--- In
cybalist@yahoogroups.com, Alexandru Moeller <alxmoeller@...> wrote:
>
> Am 09.10.2010 12:50, schrieb Torsten:
> >
> > http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracian_language
> > http://groznijat.tripod.com/thrac/thrac_3.html
> > 'ktÃstai "Thracians, living in celibacy; monks" (Strab.).
> > There is no convincing etymology.'
> >
> > Why has no one tried connecting it to
> > Slavic *Äist-/Äest- "pure, clean; cleanse"?
> >
>
>
> and what about the "t" there?
Most likely mark of a ppp in the adj. and as for the verb, cf Latin capiÅ, captÅ
> Should it be considered an infix as the "n" in Romanian "cinste"
> (honestity, honorability,faithfullness, etc.)?
That 'n' appears below too. Probably from an original -Å part of the stem, or the vowel was nasalised.
> The Romanian word is considered by Miklosich to be a slavic
> loan/derivative from Sl. "c^IstI", and presumbly the "n" is seen as
> an infix ( I say "presumably" since I did not see the argumentation
> of the said etymology).
>
Detschew
Die thrakischen Sprachreste:
κÏίÏÏαι ehelos lebende Thraker [Thracians living unmarried].
- Strab. 7,3,3: λÎγει δ`ε Ïο`Ï
Ï ÎÏ
Ïο`Ï
Ï Â´Î¿ ΠοÏειδÏÎ½Î¹Î¿Ï ÎºÎ±`ι `εμÏÏÏÏν `αÏÎÏεÏθαι καÏ` ε`Ï
ÏÎβειαν, δι`α δ`ε ÏοÏ
^Ïο κα`ι θÏεμμάÏÏν⢠μÎλιÏι δ`ε ÏÏη~Ïθαι κα`ι γάλακÏι και ÏÏ
ÏÏ,~ ζÏ~νÏÎ±Ï ÎºÎ±Î¸` ´ηÏÏ
Ïίαν, δι`α δ`ε ÏοÏ
~Ïο καλει~Ïθαι θεοÏεβει~Ï Ïε και καÏÂνοβάÏαÏ⢠ε`ι~ναι δΠÏÎ¹Î½Î±Ï ÏÏ~ν ÎÏα,κÏ~ν ο´ί ÏÏÏ`Î¹Ï Î³Ï
ναικ`Î¿Ï Î¶ÏÏιν, ´ο`Ï
Ï ÎºÏίÏÏÎ±Ï ÎºÎ±Î»ÎµÎ¹~Ïθαι, `ανιεÏÏ~Ïθαί Ïε δι`α Ïιμ`ην κα`ι μεÏ`α `Î±Î´ÎµÎ¯Î±Ï Î¶Î·~ν.
"Poseidonius goes on to say of the Mysians that in accordance with their religion they abstain from eating any living thing, and therefore from their flocks as well; and that they use as food honey and milk and cheese, living a peaceable life, and for this reason are called both "god-fearing" and "capnobatae"; and there are some of the Thracians who live apart from woman-kind; these are called "Ctistae," and because of the honour in which they are held, have been dedicated to the gods and live with freedom from every fear"
Der Versuch Ficks, Die ehemal. Spracheinheit 419, die Glosse mit lit. skaistás âhell", abg. ÄistÑ ârein" zu verbinden, läÃt sich sprachlich nicht rechtfertigen. Es kommt noch hinzu, daà aus dem Kontext die Bedeutung âdie (von dem Umgang mit Frauen) Getrennten, Geschiedenen" zu erwarten wäre.
[Fick's attempt, Die ehemal. Spracheinheit 419, to connect the gloss with Lith. skaistás "clear", OBg. ÄistÑ "clean, pure", cannot be justified linguistically. Besides that, from the context one would expect the sense âthose that are separated (from dealing with women)".
Fortunately, if we assume the word has to do with forestry, and covers the process of debranching, debarking and splitting into planks (with wedges), such a sense can reconstructed for the original word, cf. the sense "split" of Lat. scindo.
R.S.P. Beekes
Pre-Greek, The Pre-Greek loans in Greek
5.5 Stops varying with Ï(Ï) or stop + Ï, Ï
This kind of variation is quite complicated. I distinguished no less than 11 (or even 16) different types. They may be presented as follows (C = consonant):
a. labials b. velars
1. C/Ct Ï/ÏÏ Îº/κÏ
2. C/Cs Ï/Ï
3. C/sC (Ï/ÏÏ) κ/Ïκ
4. Ct/Cs ÏÏ/Ï ÎºÏ/ξ
5. Ct/sC κÏ/Ïκ
6. Cs/sC (Ï/ÏÏ) (ξ/Ïκ)
7. Cs/ss ξ/ÏÏ
8. sC/ss Ïκ/ÏÏ
8c. C/ss κ/ÏÏ
dentals
9. t/ss Ï/ÏÏ
10. t/st Ï/ÏÏ
11. ss/st ÏÏ/ÏÏ
Interpretation. We are not concerned with stops simply extended with an s or t, as this would (mostly) not have led to variants; also extension with an s or a t, in further identical forms, would be linguistically quite strange. Also the fact that mostly exactly an s or a t is involved is a fact that must be explained.
