Lexicon of Early Indo-European Loanwords Preserved in Finnish
			������� Word list of borrowed stems in Middle Proto-Finnic preserved in Finnish
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ABBREVIATIONS USED ON THIS PAGE			TO MIRROR PAGE IN EXPERIMENTAL SIMPLIFIED TRANSLITERATION				BACK TO INTRO	210 etymologies entered so far
								�last updated
English	Finnish word &		Corresponding meanings		Reconstructed Finnic stem		Later representatives	2008-06-14
cognate	Swedish cognate				and reconstructed IE original
	(alphabetically)						Comments to:jouppe_[h2ed]welho[dhudo]com
anger	Fi.	ahdas	'tight, sqeezed, narrow'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *a�tas
anguish < Lat.					↑ Baltic *an(k)�tas	>	Lith. añk�tas	'narrow'
					or ↑ Baltic *ang-�-t-a-s		Ru. úzkij�	'narrow'
	Sw.	�ngest, �ngslig,	'remorse', 'anguish',	<	cf. PIE h2enģh-	->	OInd. aṃhú-�	'narrow'
		�nger	�'anxious'				Lat. angustus�	'narrow'
							Armenian anjowk	'narrow'
							Gothic aggwus	'narrow'
ardent < Latin	Fi.	ahjo	'forge, furnace, hearth'		Look under 'kaski'
ashes	Fi.	ahku	'cinder'		Look under 'kaski'
agent, agile,�	Fi.	ajaa	'drive (ride, travel, chase)'	<	PFU *aja- */�j�-/	>	Vogul aj-/oj-	'flee, run away'
act < Lat					↑ PIA *aja-	>	OInd. �jati	'drive, sling'�
	Sw.	�ka < aka	'ride, drive'	<	cf. PIE *h2eģ-	->	Av. azaiti�	'drive (away)'
							Gr. agō	'drive, lead, go'
							Lat. agō	'drive,� lead, commit'
							Armenian acem	'lead'
							Tokh. āk-	'lead'�
	Fi.	vuohi	'goat'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *vō�i
					↑ Baltic *a�-	>	Lith. o�ỹs ; o�kà	'billy goat'; 'she-goat'
	For some reason this word is�				cf. PIE *h2eǵ-o- ; *h2eǵ-eh2-		Latvian āzis	'billy goat'
	not assumed to be a cognate to the root above,						OPrus. wosux ; wosee	'billy goat'; 'she-goat'
	although semantics does not seem to be a problem:�						OInd. aj�- ; ajā́-�	'billy goat'; 'she-goat'
	an animal, which is 'lead' or 'driven' together						Av. aza-k	'billy-goat'�
echinus	Fi.	ankerias	'eel'	<	Proto-Finnic *ankerias/*angerjas
echidna					↑ Baltic *angurja-	>	Lith. ungurỹs < angurja-	'eel'
							OPrussian angurgis	'eel'
						~>	OCS ogori�tь	'eel'
							Lat. anguilla�	'eel'
							Gr. enkhelys	'eel'
of, ebb, after	Fi.	apaja	'fishing ground'	<	Earlyish Proto-Finnic *apa-ja	>	Saami vuohppi	'small narrow bay'
awkward	Sw.	-ave, �vja; efter	'small bay, cove; mire; after'	<	↑ PaleoGmc *aban-�	>	Sw. -ave, -ava (in toponyms)	'small narrow bay of a lake'
		avig	'inside out'		or ↑ PaleoGmc *abjōn-	>	ON efja	'cove in a river, backwater; mire'
						~>	Gr. apo Latin ab	'away from, from'
					or	~>	Goth. ibuks OCS opaku	'back' (cf. greek ep�)
apple	Fi.	apila	'clover'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *apila
					↑ Baltic *ābōl-s� *āb-l-o�	>	Latvian �buls, �buõls	'apple, clover'�
							OPrussian wobilis	'clover'
	Sw.	�pple	'apple'	<	cf. PIE *h2b-ōl-s� *h2b-l-o-	~>	ON epli�	'apple'
							OIr. ubull�	'apple'
Ara < Latin	Fi.	arina	'fire-grate, furnace bed'		Look under 'kaski'
orphan < gr.	Fi.	arpa	'allotment, lot, dice, die'		Look under 'orpo'
errand	Fi.	asia	'matter, issue, thing'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *anćia (?*antia)
	Sw.	�rende	'issue'	<	↑ EarlyGmc *(uz-)andja-	>	OE ǽrend	'errand'
kin, kind	Fi.	hadas/hata-	'roots of germinating seed'		Look under 'inhimillinen'
sow, seed	Fi.	haja-	'dispersed'		Look under 'siemen'
seek, sake	Fi.	hakea	'fetch, seek'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�aki-
	Sw.	s�ka	'seek, fetch'	<	↑ PreG *sāg(e)ie/o > *sōk(i)je/a	>	Germ. suchen	'fetch, seek'
						~>	Lat. sāgiō, sāgīre	'perceive, seek to know'
	Fi.	hako	'sprig of spruce'		Look under 'sanka'
yellow, glass,	Fi.	halja (-kka)	'light blue, bluegrey'		Look under 'kelta'
OE heolca	Fi.	halla	'night frost'	<	PreF *�alna	>	saami suoldne	'dew', 'fog', 'night frost'
					↑ Baltic *�alna		Lith. �aln�	'light frost'
	Sw.	hal, halka < MLG?	'slippery', 'slippery icy ground'	<	*ḱolH-n-eh2�		Latvian� saĨna�	'light frost'
							OCS slana	'hoarfrost'
						~>	OInd. śiśira-	'cool, chilly, cold'
							ON héla < *χiχlōn	'hoarfrost'
comb	Fi.	hammas	'tooth'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�ampas
gomphosis<Gr.		hampa-			↑ Baltic *�ambas	>	Lith. �am̃bas	'sharp edge'
							Latvian zùobs	'tooth'
						~>	OCS zọbǔ	'tooth'
	Sw.	kamm	'comb'	<	cf. PIE *ģombho-	>	OInd. jámbha-ḥ�	'tooth'
							Tokh (A) kam (B) keme	'tooth'
							Gr. gomphos	'comb', 'plug'
							Gmc. *kambaz	'comb', 'ridge'
goose	Fi.	hanhi	'goose'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�an�i	//	Saami false cognate separate archaic IE loan
