalpium: earpick, toothpick (cf. `ÏÏoÎ³Î»Ï ÏίÏ).
> Technical term with no clear etymology, like the other verbs with
> root vowel 'a' (cf. caedÅ, claudÅ, etc.).
> ...