The most complicated instance is 5., where we find κÏ/Ïκ. As one might expect, the most complicated phenomenon gives the most information and can be best solved. One expects in this case a cluster with k, i.e. a consonant before or after the k; one of the two resulting clusters will then have had metathesis. As Greek had metathesis Ïκ > ÎºÏ (and no metathesis of Ïκ or ξ), we may assume that this worked here too. Thus we reconstruct for an earlier stage an interchange Ïκ/Ïκ. And this interchange can be easily explained by assuming a consonant, probably unknown to Greek, which resulted either in Ï or in Ï. This is of course a palatalized dental, i.e. a sound like [tY]. E.g. `αμÏ
ÏγÎλα / `αμÏ
γδαλή will have been *amutYgala, represented in the first instance as *amusgala or *amudgala, the latter giving *amugdala. Thus Asklepios was called `Î`(ι)ÏκλαÏιÏÏ or `Î`(ι)γλαÏιÏÏ. I propose that he name was *AtYklap-, giving *A(i)sklap- or *A(i)dglap-; in the latter form metathesis did not operate because *Agdlap- was not tolerated in Greek. Of course, often we will find only one variant. The strange feature or phoneme may also be dismissed altogether, as in δικει~ν beside δίÏÎºÎ¿Ï and δίκÏÏ
ον.
Now one might suppose that all variants in this group are due to a palatalize dental, but this seems less probable to me, as consonant clusters are rather rare, and notably as there are no suffixes beginning with a consonant (except n, r etc.). Of course, we may not be able to identify in each case what happened exactly. I will shortly review the 11 (16) types (I call the labials 1a etc., the velars 1b etc.).
1a. ÏÏ may represent a single phoneme py, as we saw in B 1.
Exx. (Fur. 315ff): γνÏ
Ï- / γνÏ
ÏÏ- (γνÏ
ÏεÏ-); κολÏμβαινα / κολÏβδαινα; ÎºÎ¯Î²Î±Î»Î¿Ï / κίβδηÏ; λÏÏη / λÏÏÏα; without variants note κÏÏÏÏοÏθον, ÏαÏÏÏ
Ïθει~ν. (We saw that μÏλÏ
Î²Î¿Ï / μÏλÏ
Î²Î´Î¿Ï is irrelevant.)
1b. ÎºÏ is most probably explained like 5b, discussed above (so 1b is a part of 5b).
Exx. (Fur. 319ff): `άÏÎ±ÎºÎ¹Ï / `αÏάκÏην; μογÎÏ / μοÏθÎÏ; Ïελεκάν / ÏÏÎλεκÏοÏ; `ακακία / κάκÏοÏ.
2a. Ï may result from *ptY. (It is remarkable that there is no 2b. κ/ξ, as ξ is unproblematic in Greek.)
Exx. (Fur. 324ff): βίÏÏÎ±ÎºÎ¿Ï / ÏίÏÏÎ±ÎºÎ¿Ï (ÏίÏÏακοÏ); δÎÏÏ / δÎÏÏ(?); κανβίον / κανÏήÏ; ÏÏ~ÏÎ¿Ï / ÏÏÏίÏηÏ.
3a, b. (Ï/ÏÏ, κ/Ïκ) Both can come from *tYp, tYk.
Exx. (Fur. 292 n. 2): ÎίÏβη / θίβιÏ.
(Fur. 295ff.): βÎÎºÎ¿Ï / βÎÏκεÏοι; `ίÏλα / `ίÏκλαι; μάκελλα / μάÏκη (βάÏκη); μÏ
~ÎºÎ¿Ï / μÏÏκοÏ; Ïάκελον / ÏάÏκÏλοÏ.
4a, b. ÏÏ/Ï and κÏ/ξ can continue *ptY, ktY and belong together with 2a, b.
Exx. (Fur. 263 A3): διÏθÎÏα / διÏάÏα, (Fur. 318, 324): ÏαλÏ
βδικÏÏ / ΧάλÏ
ÏοÏ. (Fur. 263 A3): μÏÏοÏÎ¸Î¿Ï / μÏÏοξοÏ.
5b was discussed above. Note that it is no surprise that there is no *ÏÏ (5a.), as there is no regular metathesis *tp > pt in Greek; from *tp the t may have been simply lost. [However, a metathesis tp > pt may have operated in ÏÏÏλιÏ.]
Exx. (Fur. 301 A2): `αμÏ
ÏγÎλα / `αμÏ
γδαλή; (Fur. 279, 319): δίÏÎºÎ¿Ï / δίκÏÏ
(ον).
6a, b. (Ï/ÏÏ, ξ/Ïκ). Furnee (393) simply considered the interchange as due to metathesis, which is of course possible. *sp, *sk can represent *tYp, tYk.
Exx. (Fur. 393): `αÏÏίνθιον / `αÏίνθιον; `οÏÏÏ
~Ï / ÏÏαι. Exx. (Fur. 393): `ίÏÏίον / `ιξÏ
~Ï; ÏοÏ
~ÏÎºÎ¿Ï / ÏοξÏÏ.
7b. ξ/ÏÏ. If ξ represents *ktY, the k may have disappeared in other cases (which did not give ξ) after which *tY became ÏÏ.
Exx. (Fur. 130 n. 59): κÏιξÏÏ / κÏιÏÏÏÏ; (Fur. 317): Ïίβδα / ξίμβα; (Fur. 286 n. 72): ÏÏαÏξανα, ÏÏÏξανον / ÏÏαÏÏανον; `ιξάλη /`ιÏαλη (`ιÏÏÎλα, `ιÏθÎλα); Î`Ï
Î»Î¯Î¾Î·Ï /'ÎδÏ
ÏÏεÏÏ.
8b. Ïκ/ÏÏ can be explained parallel to 7b: *tYk > Ïκ, or with loss of the k, *tY > ÏÏ.