					↑ Baltic *�ansis	>	Lith. �ąsìs�	'goose'
							Latvian zùoss	'goose'
							OPruss. sansy	'goose'
	Sw.	g�s	'goose'	<	PIE *ģhh2ens	>	OInd. haṃsá-ḥ�	'goose, swan'
							lat. ānser < *hanser	'goose'
							Gr. (doric pl.) khans�s	'goose'
							Gmc. *gans	'goose'
	Fi.	hanka	'oarlock; gab; space between thumb and forfinger'		Look under 'sanka'
hair	Fi.	harja		<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�arja-
					↑ Baltic *�ar-ia-	>	Lith. �erī̃-s	'bristle ; (animal) hair'
							Latvian sars, saris, sari	'(swine) bristle; horse hair from bristle; bristle; hair'
	Sw.	h�r	'hair'	<	PIE *ḱēr-	~>	Gmc. *χēra-n	'hair'
seethe,�	Fi.	hautoa	'bath, brood, seethe''	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�auto-
sodden					↑ Baltic �aut-	>	Latvian sàutēt (-ẽju)	'bath, brood, seethe; flog''
	Sw.	sjuda	'seethe'				Lith. �auta	'broth'
						~>	Gmc. *seu�a-	'seethe'
seethe,�	Fi.	hauta	'grave, pit'	<	PreF *�auta-	>	Saami suovdi	gill, mouth, gullet, jaws, chaps'�
sodden	Sw.	sjuda	'seethe'	<	↑ Paleo-G *sau�a-	>	OE sea�	'pit, grave', 'well, pool'
							Old Gutnish *sau�r	'well'
						~>	Proto-Norse *sau�ia	'tar pit'
home	Fi.	heimo	'clan, family, tribe'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�aim-
					↑ Baltic �aim-	>	Latvian sàime	'family/household, domestic servants'
	Sw.	hem	'home'		↑ PIE ? *ḱoimo-		Lith. �eim�	'family/household, domestic servants'
					or ↑ PIE ? *tḱoimo-		Old Prussian seimīns	'household/domestic servants'
							Gothic haims (f)	'village'
							OIcel. heim (n); heimr (m)	'home'; 'world, home'
home	Fi.	kaima	'namesake'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *kaima-
					↕ Baltic *kaima-	>	Lith. k�ima(s); kaimýnas	'village'; 'neighbour'
	Sw.	hem	'home'		↑ Gmc *kaim-		OPrus caymis; kaimīnan	'village'; neighbour'
	Both Baltic and Finnic eventually borrowed from depalatalized Gmc form.�						Latvian kaĩmin˛�	'fellow-villager, neighbour'�
	The development of meaning hints to the sequence Gmc. > Baltic > Finnic					>	Gothic haims	'village'
							OIcel. heim (n); heimr (m)	'home'; 'world, home'
sow, seed	Fi.	heitt��	'throw, fling'		Look under 'siemen'
lukewarm, lee	Fi.	helle, helte-	'summer heat'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�elte�
caloric < Lat.					↑ Baltic *�iltas (?*�iltis?)	>	Lith. �iĨtas	'warm'
	Sw.	ljum < *ḱleh1-u-m-	'tepid'�		PIE *ḱl(h1)-to-		Latvian� s�lts�	'warm'
						~>	OHG lāo	'tepid'�
							ON hl�r�	'mild, warm'
							Lat. calidus; calor�	'warm', 'heat'
hornet	Fi.	herhil�inen	'large wasp, hornet'		Look under 'sarvi'
corn, kernel	Fi.	herne	'pea'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�erne�
grain < Lat.				<	↑ Balt. *�irnis	>	Lith. �ìrnis	'pea'
					cf. Blt/Slv. *źirn-		Latvian zir̃nis	'pea'
							OPrussian syrne	'grain'
	Sw.	korn, k�rna	'barley' ; 'kernel'		cf. PIE *ģrh2-no-	>	Lat. grānum	'grain'
						>	OIrish gr�n	'grain'
						>	Gmc. *kurnam	'grain'
hundred	Fi.	hinta	'price'		Look under 'sata'
yard, garden,	Fi.	hirsi	'beam'		Look under 'karsina'
(horn), hart	Fi.	hirvi, hirvas	'elk, moose',� 'male hart'		Look under 'sarvi'
seal	Fi.	hylje, hylke(h)-	'seal'������ (mammal with	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�elk-e�
	Sw.	s�l	'seal'�������������� flippers)'	<	↕ PreGmc. *selk-o- > *selχaz	>	OE seolh	'seal'
					PIE *selk- 'drag, pull'	~>	Gr. h�lkō	'pull'
							Lat. sulcāre	'plough'
	The Gmc. word has also been proposed to be a borrowing from Finnic					~>	OE sulh	'furrow'
humus < Lat.	Fi.	H�me	'H�me (=Tavastia) province		Look under 'Suomi'
know(ledge)	Fi.	ihme	'miracle, wonder'	<	PreF *im-e� < **(j)im-e�	>	Saami� �m�s	'strange, unknown'
cunning	Sw.	kunskap	'knowledge'		↑ PIE *ģnh3-mV-	>	Lith. �ymễ	'sign, mark'
		kunna	'to be cunning'			~>	Gr. gnōmē	'saying'
know(ledge) cunning	Fi.	kone	'machine; magical cure; trick, cunning; strange'	<	PreF *kon-e�
gnostic < Gr.	Sw.	kunskap	'knowledge'		↑ PreG *gn(h3)io-	>	Icel. kyn	'wonder, something strange'
		kunna	'to be cunning'		cf. PIE *ģn(h3)io- /*ģn(h3)iah2-	~>	Lith. �ini�	'news, information; knowledge; art, skill; witchcraft'
kin, kind	Fi.	inhi-m-illinen	'human' (> ihminen 'man')	<	PreF *in�i- (**jin�i-) 'descendant'
genus < Lat	Sw.	k�n, konung	'kin, king'		↑ PIE *ģnh1-e/o- or *ģnh1-ie/o-	>	OInd. jā́-	'born, offspring, descendant'
							Gmc. *kunja-	'generation, lineage, kin'
					NB. The phonotaxis of **jin�i-	~>	Lat. ingenuus	'born, native, natural, freeborn'
					was not possible in Pre-Finnic		OHG kind	'child'
							Gmc. *kuna-	'son, noble man'
