>****GK: That's a question for the other George really.
>I shan't trump him (:=)))****
I remember once having read this alternative spelling for the
Hungarian title used in the 9th-10th century. This is the reason I
dropped it in the subject line. (Why should we constantly use the
modern Hungarian spelling? Modern spellings often mislead to
disputed conclusions. :-))
BTW:
"Their leader rides out with 20000 horsemen; they call him Kanda
[Kende, Kündü] and this is the title of their greater king, but the title
of the person who effectively rules them is Jula [Gyula]. And the
Magyars do whatever their Jula commands."
says Gardezi (quoted by Art Köstler in "The thirteenth tribe")
#
As for immigrants from the East, even Muslims ("Ismaelites"), the last
chapter of Anonymus's chronicle (around 1198-1200) is interesting:
"57 De constitucione regni
"Dvx uero zulta post reursionem militum suorum fixit metas regni
hungarie ex parte grecorum usque ad portam Wacil, et usque ad terram
racy. Ab occidente usque ad mare, ubi est spaletina ciuitas (Spalato =
Split). Et ex parte theotonicorum usque ad pontem guncil [Göncöl], et
in eisdem partibus dedit castrum construere ruthenis qui cum almo duce
auo suo in pannoniam uenerant. Et in eodem confinio ultra lutum musun"
[Mozony, near the Austrian border]
"collocauit etiam bissenos non paucos habitare pro defensione regni sui
ut ne aliquando in posterum furibundi theotonici propter iniuriam sibi
illatum, fines hungarorum deuastare possent."
[he refers to placing of Petchenegs at the westernmost border; if
the chronicler was right, then that happened pretty early, during
Tocsun's and... Porphyrogenitus's time]
"Ex parte uero boemorum fixit metas usque ad fluuium moroa [Morava],
sub tali condicione ut dux eorum annuatim tributa persolueret duci
hungarie. Et
eodem modo ex parte polonorum usque ad montem turtur, sicut primo
feceret regni metam borsu filius bunger. Et dum multa et sui milites
ita radicati essent unque hungarij, tunc dux zulta duxit filio tocsun
de uxorem de terra cumanorum."
[Terra Cumanorum has to be understood as Khazaria here]
"Et ipso uiuente accepit iuramenta suorum nobilium, et filium suum
tocsun fecit ducem ac dominatorem super totum regnum hungarie. Et ipse
dux zulta iii°, anno regni sui filij de ergastulo corporis uiam
uniuerse carnis egressus est. Thocsun uero dux cum omnibus primatibus
hungarie potenter et pacifice per omnes dies uite sue obtinuit omnia
iura regni suj. Et audita pietate ipsius, multi hospites confluebant
ad eum ex diuersis nationibus. Nam de terra bular"
[Terra Bular must have been old Bulgaria or Bulgaria Magna]
"uenerunt quidam nobilissimi domini cum magna multitudine
hismahelitarum quorum nomina fuerunt: Billa et Bocsu. Quibus dux per
diuersa loca hungarorum condonauit terras, et insuper castrum quod
dicitur pest, in perpetuum concessit. Bylla uero et frater euis Bocsu
a quorum progenie ethey descendit, inito consilio de populo secum
ducto duas partes ad seruicium predicti castri concesserunt. Terciam
uero partem suis posteris dimiserunt."
"Et eodem tempore de eadem regione uenit quidam nobilissimus miles
nomine Heten [Hetény], cui etiam dux terras et alias possessiones non
modicas condonauit. Dux uero thocsun genuit filium nomine geysam
quintum ducem hungarie. Et in eodem tempore de terra byssenorum uenit
quidam miles de ducali progenie, cuius nomen fuit thonuzoba pater
vrcund a quo descendit genus thomoy."
[This is also interesting: from Terra Bissenorum (which one? in Transyl-
vania? in the Ukraine?) immigrated a princeling whose name is typical
Cuman Tonuzoba, with a suffix -oba. Among all Turks, almost only
Cumans used these suffixes, -aba, -oba, -opa; although here and there
they also had the suffix -oglu ("son of"; e.g. Burtchoglu -> the
Burchevichi clan), that has been popular with all Turks.]
"Cui dux thocsun dedit terram habitandi in partibus Kemey usque ad
tysciam, ubi nunc est portus obad [Abád].
[The plains along the Tissa seemed to have been sort of a "magnet"
to most newcomers who left the north-pontic steppes. The place above
is approx. in what's today that region of "Cumania" in eastern Hungary.]
"Sed iste thonuzoba uixit usque ad tempora sancti regis stephani
nepotis ducis thocsun. Et dum beatus rex stephanus uerba uite
predicaret et hungaros baptizaret, tunc thonuzoba in fide uanus noluit
esse christianus."
[Tonuzoba was reluctant to become a Christian]
"Sed cum uxore uiuos ad portum obad est sepultus, ut ne baptizando
ipse et uxor sua uiuerent cum christo in eternum; sed vrcun filius
suus christjanus factus uiuit cum christo in perpetuus."
George