Exx. (Fur. 300): `ÏÏιÏÏÎ¿Ï / ´Ï
ÏίÏÏοÏ.
I added 8c. for δάλαγÏαν = θάλαÏÏα. We have δαλαÏ- (with prenasal.) / θαλαÏÏ-, and I suppose that it had a *tY.
9. Ï/ÏÏ. This is the well-known element that gave ÏÏ/ÏÏ. Furnee does not dicuss it under that heading, because his system is to dicuss one phoneme ('letter') and its variants; thus he discusses Ïκ/ÎºÏ under κ/κÏ. Also the situation is different as here we have a distribution among the Greek dialects. This is the only time, I think, where we can attribute the different renderings of these loan words to Greek dialects. But the fact that a foreign element was rendered in different ways is the same as with all other phenomena we discussed. Furnée has the heading (253) Ï, δ, θ / Ï(Ï), ζ; I think it can better be stated as Ï (δ, θ), ÏÏ (Ïθ) / Ï (ζ), ÏÏ, i.e. Ï with its usual variants δ, θ; or the geminated ÏÏ (with its expected variant Ïθ, which is the Greek form of geminated θθ) interchanging with Ï or ÏÏ; if the ζ was [sd] it does not fit in well. As to its interpretation, it could represent single *tY, which was rendered ÏÏ or ÏÏ, or single Ï, Ï ( the variant ζ would then fit in, but one would also expect a variant ÏÏ). [Here again, however, it is difficult to decide between *c ?? or *kY or *tY.]
Exx. (Fur. 253ff): κιÏÏÏÏ / κιÏÏÏÏ, κÏÏÏιον / κÏÏÏÏοÏθον, μÏÏÏίνη / μÏ
ÏÏίνη, ÏεÏÏλον / ÏεÏ
~Ïλον, ÏίλÏη / ÏίλÏη, Î³Î¬Î´Î¿Ï / γάζαÏ, `αÏμÏλει~ν / `αδμÏλ`η.
10. Ï/ÏÏ may be from *tYt giving ÏÏ, or with loss of the t, *tY > ÏÏ.
Exx. (Fur. 301ff): βαλλÏÏ`η / βαλλαÏÏÏιον [does this point to a cw?]; μάÏÏÏ
Î»Î»Î¿Ï / μάÏÏÏÏ
λλοÏ; μÏÏÎ¹Ï / μÏÏÏαξ; ÏαÏίλη / ÏαÏÏίλη.
11. ÏÏ(ÏÏ)/ÏÏ can be *tYt > st, or with loss of the t, *tY > ÏÏ.
Exx. (Fur. 304 Al, 329): ÏιÏÏάκιον / ÏιÏÏάκιον.
As we saw it is very difficult in each case to indicate exactly what happened; on the other hand it is clear that with few assumptions probably all variations can be understood.
However
Siehler
New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
gives these rules between PIE and Greek
-py- -> -py- -> -py- -> -pÄ- -> -pt-
-ty- -> -ts- -> -tsy- -> -ÄÄ- -> -tt-/-ss-
-ky-/-kWy- -> -k(W)y- -> -ky- -> -ÄÄ- -> -tt-/-ss-
The examples given are for inlaut. In anlaut, geminates would not make much sense, so I assume instead
*py- > pt-/ps-; *ky- -> kt-/ks-
which would explain some of the observed variations too.
In this case, Thracian ktistai would be < *kYistai (not *ktYistai).
Prellwitz
Etymologisches Wörterbuch der griechischen Sprache
κÏείÏ, κÏενÏÏ m. Kamm, Harke (Aesch.) : nach J. Schmidt Kritik der Sonantentheorίe 4 stünde κÏενÏÏ für *ÏκÏενÏÏ = lat. pectinis, N. pecten Kamm (s. ÏÎκÏ). Oder zu ξαίνÏ, ξάνιον? Vgl. d. flgde.
Î¾Î¬Î¹Î½Ï kratze, kämme, walke, prügele, aus *ξάνyÏ; ξάνιον Kamm zum Wollekrämpeln,
ξανάÏ· καμει~ν `αÏ`ο Ïη~Ï `εÏιοÏ
ÏγίαÏ.
Grundbedeutung ist also Felle und Wolle bearbeiten:
vgl. ξÎÏ, κÎÏκιον.
ξÎÏ schabe, glätte, aus *ξÎÏÏ, ξεÏÏÏÏ geschabt:
*ξεÏo, *kse-so aus â*kse: (: ksu) neben âkeso kratze in
asl. Äesati kämme (vgl. Î¾Î±Î¯Î½Ï zur Bedeutung),
ÄeslÅ Kamm,
lit. kasýti gelinde kratzen,
kasà Haarflechte,
ksl. kosa Haar,
lit. kasù, kà sti umgraben.
ÏÎÎºÏ kämmen =
lit. pèszti rupfen, an den Haaren zausen: paszýti zupfend lockern (z. B. Wolle);
lat.
pecten, -inis m. Kamm (womit vielleicht κÏείÏ, κÏενÏÏ m. ds. *ÏκÏÎν- gleichÂzusetzen),
pec-to kämme, vgl. ÏεκÏÎÏ. Daher
ÏÏÎºÎ¿Ï m. Schafwolle, VlieÃ, Schur,
ÏÎ¿ÎºÎ¯Î¶Ï schere, kämme Wolle,
ÏÎÎºÎ¿Ï n. Vlieà =
lat. pecus, -oris n. Vieh (Lobeck Paralip. 87 n.),
an. faer (*faheza-) Schaf Fick BB. 1, 60 und
nhd. Vieh = lat. pecu, ai. páçu n. ds. (arm. asr Schafwolle, Vlieà aus *pok^u? Hübschmann Arm. Gr. 421 f.),
ai. pakÅman Augenwimpern,
ahd. fahs Haar.