kin, kind;��� natal < Lat.	Fi.	synty�	'to be born'	<	*sen-t� < PF-P *sentV- 'to be born, become, grow, increase'	>	Zyryan sod-, sud-	'to increase'
					↑ Early PIr. dzen(h1)-	>	Persian zādan	'to be born'
	Sw.	k�n, konung	'kin, king'		cf. PIE *ģenh1-	->	OInd. j�na-ti; jā́yate	'to give birth, generate; be born, grow'
							Gr. geneā	'race, family'
							Gmc. *kunja-	'generation, lineage, kin'
kin, kind	Fi.	hadas/hata-	'roots of germinating seed'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *čata(s)
germinate<Lat.					↑ PIr. *dzātas past part.	>	Ossetic� zad xor	'germinated corn'
					cf. PI-I *j�āta-s	->	OInd. jā́ta-h	'born, engendered, grown, appeared'
	Sw.	k�n, konung	'kin, king'			~>	Lat. germen<*gen(h)-men	'shoot, bud, embryo, germ'
kin, kind	Fi.	kunnia	'honour'	<	Late Proto-Finnic *kunnia
	Sw.	k�n, konung	'kin, king'	<	↑ Gmc/ON *kunja	>	OE cyn�	'family, race, kind, nature'
						~>	OE gecynd�	'kind, nature, race'
Tiu, Tues(day)	Fi.	juma-la	'god'	<	PreF *juma-	>	Cheremis jumə/jəmə	'heaven, chief god'
deity, diurnal					↑ PI-A *diumān-, *diumna-	>	OInd. dyumān	'heavenly, bright, shining'
							OInd. dyumn�	'glory, heavenly glory'
	Sw.	Ty(r), tisdag	name of god', 'Tuesday'			~>	Lat.� Jupiter, Deus	'chief god'
							Gr. Zeus	'chief god'
							Gmc. Tīwaz (< *Teiwaz)	'name of god'
Tiu, Tues(day)	Fi.	toivo	'hope, forecast, belief'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *tojvo-
deity, diurnal					↑ PI-A *dāiva-	>	OInd. daiva-	'divine, heavenly'; 'depending on destiny'; 'divine force or will, fate'
	Sw.	Ty(r), tisdag	'name of god', 'Tuesday'		cf. PIE *dēiuo-	->	Lat.� dīvīnāre	'forecast'
							OCS divo	'miracle'
Tiu, Tues(day)	Fi.	taivas	'heaven, sky'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *tajvas
diurnal, deity					↑ PIr *daiua-	>	OPers. daiva-�	'false god, idol'�
							OInd. dev�ḥ�	'heavenly, divine, god'
					or ↑ Baltic *deivas	->	Lith. diẽvas	'god'
	Sw.	Ty(r), tisdag	'name of god', 'Tuesday'				Old Preussian deiws	'god'
gust, gush	Fi.	juoda	'drink'	<	PFU *juχi- */juxi-/	>	Hung. iszik (ivo- n.)	'drink' v. (drink- n.)
funnel < Lat.					↑ PIA *ģuģh�u- *ģuģh�-	>	OInd. juhṓti, juhutḗ�	'pour (sacrifice) into fire'
	Sw.	gjuta	'pour'		cf. PIE root *ģheu-	->	Gr. kheu-	'pour'
							Gr. khūmos, khūmos	'juice'
							Armenian joyl�	'poured'
							Gmc. *geuta-	'pour, run (of water)'
							Islandic Geysir	'Geyser'
zein < Gr.	Fi.	jyv�	'grain, seed'	<	PF-P *j�v� < **jev�-	>	Votyak ju / j�	'seed, cereal'
prolamine pro-					↑ PreBaltic=PIE (PreI-Ir) *ieuo-	>	OInd. y�va	'cereal, barley'
tein derived�							Av. yava-	'cereal'
from corn'						->	Lith. javaĩ	'cereal'
						~>	Gr. zeia	'one seeded wheat, barley'
udder	Fi.	j�rvi	'lake'		Look under 'udar'
go, gate	Fi.	j�tt��	'leave, release, dismiss'	<	trans. <PreF *j�χi- 'stay, remain'
heir < Lat.					↑ Early PI-A *ģeģhē-	>	OInd. jahāti	'leave, let go, release, dismiss'
							Av. zazā-	'leave, let go'
							Ossetic zajun	'stay, remain'
	Sw.	gata, g�	'street, gate', 'go'		cf. PIE� root *ģheh1-	->	Gmc.(west) gaian > gān	'go'
						~>	Gmc.(north) gatwōn-	'lane, passage, gate'
chew	Fi.	j�yt��	'gnaw'		Look under 'sy�d�'
year	Fi.	j��r�/jaara	'ram'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *j�r�-/*jara-
				<	↑ Baltic *jeras	>	Lith. ė́ras, jė́ras	'lamb'
							Latvian� ję̃rs�	'lamb'
							OPrussian eristian	'lamb'
	Sw.	�r	'year'		PIE� *ieh1-ro	->	ORussian jara	'spring'�
							OCS jarĭcĭ	'he-goat'
							OInd. paryāríṇī-�	'cow having its first calf after a year'
							Gmc. *jēra-	'year'
shear, scrape,	Fi.	kaarna	'bark'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *karna-
scharp, scar					↑ Baltic *karna-	>	Lith. karnà	'bast'
	Sw.	sk�ra, skrapa,	'cut; scrub, scrape: sharp'			~>	Lat cortex	'bark'
		skarp					Lat. carō (carn-)	'flesh'
							Gr. kormos	'a trimmed tree trunk'
share	Fi.	kirves	'ax'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *kirves
					↑ Baltic *kirvis	>	Lith. kir̃vis	'ax'
	Sw.	sk�ra	'sickle'				Latvian cìrvis	'ax'
						~>	OE. scear, sc�r	'plowshare'
skerry < ON	Fi.	kari	'skerry'	�	Late Proto-Finnic/Old Finnic *kari
	Sw.	sk�r	'skerry'		↑ Late Proto-Norse *skarj(a)-	>	ON sker	'skerry'
home	Fi.	kaima	'namesake'		Look under 'heimo'
ale	Fi.	kalja	'(weak) beer'	<	PreF *kali-ja or *kali-ta
					↑ PIE *h2eleuio	>	Slv.*alauja> ORuss. oluj	'beer'
	Sw.	�l	'beer'		or ↑ PIE *h2el-u-(t)	>	Gmc. *alu�	'ale, beer, mead'
							Blt/slv *alu	'ale, beer, mead'
ale	Fi.	olut	'beer'	<	Proto-Finnic *olut
	Sw.	�l	'beer'	<	↑ Gmc. *alu� (or baltic cognate)	>	Eng. ale, Sw. �l etc.	'ale, beer'
elf	Fi.	kalvas, kalp-	'pale'	<	PreF *kalp-
