The 'Golden Cemetery' of the Roman era in the Kuban' basin
From: Torsten
Message: 66394
Date: 2010-08-08
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"Irina Gushchina, Irina Zasetskaya
The 'Golden Cemetery' of the Roman era in the Kuban' basin
Introduction
The beginning of the collection of antiquities of the Kuban river basin of the Roman epoch dates from the end of the last [19th] century and is associated with systematic investigation of cemeteries located in the middle reaches, left and right banks of the River Kuban undertaken by professor at St. Petersburg University, N I Veselovsky, the author of many excavations of Scythian monuments in the south of Russia, including the world-famous Kelermes kurgans of the Kuban
basin.
In 1901, N I Veselovsky found a huge cemetery, stretching as a long, narrow strip along the right bank of river Kuban from the village of Kazan to the village of Tiflis and stretching further to the west to the village of Ust-labinsk: "On that more than 70 verst long stretch - said N I Veselovsky - loom hundreds of not very large mounds, a large part in groups, and not stretching into the steppe. During 1901 and 1902. N I Veselovsky excavated here about hundreds of kurgans. Almost all the burial found in them had been robbed in antiquity, but the many and varied objects found along with them are a valuable source study material for the history of the Kuban basin of the Sarmatian-Roman era in the first centuries of our era. A significant part of the finds is made up of golden decorative objects which caused the author of the excavations to call that cemetery "golden". The burials opened here are characterized by uniformity of the funeral rites and the identity of burial object sets, indicating that they belonged to a single cultural-historical group. Similar burials were also found on the left bank of the Kuban, at the village Nekrasov, situated opposite the village of Ust-Labinskaya.
The first steps taken by the N I Veselovsky in the study of the monuments opened by him, have shown how diverse and complex problems they pose for the researcher. In his preliminary report, N I Veselovsky summed them up in four main issues: the definition of the chronology and ethno-cultural identity, the identification of linkages with other sites of the same period in southern Russia, as well as of the centers of production of the decorative objects.
Analyzing the materials in this aspect of the Golden Cemetery, N I Veselovsky reached the following conclusions: the monuments of the Kuban basin are not isolated; there exist analogues in other regions of southern Russia. In particular, he compares the discoveries of gold with zoomorphic scenes to the burial in the Khokhach mound on the Don river, and the presence of polychrome decoration and the golden sewn-on plaques of geometric style to the Kerch, Chersonesus and steppe burials of the II-III century CE.
Based on comparative analysis of some categories of items such as jewelry, plaques, amulets, beads of Egyptian paste, etc., N I Veselovsky places in the main the date of the burial sites in the II century BC, while not excluding that some of the burials can be dated to the directly preceding and succeeding centuries. With regard to the ethno-cultural affiliation of the antiquities of the Kuban antiquities, he suggests that the carriers of this culture could only be "otuzemivshiesya" (barbarized?) Romans. N I Veselovsky believes the centre producing the decorative objects is Pantikapaion (Veselovskii, 1905, s.341-373).
M I Rostovtsev, objecting to N I Veselovsky, suggested that the main active period of the cemeteries should be considered to be the Late Hellenistic and Early Roman Empire, ie I century BCE - I century CE. Beside this defining subgroup M I Rostovtsev assigns earlier and later monuments, whose dates are not beyond the II century BCE - II century CE. However, he notes that the number of late burials is relatively small. Ethnically, M I Rostovtsev identifies materials from burials of the "golden cemetery" with the culture of the Scythian and Sarmatian culture group (Rostovtsev, 1925, pp.549-580).
For a long time the monuments of the Kuban basin of the Roman era were unfairly left out of the attention of researchers. Their material were drawn on only as analogues, or in connection with the development of special topics dealing with general problems of displacements of tribes in the Kuban area, or with the study of some specific category of the objects. Particular attention was paid to the issue of ethnicity of the burials. The majority of the researchers believes that the burials of the "golden cemetery" belonged to the tribe of the Alans (Smirnov, 1952, p.13; Nechaev, 1961, s.151; Vinogradov, 1968, p. 51; Zhdanov, 1983, p. 81). However, there is another point of view that the said monuments belong to local Maeotian tribes who in the first century CE were subject to the influence of the Sarmatian culture (Anfimov, 1958, p.44; Abramova, 1982, pp. 15).
In recent years, due to newly undertaken archaeological excavations in the Krasnodar Krai, interest in the antiquities of the Kuban river basin, and in particular, in the not yet fully published materials of the "golden cemetery" has grown significantly. In the literature, questions about the dating of individual complexes, and cemeteries as a whole, as well as the problem of where they belong ethno-culturaly, rise again.
In light of the above the proposed publication of all burial complexes from N I Veselovsky's excavations stored in the State Hermitage and the State Historical Museum, with the inclusion of archival data, becomes particularly relevant. Along with ordinary household objects, the collection of antiquities of the Kuban river basin of the Roman era includes ritual and ceremonial objects, imported prestige culinary utensils of metal and glass, artistic golden objects by Bosporan artisans, polychrome faience beads, amulet beads of Egyptian faience
and many other products."
It would seem that it is not outside the realm of the possible to assign this set of burials to the Dandarii in the mid 1st century BCE. Note the relative absence of women in the burials, that means that the main bulk of the burials must have taken place within a short timespan, perhaps in connection with a war.
Torsten