Dazu
ÏÎÏκοÏ.
Vgl. J. Schmidt Neutra 53, Fick I4, 473.
Osthoff Et. Parerga I, 218 f. faÃt die Verbalwurzel als Ableitung von *pek^os,
Ernout-Meillet:
pÄctÅ, -is, pexÄ« (et tardif pexuÄ«; cf. nexÄ« et nexuÄ« de nectÅ, et pectuÄ« d'après Prisc.), pexum (et pectitum), pectere:
peigner [comb], carder [card]; et, plaisamment "rosser" ["thrash"] (cf. fr. brosser, donner une peignée). Cf. pexus "laineux [wooly], poilu [hairy]".
Ancien (Enn., Pl.), usuel.
pecten, -inis m.: peigne [comb], carde;
puis tout objet analogue:
sorte de plectre,
coquillage,
plante "aiguille de berger";
pubis (poils, os du pubis), etc., cf. Rich, s. u.
Panroman; M.L. 6328, et
germ.:
v.angl. pihten;
celt.: gall. peithyn; et pais de pexa (scil. tunica): robe;
6331 pectÄnÄculus.
Dénominatif:
pectinÅ,-Äs qui a remplacé pectÅ Ã l'époque impériale, et a passé dans les l. romanes, M.L.6329;
pectiÂnÄrius: relatif aux peignes, et subst. : fabricant de peignes, M.L. 6330;
pectinÄtus: en forme de peigne; cf. P.F.233, 4, pectenatum tectum dίcitur a similitudine pectinis in duas partes deuexum, ut testudinatum in quattuor; l'adjectif a ici un e qu'on retrouve dans ombr. petenata;
pectinÄtor,-ÄtiÅ, -Ätim, tous tardifs;
pectunculus: pétoncle, M.L. 6334;
pectiÅ, -Ånis f. : peignage (Cael. Aur. ).
Composés:
impexus: non peigné;
de:pectÅ: peigner et "donner une peignée";
oppectŠ(ob-): ôter la chair après l'arête (assimilée à un peigne), d'où "dépouiller";
oppexus,-Å«s m.(AÏul.): sorte de coiffure;
repectÅ.
La formation de pectÅ est la même que celle de plectÅ et nectÅ; l'attique a ÏεκÏÏ~ "je peigne, je tords"; et le -t- se retrouve dans lat. pecten (ombr. petenata "pectenÄtam"), avec le correspondant à degré zéro de la racine, gr. κÏείÏ, κÏενÏÏ. Le gr. ÏÎÎºÏ "je peigne, je tords" a un correspondant exact dans lit. pešù "je tire par les cheveux, je tiraille". Lat. pexus "laineux", offre l'élargissement -s-; cf. gr. ÏÎÎºÎ¿Ï "toison" et v.h.a. fahs "poils"; ou peut-être est-ce une formation en -so- comme laxus, etc. Arm. asr (gén. asu) signifie "toison", comme hom. ÏÏκοÏ.
scindÅ, -is, scicidÄ« (puis scidÄ« tiré des composés), scissum, -ere: 1° fendre (s. cuneÄ«s lignum, comme findÅ, de même formation); et par suite "déchirer" s. uestem; puis "arracher" s. comam; 2° par dérivation "diviser, séparer", quelquefois "interrompre". Ancien (Naev.), usuel et classique. Ne semble pas représenté dans les l.
romanes, cf. M.L.7719; certaines formes supposent un dérivé scÄ«sÄre, M.L.7725.
Dérivés et composés:
-scidium dans
di-scidium "déchirement, sépaÂration, divorce", synonyme de discissiÅ, joint par Lucr. à perscin-dere 6,293; cf. Cypr., Un.eccl. 23, scindi imitas non potest, nec corpus unum discidio compaginis separari.
Rien de commun avec cadÅ, malgré Walde; cf.
gr. ÏÏίÏμα, et aussi
ex(s)cidiÅ, ex(s)cidium dont le rapÂport avec exscindÅ est évident, cf.
Vg., Ae. 1,177, nec passe Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis; et,
12, 655, deiecturum arces Italum exciÂdioque daturum;
mais des confusions ont pu se produire entre
cadÅ, caedÅ, scindÅ,
en raison du voisinage de sens, et, pour les composés de caedÅ et scindÅ, l'homonymie de certaines formes.
Pour excidiÅ, le Thes. note: ab exscindo, ut uid. (cf. excidium...);
contra cÄ«dio: PAVL.FEST: p. 80 -nem urbis a caedendo dictant manifestum est... At fortasse re uera duae uoces i. -cïdio et -cÄdio extitisse puÂtandae sunt;
cf.
abscīdio, occīdio (V 3,1231,60 et s.);
scissiÅ (Macr. Vulg.),
scissor "écuyer tranchant" (Pétr.),
scissūra (époq. imp.);
scissus, -Å«s ( Gloss.),
scissilis (Cels.),
scissim (Prud.), tous tardifs;
ab-scindÅ = `αÏοÏÏίζÏ, souvent confondu avec abscïdÅ;
circum-, cÅn- scindÅ, , M.L.2156;
discindÅ = διαÏÏίζÏ,
exscindÅ,
interscindŠ= skr. antár-chid- "séparer en coupant";
per-, prae-, prÅ- (M.L.6786), re-, trÄn(s)-scindÅ.