	Sw.	�lva; �lv	'elf, river'	<	↑ PIE *h2elbho-	>	Gmc. *alƀa-	'white, pale'
							Lat. albus	'white, pale'
Hanse<Germ.	Fi.	kansa	'people'	<	PreF *kansa	> =>�	Saami guos'se Saami gadd�e�	'guest, stranger' 'party, company, crowd, people��
	Sw.	Hansan	'the Hansa'	<	↕� PaleoGmc. *kansā-	>	Got. hansa	'troupe, band, crowd�
		The direction of the borrowing most probably Gmc. => Finnic because -ns- did not exist in PFU				>	OE hōs	'party, company'
skerry < ON	Fi.	kari	'skerry'	�	Look under 'kaarna'
harness, herald	Fi.	Karjaa, Karja(h)-	'(topon.) ancient coastal parish 50 miles WSW from Helsinki'	<	Proto Finnic *Karjas-, *Karjah-
harry, harbor	Sw.	h�r, h�rja	'army, host', 'harry, sack'	<	↑ Gmc. *χarjaz or *Χarjaz (name)	>	ON Her-(dalar)	'name of location on Finnish
		Karis <= Fi *Karjas	'name of same coastal parish'				(The comparison with the	coast, sacked by Saint Olaf in
		(propably the village of 'Hīrdal' in same region is a false cognate)					above toponym is my own)	1008 acc. to Snorri Sturlason'
						>	OE here	'host, army'
						~>	ON Har-aldr,�������������������������� Frank. *hari-wald�	'commander of army'
yard	Fi.	karsina	'pen'	<	Middle Proto Finnic *kartina
garden	Sw.	g�rd, g�rde	'yard, farm', 'field, fence'	<~	↑ Baltic *gardina-	>	Lith. gardinỹs, gardis	'pen'
yard, garden,	Fi.	hirsi	'beam'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�irti-
court <Lat.					↑ Early Middle Slavic *d�irdi-	>	Russian �erdь	'long thin pole'
							OCS. �rьdь	'wood'
							Slovenian �rd	'pole for hay'
						~>	Lith. �ardis	'kind of fence'
							Latvian zãrds	'frame for drying or for burning at the stake'; 'wooden layer'
	Sw.	g�rde, g�rd	'yard, farm', 'field, fence'	<	cf. PIE *ģherdh-		Got. gards	'house'
edge, hammer	Fi.	kasa	'sharp point, edge'	<	PreF *kaća-
acrid < Lat.	Sw.	hammare, egg	'edge', 'hammer'	<	↑ PIE *h2eḱieh2	>	Gmc. *aʒjō > g. Ecke	'edge'
						~>	Lat. acus (cf. acute)	'needle'
							Gr. akis	'needle'
edge, hammer	Fi.	�es, �ke-	'harrow'	<	Middle Proto-F *�kes-/*akes-
acrid < Lat.					↑ Baltic *aket-	>	Lith. akė'čios	'harrow'
	Sw.	egg	'edge'				Latvian ec�(k)�as	'harrow'
							OPrussian aketes	'harrow'
ear, awn	Fi.	ohra	'barley'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *o�tra-
acrid < Latin	Sw.	ag (agg?), abborre	Cladium Mariscus (grudge, anger);�		↑ Baltic	>	Lith. ā�tras	'sharp'
			perch (Percus Fluvialis)		cf. PIE h2eḱ-t-r-		Gr. akantha	'thorn'
ear, awn	Fi.	ohdake (=ohta+ke)	'thistle'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *o�ta- (+kke�)
acrid < Latin					↑ Baltic *a(k)sta- / *a(k)�ta-	>	Lith. ak�tìs (Žem. akstìs)*	'spit, thorn, prick'�
					or ↑ Proto Slavic *ōstь		Latvian aksts *	'prickle, sharp point'��
	Sw.	ag (agg?), abborre	Cladium Mariscus (grudge, anger);�		cf. PIE h2eḱ-t-i-�		West Slavic ost' *	'fishbone, awn, thorn'�
			perch (Percus Fluvialis)		*NB. I have exchanged the bad Baltic	~>	Lith. ãkstinas	'thorn, spur'�
					&Slavic originals given by SSA		Gr. akantha	'thorn'
ashes	Fi.	kaski	'burnt-over clearing'	<	PreF *kaski / *kaśki
area, are < Latin	Sw.	aska	'ashes'	<	↑ PIE/PreG *h2e(h1)sg-	>	Gmc. *askōn	'ashes'
ardent < Latin	Fi.	ahjo	'forge, furnace, hearth'	<	Proto-F *a�jo-
	Sw.	�ssja	'forge'		↑ Gmc *asjōn-	>	Old Swedish �sia	'forge'
							OHG essa	'hearth, forge, furnace'
						~>	Latin āra	'altar, hearth'
ashes	Fi.	ahku	'cinder'	<	Late Proto-F *a�ku-
	Sw.	aska	'ashes'		↑ Late PN *asku(n) (oblique case)	>	ON, Old Swedish aska	'ashes'
					or ↑ Gmc *azgōn		Goth. azgō-	'ashes'
Ara	Fi.	arina	'fire-grate, furnace bed'	<	Late Proto Finnic/Old Finnish *arina-
	Sw.	�ril (dial. �ren, arn-)	'stove, fireplace, bottom of baking oven'		↑ Late PN runic inscription aRina 'altar for burned offering'�	>	ON arinn < *aRana-??	'scaffold, fireplace'
					from Gmc *azina-		OHG arin, erin	'altar, floor'
						~>	Latin āra	'altar, hearth'
woodwaxen	Fi.	kasvaa	'to grow'	<	PreF *kasva- (with metathesis)	>	Mordvinic (E) kasoms	'to grow, increase'
augment <Lat.					↑ PIE *h2eugs-	>	Tokh. auks-/oks-	'to grow'
							Gr. auksomai	'grow'
							Lith. aukstas�	"high, of superior rank'
	Sw.	v�xa	'to grow'	<	cf. PIE *h2uogs-	>	Gmc. *waks-	'to grow'
	Sw.	�ka	to increase'	<	cf. PIE *h2eug-	>	Gmc. *auka-	'grow, increase'
	Sw.	och	and'				Lat. augeō	'increase'
(wheel) ?hawse	Fi.	kaula	'neck'		Look under 'kulke-'
shape	Fi.	kave, kape(h)-	'creature; mythological being; girl, maiden (myth)'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *kap-e�-	>	Saami (l) guobas	'witch'
	Sw.	skap n. pl.	'genitals'	<	↑ Early Gmc *skapa-	>	OE ge-sceap	'creature, creation'
						~>	Goth gaskafts	'creature, creation; etc.'