La racine de scindÅ fournissait un aoriste radical athématique, conservé dans véd. chedma "nous avons coupé" (le thématique áchidat est fait sur la 3e plur. áchid-an, qui est attestée). Le présent est du type à infixe nasal dans véd. chinátti "il coupe", 3e plur. chindánti, comme dans lat. scindÅ. Le perfectum scicidï est comparable à skr. cichide. ScindÅ se comporte vis-à -vis de véd. chinátti comme findÅ vis-à -vis de skr. bhinátti "il fend", de la racine bhid-.
- A côté de la racine normale *skeid-, établie par les faits sanskrits, il y a une forme expressive à -kh-, attestée par le groupe de gr. ÏÏÎ¯Î¶Ï (présent secondaire dérivé d'un aoriste athématique) et de véd. khidáti "il déchire", forme sans s d'une racine skhid- aussi attestée: véd. askhidat. Le latin ne distinguait pas kh de k non aspiré, on n'a pas le moyen de décider si le groupe de scindÅ repose sur *skid- ou sur skhid-.
- Le verbe à vocalisme populaire, expressif, lat. caedÅ, est sans doute une forme de ce groupe. Sur les formes celtiques peut-être apparentées, v. H . Pedersen, V. Gr. d. k. Spr,, I p.77.
Lit. skë´džiu "je coupe (un liquide), je filtre" est ambigu: k peut reposer sur k ou kh, ë sur n'importe quelle diphtongue en -i-; mais le v.sl. ÄistÅ "pur" indique k et sans doute i; sl. cÄditi "διÏ
λίζειν" a un ancien k.
Le çt- de arm. çtem "j'égratigne [scratch], j'écorche [skin, flay]" doit reposer sur *skid-; il exclut skh-, et concorde ainsi avec véd. chinátti. Comme la racine fournissait un aoriste radical athématique, il a pu y avoir, à la finale, une alternance de la sourde et de la sonore, ce qui expliquerait que, à côté de v.angl. scÃtan "cacÄre", qu'on rapproche d'ordinaire, le germanique ait, avec des représentants de -t-, got. skaidan "séparer".
The Gmc. "cacÄre" sense would then be from "se nettoyer" etc. a familiar semantic deroute.
I think I'll propose as root: *pkYeN-
(borrowing Sean Whalen's kY for palatalised k; -eN- is nasalised e)
Greek has -kY- -> -kt-, Latin would have the same development exceptionally in *pek-y-, *nek-y- and *plek-y- (caused by the transmission path; this would explain away the otherwise exceptional verbal -t- suffix).
Many languages do not accept initial consonant cluster, as seen also in the examples above. To such a language, what is borrowed is *kYeN-
But the same anlaut stop might appear in some unpredictable Slavic alternation:
Russian tsvetI, Polish kwiat, "flower" cf.
Engl twig, ON kvistr "twig", kvisl "(river, tree) branch"
and if we assume a similar meaning "set of wooden slats" as for Gmc *bo:k-, we could reconstruct for Slavic "book":
*kYeÅ-a- -> *kYing-a- -> kniga, and
*kYeÅ-ka -> *kYÅeg-ka- -> Pol. ksiÄ
żka
and with a sense "de-barked", we could connect
*kweit- "white" etc
Interestingly, we have
UEW
seÅз- 'kämmen' [comb] FP, ? U
[corrected from senз; the same entry is repeated as seÅз in Vol II and the text itself refers to 'the inlaut Å']
Mord. (s-Laute 20)
E semeÄe- 'hecheln', M ÅejeÅÄe- 'kämmen, hecheln'
E seme, säme, sämä, M sämä, semä 'Hechel, Bürste, Kopfbürste' |
wotj.
S sin. K sÉ^n, (Wichm.) G sį^n 'Kamm, Wollkamm',
S sinal-, K sÉ^nal 'kämmen, kratzen (den Kopf), krempeln (die Wolle)',
(Wichm. mitg. Uotila, MSFOu. 65:239) J siÅa- 'kämmen' |
syrj.
I sin- 'kämmen',
S sinal-, P sina-v- 'kämmen (S, P), bürsten (S)'
PO sөna-l- 'kämmen, hecheln',
S P sinan, PO sÓ©na-n 'Kamm' ||
[? sam.
jur. O ťì- 'kämmen';
jen. Ch. ťīða-, B ťiere-;
twg. ťīði?é-;
selk. Ta. Ke. tipsen, NP tipsin, N tifi, tÄfi 'Kamm';
kam. t'`ile:- 'kämmen';
koib. (Spassk.: JSFOu. 59:38) ÑÑпÑÐµÐ½Ñ 'гpебенÑ'.
Mord. Åde ist ein Frequentativsuffix, me und mä sind deverb. Nominalsuffixe, wotj. und syrj. al ist ein Verbalsuffix, jen. ða, re, twg. ði?é, selk. psen, fi, kam. le:, koib. ÑÐµÐ½Ñ sind ebenfalls Ableitungssuffixe.
Zu dem anzusetzenden Lautwandel *e > i in den perm. Sprachen s. Rédei: NyK 70:40, UAJb. 41:136.
Die sam. Wörter können unter der Voraussetzung hierher gehören, daà in ihnen inlautendes *Šgeschwunden ist.