help	Fi.	kelvata, kelpa-	'be acceptable, be fit'	<	Middle Proto-F *kelpa-
	Sw.	hj�lpa	'help'	<	↑ Paleo-Gmc *kelba- (or >*χelpa-)	>	OE. helpan	'help, benefit, support'
							ON. hjalpa	'help, benefit, support'
						~>	Old Lith. �elbinos	'help, promote, favour'
	Fi.	helppo	'easy'	<	Late Proto-Finnic *helppo-
	Sw.	hj�lp	'help'		↑ NWGmc *helpō- PN. helpu-	>	ON. hjalp	'help'
							OHG hilfa, helfa	'help'
yellow, gold,	Fi.	kelta	'yellow'	<	Middle Proto Finnic *kelta-
glimmer,				<~	↑ Northern Baltic *geltas	>	Lith. gel̃tas	'yellow'
glitter etc.							Latvian dzęlts (BW)	'yellow'
	Sw.	gul, guld,	'yellow', 'gold', 'glimmer',		cf. PIE *ģhelh3-to-	~>	Ru. ��ltyj	'yellow'
		glimmer, glitter	�'glitter'				Lat. helvus	'yellowish'
							Gmc. *gelwaz	'yellow'
							OInd h�ri-	'yellowish, greenish'�
							Gr. khlōr�s	'pale green, greenish yellow'
yellow, glass,	Fi.	halja (-kka)	'light blue, bluegrey'	<	Middle Proto Finnic *�alja-
chlorite < Gr.	Fi.	halea, halia	'light green, greengrey'	<	Middle Proto Finnic *�ali�a-
					↑ Northern Baltic *�alias	>	Lith. �ãlias	'green'
							Latvian zal˛�	'green'
							OPruss. saligan	'green'
						~>	Lith. �ìlas	'grey'
							Latvian zils	'blue'
	Sw.	gul, glas	'yellow', glass'	<~	PIE *ģholh3-io-		OIr. glass	'green, blue, gray'
							OInd h�ri-	'yellowish, greenish'�
							Gr. khlōr�s	'pale green, greenish yellow'
yellow, gold	Fi.	kulta	'gold'	<	Late Proto Finnic *kulta-
zloty < Polish	Sw.	guld	'gold'	<~	↑ Gmc *gul�a-	>	Got. gul�	'gold'
					PIE *ģhlh3-to-		OE gold	'gold'
							OCS zlato	'gold'
						~>	OInd. hiranyam	'gold'
							Av. zaranya-	'gold'
herd, shepherd	Fi.	kerta	'time (occasion), turn, once; layer'	<	PreF *kert�-	>	Mordvinic (East) Kirda	'time (occasion), turn, once'
					↑ Baltic *kerdā-	>	OPrussian kērdan	'time (< row, order)'
							Lith. ker̃d�ius	'shepherd'
							Proto-Slavic *čerdà	'row, order; turn; herd'
	Sw.	hjord	'herd', 'bodyguard'	<	or ↑ PreGmc *kerdhā-	>	OHG herta	'herd; alternation, change, phase (< row, order)'
							OE heord	'herd'
					cf. PIE *ḱerdheh2-� 'row, group'	>	OInd. śárdha-�	'troop, strength'�
							Gr. korthys	'heap'
is (to be), yes	Fi.	kes�	'summer'	<	PFU *kes�	>	Mordv. k�ize / k�iză	'summer'
essence < Lat.	Sw.	�r	'is'	<~	↑ PIE *h1es-en-�	>	Blt/Slv. *eseni-	'autumn'
					~ / *h1os-en-/-er-	~>	Got. asans	'summer'
share	Fi.	kirves	'ax'		Look under 'kaarna'
eye	Fi.	kokea	'to perceive, sense'	<	PU *koki-	>	Selkup qo-, qō-	'see, observe, find, seek, receive, give birth'
optic etc < gr.	Sw.	�ga	'eye'		↑ PIE *h3ekw-ie/o	>	Gr. opsomai	'look, observe'
						~>	Lat. oculus	'eye'
						?	Gmc. auʒōn	'eye'
know(ledge) cunning	Fi.	kone	'machine; magical cure; trick, cunning; strange'		Look under 'ihme'
wheel	Fi.	kulke-	'to go, wander, move'	<	PFU *kulki-	>	Hung. halad-	'to go, walk, proceed'
	Sw.	hjul, ?hals	'wheel', 'neck'	<~	↑ PIE *kwelH-e/o-	>	OInd. c�rati	'goes, walks, wanders (about)'
							Gr. pelomai	orig. 'to be moving'
							Lat. colere	'to till, cultivate, inhabit'
(wheel) ?hawse	Fi.	kaula	'neck'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *kakla
					↑ Northern Baltic *kakla-s� 'neck'
	Sw.	?hals	'neck'	<~	< PIE ?*kwokwlom?�	~>	?Gmc. *h(w)aʒl-s-as-?	'neck'
					~*kwekwlo-?		Gr. kuklos	'circle, wheel'
							OInd. cakr�-m	'circle, wheel, wagon'
yellow, gold	Fi.	kulta	'gold'		Look under 'kelta'
kin, kind	Fi.	kunnia	'honour'		Look under 'ihminen'
bequest, quoth,	Fi.	kutsua	'call'	<	PreF *kućć-	~>	Saami goč'čot	'call, command, name'
bequeath	Sw.	kv�da, kv�de	'speak, recite' ; 'saying, poem'		↑ PreGmc *gwet-i-	>	Gmc *kve�jan	'say, speak, great, call'
						~>	Armenian kočem	'name, invite'
					or ↑ Blt/Slv *kwaitia-	>	Lith. kuieči�	'invite, summon, request, call upon'
quail, kill	Fi.	kylm�	'cold'	<	PreF *kelmi- or *k�lmi-	>	Cheremis kə'lmə	'frozen', 'cold' (noun)
quell					↑ Balt.*gel-u-m��	>	Lith. gelum�, g�lmenis	'fierce coldness, cold (n)'
					or ↑ PreBlt/Slv *gwel(h1)-mo-	~>	Gr. belonē	'needle'
	Sw.	kvalm, kval,	smoke, steam'; 'anguish, tor-			~>	OCS �alĭ	'pain'
		kv�ll	ment '; 'evening'			~>	Gmc. *kwaljan	'to torment, cause pain'; 'kill'
come, become,	Fi.	Kymi	'(topon.) river in South. Finl.'	<	Proto-Finnic *k�mi-
venue < Lat.	Sw.	bekv�m, komma	'comfortable', 'come'		↑ Early Gmc. *kwēmia-	>	ON kv�mr�	'such that may come (adj.)'
	Sw.	?Kymmen	hydronym in Arvika/Sunne Sweden		'accessible, navigable'		OSw. kv�mber�	'suitable (adj.)'
	Sw.	Kymmene <= Fi.?	'same river in Southern Finland'		cf. PIE gwēmia	~>	OInd. gāmya-	'accessible'
cook, kitchen	Fi.	kyps�	'ripe'	<	PreF *k�pti- or *kepti-	~>	Votyak=Zyryen� kiś-m-	'to ripen'
peptic < Gr.					↑ Balt. *kep-t� or PreBalt. *kwep-t�	>	Lith. k�ptas	'cooked'
							Latvian kept�	'cooked'
	Sw.	koka, k�k	'cook', 'kitchen'	<	cf. PIE *pekw-t�- / *kwekw-t�-	>	Lat. coctus	'cooked, fried, ripe'
							Gr. peptos	'cooked'
						~>	Gr. arto-k�pos	'baker'
							OInd. pakva-	'ripe, cooked'
hard, hardy	Fi.	k�rsi�	'suffer, endure'	<	PreF *k�rti-	>	Mordv. kiŕďe	'endure, suffer; control'
cancer < Lat.	Sw.	(ut)h�rda	'harden (endure)'	<	↑ Pre-Gmc *kart-i- >� *χarđ(w)ja-�	>	Old Swedish h�r�a	'harden, endure'
							Goth. ga-hardjan	'harden'
							Middle High German herten	'harden; withstand; insist'
							Norwegian herde	'harden, endure, suffer'
harrow	Fi.	k�rv�s; k�rp�-	'trunk with branchstumps as rack'; '(also) grapnel'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *k�rp�-
	Sw.	harv	'harrow'	<	↑ Early Proto-Gmc. *χarƀaz	>	ON harfr	'harrow'
							Sw. dial. harva	'harrow', 'grapnel'
shy	Fi.	k�yh�	'poor'	<	Proto-Finnic *ke�ɧ�-
	Sw.	skygg	'timid'		↑ Early Gmc *skeuχwa-	>	OE scēoh	'shy'
							OHG sciuhen	'shy'
lie, lay, layer	Fi.	laaka	'flat, plain'		Look under 'lieka'�
lie, lay, layer	Fi.	laho	'decayed/rotten tree(-trunk)'�		Look under 'lieka'�
less	Fi.	laiha	'lean, thin, meagre'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *lai�a-	>	Saami l��'�i	'lean, thin, meagre'
least	Sw.	lite-n/-t, lilla	'small'	<	↑ Baltic *laisas	>	Lith. l�esas	'lean, thin, meagre'
							Latvian liess	'lean, thin, meagre'
						~>	Crimean Goth. lista�	'little'
land	Fi.	lansi	'lowland, low'	<	PreF *lonta/-mta� (*/l�mti-/??)	>	Votyak=Zyryen� lud	'field, meadow, pasture'
	Sw.	land	'land'	<~	↑ PreGmc. *londho-/lomdho-	>	Gmc. *landa-	'land'
glove	Fi.	lasta	'spattle, spatula, trowel'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *lasta
					↑ Baltic *lāpstā	>	Latvian l�psta	'spade', 'shovel', 'shoulder blade'
							OPrussian. lopto�	'spade'
	Sw.	�lov; love, labb	'oarblade, tack'; 'palm of hand'			~>	Lith. lopet�	'spade', 'shovel'
							Russ. lopáta; lopátina	'shovel' ; 'steer rudder'
							OHG lappo	'palm', 'rudder blade'
							Goth. lōfа = ON lōfi�	'palm'
blade	Fi.	lehti	'leaf, sheet'	<	PreF *le�ti	>	Cheremis� lə�ta�	'leaf'
	Sw.	blad	'leaf, sheet, blade'	<	↑ PIE/PreG *bhl(e)h1-t�	>	Gmc. *blađa	'leaf'
						>	Gmc. *blēđa > OE bl�d	'blossom, sprout, fruit'
					or(??) ↑ Baltic *lak�tas	>	Lith. l�k�tas	'leaf; sheet'
							Latvian laksti	'leafs and stem of plant'
lie, lay, layer	Fi.	lieka	'tether'�	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *lēka	>
low, law, ledge	Sw.	l�g, lag, ligga	'low, law, lie'	<	↑ PaleoGmc. *lēgā	>	OHG lāga	'trap, snare, tightened rope'
							Old Swedish lāga	'snare, trap, ambush'
lie, lay, layer	Fi.	lieko	'windfallen tree, waterlogged/ decayed treetrunk'�	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *lēko
low, law, ledge	Sw.	l�g, lag, ligga	'low, law, lie'	<	↑ PaleoGmc. *lēgō or Gmc *lēʒō	>	Old Scandinavian lāg[-a-]�	'windfallen tree'
lie, lay, layer	Fi.	laho	'decayed/rotten tree(-trunk)'�	<	Late Proto-Finnic *laɧo
low, law, ledge	Sw.	l�g, lag, ligga	'low, law, lie'	<	↑ NW Gmc. *lāʒō	>	Old Scandinavian lāg[-a-]�	'windfallen tree'
lie, lay, layer	Fi.	laaka	'flat, plain'	<	Late Proto-Finnic *lāka
low, law, ledge	Sw.	l�g, lag, ligga	'low, law, lie'	<~	↑ Proto-Norse *lāʒaR	>	ON l�gr�	'low, deep; inferior, insignificant'
OE. hlūt(t)or	Fi.	luuta	'besom, broom'	<	Latish? Proto-Finnic *luuta-
					↑ Baltic *�lōta- (or later sluota-?)	>	Lith. �lúota	'besom, broom'
							Latvian sluota	'besom, broom'
	Sw.	lutter	'sheer, pure'			>	Gmc. *xlū-tr-a- adj.	'pure'
lot	Fi.	l�yt��	'to find, obtain'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *le�t�- <*levt�-
	Sw.	ljuta (lott n.)	'to encounter (death)'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *χleuta-	>	OE hl�otan, Icel. hlj�ta�	'get, attain, obtain, encounter' etc.