[The Samoyed words might belong here if the *Å in inlaut was lost.]
s-Laute 20, Beitr. 249;
Uotila, MSFOu. 65:239;
Lehtisalo: MSFOu. 67:234;
FUV;
E. Itkonen: UAJb. 28:66;
Collinder, CompGr. 128, 385;
Lytkin, VokPerm. 197;
Mikola: UAJb. 40:38;
ESK.
seÅз- 'kämmen' FP, ? U
serз- 'kämmen' FP
? Mord. (s-Laute 5) E suÅÄeme, siRcama, siRcämä, M ÅuRÄem, siR´Äem 'Kamm; Kamm des Hahnes' |
tscher. KB Å¡erä-, U B Å¡era- M Åera- 'bürsten, kämmen', KB U B Å¡erγe, M Å¡erγe 'Kamm' |
syrj. S P PO sors 'Kamm des Hahnes', V derem-sors 'Halskrause' (derem 'Hemd').
Mord. c, Ä sind Frequentativsuffixe, em, eme deverb. Nominalsuffixe und syrj. s ein deverb. Substantivsuffix.
Im mord. M-Dialekt fand eine sporadische Palatalisierung s > Å statt.
Die Zugehörigkeit des mord. Wortes ist unsicher, weil der Vokal der ersten Silbe auf eine velare Vorform hinweist und das Verhältnis des Stammes suÅ-, sÑR- zum Verb
mord. (Paas.: MSFOu 22:78)
E siÄiÅa-, Åid'Åa-,
E M suÄÅa- 'kämmen'
unklar ist.
s-Laute 5, 82-3; Wichmann; JSFOu. 30/6:40; ESK.
Åiwa 'sauber' FU
Finn. (SKES)
siva 'sievä, soma, näpsä; hübsch, nett, niedlich',
sivakka 'sileä, solakka, sievä, siisti, kaunis; glatt, eben, schlank, hübsch, sauber, schön',
siveä 'tugendhaft, sittsam; (SKES) sileä, siisti, kaunis; glatt, eben, schlank, hübsch, sauber, schön'
(> lapp. N sivvâd 'careful; (SKES) siveä, kaino, huomaavainen, huolellinen; tugendhaft, schüchtern, höflich, sorgfältig; siro, hieno; zierlich, fein'),
siivo 'sauber, ordentlich, nett; Ordnung
(> lapp.
N sii'vo- ~ sii'vÅ- 'quiet, well-behaved, respectable, gooÄ,
L sii'vo 'anständig, nett, freundlich, ruhig',
K (T. I. Itk., WbKKlp. 497) Ko. siīva 'bescheiden, anständig'),
siivoa- 'aufräumen, in Ordnung bringen, sauber machen',
? sievä 'hübsch, nett, niedlich';
? est. (SKES dial.) siivakas, sivvakas, süvakas 'solakka; schlank' |
ostj. (835) V süγ, Trj. siγo 'Schönheit', V sükÉÅ 'schön, hübsch (Mensch)'.
Dem finn. i entspricht selten urostj. *ü.
Wegen ie (<*Ñ`) ist es unsicher, ob finn. sievä hierher gehört.
Zur falschen Zusammenstellung von
ostj. süγ 'Schönheit' und
ung. szép 'schön' (F.' Mészáros: NyK 65:178)
s. *Åeppä 'geschickt' FU.
Åuka 'Spreu, Granne' FP
?[Finn suka 'Borste, Bürste; Striegel, Pferdestriegel',
suas (Gen. sukaan) 'borst, blomma i råg; Borste, Roggenblüte,
suki- 'bürsten, striegeln, kämmen';
est.
suga (dial. sugi, Gen. soe) 'Bürste, Striegel, Hechel; Weberkamm, Weberblatt; Bast',
suge-, sugi- 'striegeln, kämmen, bürsten' |
lapp.
N Äo,kko- -g- 'comb; scrape, currycomb',
L tjÃ¥hkÅ- 'kämmen; sich kämmen',
K (726) T Äokka- 'kämmen'] |
mord. (s-Laute 40) E M Åuva, Åiva 'Kaff, Spreu (E M); Bart an der Ãhre (M)' |
tscher.
KB U B šu 'Kleie, Spreu (KB U); Hafergrannen, die sich in der Mühle abspalten (B)',
? (Beke: FUF 24:282)
CÃ CK P Å¡u 'Borste; der Stachel des Igels, des Fisches; Widerhaken der Angel',
B šu: sösna š. 'Schweineborsten' (sösna 'Schwein') |
? wotj. Åu:S ÅukaÅ 'Kwaà (Art säuerlichen Getränkes)' |
syrj.
S P PO Åu 'Roggen (S), Getreide (P PO); Körner (P); Saat (P)',
? Åu-: Lu. Le. Ud. Åu-keÅ 'Kwaà (Lu. Le.), Getränk (Ud.)'.
< uriran.: aw. sÅ«kÄ- 'Nadel', altind. ÅÅ«ka- 'Granne des Getreides.'
Die Zugehörigkeit des finn. und lapp. Wortes ist aus semantischen Gründen unsicher. Vgl. jedoch
finn. suas 'Borste' ~ 'Roggenblüte',
est. okas 'Granne'~'längeres stärkeres Haar im Tierbalg' und
ung. serte 'Borste' ~ 'Bart bei den Pflanzen'.
Tscher. Å¡u 'Borste...' gehört - falls Å¡ auf ursprüngliches *s zurückgeht - möglicherweiÂse in die Wortfamilie *sukз 'Borste' FP (s. dort).