					<PIE *kl(e)u-d-	>	Latvian kl�ũt	'reach, acheive, arrive at'
may, might	Fi.	mahtaa	'may, should'; 'boast, be mighty'	<	PreF *ma�-ta-	>	Cheremiss(East) mo�tem	'be able to, know how to, master'�
machine < Gr.	Sw.	m�	'may'		↑ ? Early Gmc *maʒan	>	Goth.=OHG magan	'be capable, be able, can; may'�
							OE m�g (present)	'is capable, is able, can; may'�
							OCS moga, mo�ti	'is capable, is able, can; power, force'�
							Gr. mēkhanē	'vehicle, means, instrument'
many	Fi.	maksaa	'to pay'	<	PFU *maksa- */m�ks�-/	>	Mordv.� maksoms	'to give'
					↑ PIr *ma(n)dza	>	Av. *mąza-	'to give' (cf. mąza.raii-)
	Sw.	m�ngen	'many'	<	cf. PIE *men(e)gh-*mon(e)gh-	~>	OInd. *m�mhate	'gives, grants, bestows'
							OCS mŭnogŭ	'many'
							Gmc. *maniʒa-	'many'
many	Fi.	moni	'many'	<	Pre-F *moni	>	Votyak=Zyryen -mịnda	'as much (as)', 'how much'
	Sw.	m�ngen	'many'		↑ ??? relation unclear/uncertain
					cf. PIE *men(e)gh-*mon(e)gh-	>	OCS mŭnogŭ	'many'
							Gmc. *maniʒa-	'many'
malt	Fi.	mallas, malta-	'malt'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *maltas-
	Sw.	malt	'malt'	<	↑ PreGmc *maldaz	>	OE mealt	'malt'
					or ↑ Gmc.*maltaz		ON maltr	'malt'
melt, smelt	Fi.	melto (-rauta)	'weak', 'forgeable (iron)'	<	Middle-Proto-F *melto-
	Sw.	sm�lta (n.)	'molten metal'		↑ EarlyGmc. *melta-	>	OE meltan	'melt'
					or ↑ Early Gmc. *smelta-	>	NG smelt	'molten metal'
murder	Fi.	marras	'bound to die, dead, etc.'	<	PreF *marta-s	//	PrePermic-Mordvin separate loan *mert�-	'man' (<'mortal')
mortal < Lat.	Sw.	mord	'murder'	<~	↑ PI-Ir *mrt�-s	>	OInd. mrt�-ḥ	'dead'
							Av. mərət�-	'dead'
						~>	Gr. ambrotos <*a-mbrotos	'immortal, divine'
							Gmc. *mur�ra-	'murder'
							PIr. *martá- < *mer-to	'(mortal) man'
murder	Fi.	murha	'murder'	<	Proto-Finnic *murɧa-
	Sw.	mord	'murder'	<~>	↑ Gmc. *mur�ra-	>	OE mor�or (pl. mor�ras)	'murder'
							Gothic maur�r	'murder'
moth	Fi.	mato	'worm'	<	PreF *mača-/*mačo-	>	Saami muohci, muohcu	'moth'
	Sw.	mott	'moth'		↑ Early PIr *matsa	>	Pashto mā�ay < *māsijaka	'moskito'
		Gmc.�	*mu��ō-	← borrowed from Proto-Saami�		�~>	OInd. maśa-ka, maśa-	'moskito, gadfly'
		Gmc. not cognate to Indo-Iranian or Baltic			*m(u)očo-(j-) (cf. upper right)		Lith. mā�a-la	'gnat, black fly'
melt, smelt	Fi.	melto (-rauta)	'weak', 'forgeable (iron)'		Look under 'mallas'
marsh, mere	Fi.	meri	'(salt) sea'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *meri
murmaid					↑ ?Baltic *mari- < PIE *mori-	>	Lith. m�rė, m�rios	'the sea', 'the Curonian sea'
					The vowel correspondance is bad		OCS morje	'the sea'
					but corresponds to reki < *rāge-		Lat. mare	'the sea'
							Gmc. *mari-	'sea', 'lake, pond'
						~>	Welsh mor	'the sea'
mead	Fi.	mesi, mete-�	'honey'	<	PFU *meti-	>	Hung. m�z	'honey'
	Sw.	mj�d	'mead'	<~	↑ Early PI-Ir *medhu	>	OInd. m�dhu	'honey'
							Lith. medus	'honey'
							Gr. methu	'wine'
mid(dle)	Fi.	mets�	'forest'	<	PreF *mećć�-	>	Saami m�čče	'edge, fringe, outskirts'
medial < Lat					↑ Baltic *media- 'woods on outskirts/fringeland'	>	Lith. mẽdis, mẽdja-, mẽ�ia-	'tree', '(dialectal) forest'
							Latvian me�s, medja-, me�a	'forest, small forest'
							OPrussian median	'forest'
	Sw.	mid-, medel	'mid', 'mid, means'		cf. PIE *medhio-/medhi-	~>	Russian me�á	'border, headland, fringe land'
many	Fi.	moni	'many'		Look under 'maksaa'
marten<Romance	Fi.	morsian	'bride'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *mortian
					↑ Baltic *marti(j)a-	>	Lith. mart�	'bride, newly wed (before first born; niece; sister in law'
							Latvian mār�a < *martiā	'sister in law'
							OPrus. martin/martan(acc)	'bride'
	Sw.	m�rd	'marten'			~>	O.E. mear� < *mar�us	'marten'
							Crimean Gothic marzus�	'wedding'
							OInd. márya-�	'man, young man, beloved, suitor'
meet(ly),must	Fi.	muoto	'shape, form'	<	Middle-Proto-F *mōto-
mode, model,	Sw.	m�ta, m�tt	'measure (v.), (n.)'	<~	↑ PreGmc. *mōda-	>	ON m�t	'sign, feature, nature, character'
modify < Lat.					or ↑ Gmc.*mōta-		Lat. modus	'measure, size, manner, harmony'
						~>	OE gemǽte	'commensurate, fit'
murder	Fi.	murha	'murder'		Look under 'marras'
mean, miss(-)	Fi.	myy-/my�-	'to sell, to give'	<	PU *meχi- */mexi-/	>	Proto-Samoyed .....	'to give, sell'
mutate, com-	Sw.	men, men-	'harm, detriment', 'harmful'	<	↑ PIE *h2mei(H)-	>	OInd. máyatē�	'changes'