Zum Bedeutungsverhältnis
syrj. 'Getreide'~ mord. 'Spreu, Bart an der Ãhre', tscher. 'Spreu, Hafergrannen' vgl.
finn jyvä 'Korn', wotj. ju 'Getreide' ~ mord. M juv 'Acheln, Spreu'.
Möglicherweise ist Åu in wotj. ÅukaÅ, syrj. Åu-keÅ 'KwaÃ' eine Entsprechung von *Åuwe 'Mund, Maul' U.
Mehrere Forscher (
Setälä: JSFOu. 16/2 : 2;
s-Laute 40, 74;
Paasonen: JSFOu. 34/3: 1- 3;
Wichmann, TscherT 98, FUFA 16:19, 26 mit ?;
Toivonen: MSFOu. 58:230, Vir. 1953 : 18;
Ravila: FUF 20: 101; Lakó:
NyK 52: 142;
Lytkin, VokPerm. 217;
SKES mit ?; ESK
) haben finn. siikanen 'Ãhrenspitze, Spreu' zur obengenannten Wortfamilie gestellt. Das ist jedoch wegen des palatalen Vokalismus der ersten Silbe im Finn. nicht akzeptabel.
Das von Wichmann (WotjChr. 106) irrtümlich hier eingeordnete wotj. Åùtem, Åutem 'hungrig' ist eine Ableitung vom Verb Åi- 'essen'.
VglWb. 574;
Paasonen: Suomi 1897/3/13:30-1, JSFOu. 34/3:1-3;
Setälä: JSFOu. 16/2:2, FUF 2:266;
s-Laute 40;
Endzelin: FUFA 9:32;
Wichmann: FUF 14:16, FUFA 16:19, 26;
Toivonen: MSFOu. 58:230, Vir. 1953: 18;
Ravila: FUF 20:101;
Uotila: MSFOu. 65:255;
Nieminen: Vir. 1944:30;
Lytkin, VokPerm. 217;
E. Itkonen, LpChr. 91, UAJb. 41:80- 1;
SKES (unter siikanen und suka);
ESK;
Joki: MSFOu. 151:315;
Harmatta: MÃT 171;
Mayrhofer 3:363.
säksä 'Schmutz, Unreinlichkeit; schmutzig, unrein' FP
Lapp. K (943) T sÄ,kse, Kld. Not. sÄÏs 'Schmutz, Unreinlichkeit' |
mord. (s-Laute 17) E seks, sekÅe, M seksa 'Schmutz, Unreinigkeit (am menschlichen Körper)' |
wotj. (Wichm., mitg. UoÑ.: MSFOu. 65:319) J ses 'Unreinigkeit' |
syrj.
Ud. I sÄs 'Ãbscheulichkeit, Garstigkeit, HäÃlichkeit; abscheulich, garstig, häÃlich (Ud. I), unrein (Ud.)',
Ud. P sestem 'rein, sauber (Ud. P), reinlich, schön (Ud.)'
(> ostj. O sistÃ¥m, Kaz, sÄstam 'rein', wog. So. sistam 'sauber; heiteres Wetter'),
V sestemti- 'rein machen, sauber machen, in Ordnung bringen'
(> ostj. Kaz. sÄstamt- 'reinigen', wog. So. sistamt-: Ïarama s. 'säubern einen leeren Platz').
Setälä (FUF 2:257) ordnete
finn. saasta 'Unsauberkeit, Unreinheit, Schmutz' und
lapp. suostas 'negligens'
dem syrj Wort zu. Das ist jedoch aus lautlichen Gründen nicht akzeptabel.
s-Laute 17;
Karjalainen, OL 210;
Kannisto, WV 110;
Uotila: MSFOu. 65:319, Fokos: NyK 55:19, 26, ALH 3:235, 243;
E. Itkonen: FUF 31:174, 305;
Lytkin, VokPerm. 157;
Toivonen: FUF 32:71;
Collinder, CompGr. 170;
Rédei, SLW 156;
ESK.
Addendum:
If we suppose PPGmc. borrowed the word as something like
(Venetic?) *ksein- -> *kÉzéin,
Grimm and Verner should give us
PGmc. *xÉréin- -> *xrein-
AEW
hrÃs n. 'gesträuch, gestrüpp, wald',
nisl. hrÃs, fär. rÃs, nnorw. schw. adä. ris.
- > ne. ON. Lawress (älter: Lagolf-ris, s. Mawer-Stenton 88); > orkn. rice.
- ae. hrÃs, afr. as. mnd. rÄ«s, ahd. hrÄ«s.
- apr. craysi 'heu, halm', vgl. noch
lat.
crinis (< *krisni-) 'haar',
crispus 'kraus' (IEW 937).
- vgl. hrÃsa, hrÃsla, hrÃsta.
Die idg. wzl *krei bestimmt J. Trier, Holz 1952, 58-62 als eine bezeichnung des unterwalds; das wort hrÃs bedeutet also die jungen zweige des abgeschlagenen baumÂstumpfes. Weil diese zum flechten gebraucht wurden, sind dazu hreiðr, hreinn und hrip zu stellen. Das schütteln des siebes führt zu die begriffe des wortes hrÃð.
[J. Trier, Holz 1952 determines the IE root *krei to be a designation of the underbrush; the word hris thus means the young branches of the tree stump. Since these were used for braiding/plaiting hreiðr, hreinn and hrip belong here. Shaking of the sieve leads to the sense of the word hrÃð.]
- Die wzl *krei ist erw. der unter harfr behandelten wurÂzel *ker.
Zu der idg. wzl *krei gehören weiÂter:
[To the PIE root *krei belong further:]
mit dental erw. [with dental extension]: Hreiðgotar, hreiðr, hrÃð
mit labial erw. [with labial extension]: hrip, hrifa, hreifa,
mit guttural erw. [with guttural extension]: hringr
mit s-erw. [with s- extension]: hreistr,hrista, hrÃs
mit n-erw. [with n- extension]: hreinn, hrÃna 2.
hreinn 2 adj. 'rein',
nisl. hreinn. fär. reinur, nnorw. rein, nschw. dä. ren.
- > ne. ON. Rainworth (1280. Rayngwath < *hreinnvað s. Ekwall 361).
- got. hrains, afr. re:ne, as. hreni, mnl. reine, rein, ahd. hreini.
- Eine ni-bildung zur
idg. wzl *(s)kerei 'scheiden, sichten', vgl.
lat. cerno (< *crino) 'scheide, sichte',
gr. κÏÎ¯Î½Ï 'scheide, entscheide', weiter
lat. cribrum, air. criathar 'sieb'
(Weiterbildung zur wzl *krei, vgl. hrÃs und weiter hreina 2 und hreinsa.
hreinsa 2 schw. V. 'reinigen' (< germ. *hrainisÅn),
nisl. hreinsa, fär., norw. reinsa, nschw. rensa, ndä. rense.
- ahd. hreinisÅn 'sühnen'.
- vgl. hreinn 2.
Similarly *kÉsein -> *kÉzéin- would give us
Latin
crīnis, -is m. (et arch. f. ; cf. Thés. IV 1201,75sqq.),
usité surtout au pl. crīne:s, -ium:
cheveux; chevelure de femme.
Semble avoir désigné à l'origine une coiffure spéciale en forme de tresses (d'où crīniculus, crīnicula = fūniculus),
cf. l'expression crÄ«ne:s capere "prendre les tresses" qui se dit de la fille qui se marie, et les glosses de Festus, où une parenté - sans doute fictive - avec cernÅ (dn *crinÅ) est indiquée, crines a discretione dicti quam Graeci κÏίÏιν appallant. Nam idem eos κÏÎ¹Î½Î¯Î´Î±Ï uocant, P.F.46,19, et senis crinibus nubantes ornantur, quod is ornatus uetustissimus fuit..., F. 454,23. Cette séparation en six tresses se faisait à l'aide de la hasta caeliÂbaris (P.F.55,3), puis les tresses ainsi obtenues étaient maintenues à l'aide de uittae; cf. Pl., Mi 792; Tib.1,6, 67sqq., etc., et la coiffure tout entière portait le nom de tutulÄ« (Varr. L.L.7,44; Fest. 484,32).
CrÄ«nis a désigné ensuite toute espèce de longue chevelure, puis tout objet y ressemblant (queue d'une comète, etc., cf. crÄ«nÄ«ta stella = κoÂμήÏηÏ).
Ancien, usuel. - M.L.2326.
Dérivés:
crÄ«nÄ«tus déjà dans Ennius c. ApollÅ, M.L, 2327, d'où à l'époq. imp. crÄ«nÄ«o, -Ä«s;
crÄ«nÄlis (époq. imp.) et crÄ«nÄle "peigne";
crīniculus (époq. imp.) formé comme fūniculus dont il a le sens "tresse, corde",
crīnicula.
Composé: crīniger.
V. crista.
crispus, -a, -um: frisé. Se dit de la chevelure, puis de tout objet dont le dessin rappelle une chevelure frisée: abies crispa, brassica crispa. Du gens de "ondulé, crépu" on passe à celui de "qui ondule" avec idée de mouvement, ainsi dans Pacuvius 226, linguae bisulcis actu crispo fulgere, nuance qui s'est développée dans le dénominatif crispÄre, e.g. Vg. Ae. 1,313, bina manu lato crispans hastilia ferro = gr. δÏο θοÏ
~Ïε ÏινάÏÏÏν. A l'époque impériale, crispus se dit métaphoriquement d'un dimeourn "bien peigné, soigné". Attesté de tout temps. M.L.2329. Germ.: v.h.a. chrisp, etc.
Dérivés et composée:
crispÅ, -Äs: friser (trans. et abs.), faire onduler, brandir M.L.2327a;
crispicÅ (Gell.);
crispitūdŠ(Arn.);
crispulus M.L.2328a;
crispicapillus: ο`Ï
λÏθÏιξ (Gloss.);
crispisulcÄns;
incrispÄliÅ.
Ancien *kripsos (pour la métathèse, cf. uespa), qμi se retrouve seuÂ1ement en celtique::
gall. crych "frisé, crépu" et
le nom propre gaulois Crixos;
lat. Crispus sert aussi de nom propre.
crista, -ae f.: crête (des gallinacés), puis "huppe, aigrette"; et tout objet qui rappelle une crête par sa forme ou sa position; aigrette de casque, dentelures de feuille, sauge-verveine (plante), crête d'un mont; clitoris (dans Juvénal 6,422). Mêmes sens dans gr. λÏÏοç.
- Attesté depuis Varr. et Lucr.; usuel.
Panroman. M.L.2330 crÄsta.
Dérivés et composés:
cristÄtus M.L.2331;
cristula f. (Col.);
cristiger.
Cf. crīnis.
Les rapprochements d'autres mots sont aventurés.
So, thus:
*(p)kYeN- "process (de-twig, de-branch, de-bark, split) a log"
Torsten