mute, mutual,�		gemen(-sam)	'joint, common'				lett. míju	'changes'
migrate < Lat.		missa, miss-	'to miss', 'miss-'				Gr. ame�-bō	'change, exchange'
						~>	OInd. minā́ti	'changes, deceives'
							Gmc. *ga-mai-niz	'(held in) common'
							Lat. mū-tāre	'change'
							Gmc. *missa-	�''(in a changed manner>) abnormally'
queen	Fi.	nai-nen	'woman'	<	PU *n�χi- (> *naχ�-) (*/n�xi/nax�/)
	Fi.	naa-ras	'female (of animal)'		↑ PIE *gwneh2-	>	OInd. gnā́	'goddess'
							OIr. mn� (gen. of ben)	'woman'
						~>	Gr. gunē	'woman'
	Sw.	kvinna (kona)	'woman'	<	cf. *gwenh2-	>	OInd. j�ni	'wife'
							OCS. �ena	'wife'
nave, navel	Fi.	napa	'navel; hub, nave; pole'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *napa-
					↑ Baltic *naba-	>	Latvian naba	'navel'
							OPrussian nabis	'hub of wheel, nave, navel'
	Sw.	nav, navel	'hub; navel'	<	or ↑ Gmc *naƀō- (cf. *naƀalō-)	>	ON nọf	'hub of wheel, nave'
							OE nafu	'hub of wheel, nave'
					cf. PIE h3(e)nobh-	>	OInd. n�bhya	'hub of wheel, nave'
							Persian nāf	'navel'
							Lat. umbilicus	'navel'
							Gr. omphal�s	'navel, boss of shield'
auger	Fi.	napakaira	'auger'	<	Late Proto-Finnic *napakaira-
	Sw.	navare	'auger'	<	↑ Proto-Norse *naƀagaiRa-�	>	ON nafarr	'auger'
							OE nafogār	'auger'
need/OE neod	Fi.	nauta	'cattle'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *navta-
contamination	Sw.	n�t	'cattle'	<	↑ PreGmc. *nauda-�	>	ON naut	'one cattle, animal'
of unrelated					or ↑ Gmc.*nauta-		OE nēat	'one cattle, animal'
words, 'neod'							Lith. naudà�	'benefit, profit, property'
is true cognate						~>	Lith. naũdyti	'to desire'
						~>	OE neod�	'desire, longing'
need/OE neod	Fi.	nauttia	'consume, enjoy'	<	Late Proto-F *nautti-
	Sw.	n�ta	wear (out/off), enjoy'	<	↑ Gmc. *naut(i)ja-	>	Sw. n�ta	'wear (out/off)'
needle	Fi.	neula	'needle'		Look right below unde 'niisi'
needle	Fi.	niisi, niide-	'heddle'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *nīti-
snood					↑ Baltic *nīti-	>	Lith. n�tis; pl. nýtys�	'(warp) thread'; pl. 'harness (text.), heald'�
							Latvian nĩts; pl. nĩtis	'(warp) thread'; pl. 'harness (text.), heald'�
							Ru. nit'���	'thread'
	Sw.	n�t, n�l, sn�re,	'seam, joint', 'needle', 'wind, twist',		cf. PIE (s)nh1i-t-i-	~>	Lat. nēre	'spin, weave'�
		sno, naja < Holl.	'string', 'lash, bind'			~>	Early Gmc. *nē�la-	'needle'
needle	Fi.	neula	'needle'	<	Proto-Finnic *nēkla-	>	Carelian niekla	'needle'
	Sw.	n�l, n�t	'needle'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *nē�la	>	OE nae�l�	'needle'
							OHG nadala	'needle'
							Goth. ne�la	'needle'
name	Fi.	nimi	'name'	<	PU *nimi	>	Hung. n�v	'name'
	Sw.	namn	'name'	<~	↑ PIE *(H)nmen- (oblique stem)	>	Blt/Slv. *inmen-	'name'
							Proto-Celtic *anmen	'name'
						~>	Lat. nōmen	'name'
							Gr. onoma < enuma	'name'
							Gmc. *namōn	'name'
ear, awn	Fi.	ohdake (=ohta+ke)	'thistle'		Look under 'kasa'
ear, awn	Fi.	ohra	'barley'		Look under 'kasa'
ewe	Fi.	oinas	'castrated ram'		Look under 'uuhi'
ale	Fi.	olut	'beer'		Look under 'kalja'
angle, Angle	Fi.	onki	'fish hook'	<	PreF *onki	~>	Cheremiss (East) oŋgo	'hook', 'loop', 'ring'
English	Sw.	angel, ankare	'fish hook', 'english'		↑ PreGmc *anga-n < *onko-	>	Middle Low German ango	'fish hook'
						~>	OE angel	'fish hook'
					or ↑ PIA *ank�-	>	OInd. ank�-ḥ�	'hook, clamp', 'bent'
							Lith. �nka	'loop, snare, noose'
						~>	Lat. ungus	'hook'
							Gr. �nkos	'hook'
wish, win	Fi.	onni	'happiness, luck, fortune'	<	PreF *vonni-	>	Saami� vuodna	'good fortune, luck'
winsome,	Sw.	�nskan, v�n,	'wish', 'friend'	<~	↑ PreG *wn(H)iā-	>	Gmc. *wunnjō > OE wynn	'delight, happiness, bliss, pleasure'
Venus < Lat.		under, v�nta	'wonder', 'wait'		<PIE *u(e)nH-	~>	Germ. deriv. w�nschen	'to wish'
						~>	OInd. vani-	'desire, wish'
awl	Fi.	ora	thorn, prickle, awl'	<	PFU *ora- */or�-/	>	Hung. �r	'awl'
					↑ PI-Ir *ārā��	>	OInd. *ā́rā	'prickle, awl'
	Sw.�	�l (archaic)	'awl'		< Late PIE *ēlā		Gmc. *ēlō > OE �l	'awl'
else	Fi.	orja	'slave'	<	PreF *orja-�	>	Mordva ura, uŕ�	'slave, servant'
alias < Lat.					↑ PI-A *ar�- 'alien (> host)'	>	OInd. ary�-	'hospitable host, lord'
Aryan, Iran <OInd./Farsi	Sw.	eljest, el�nde,	'else/otherwise, Aryan, Iran'		cf. Gmc. *'gastiz' ~ Lat. 'hostis'		OInd. �rya-, �riya-, ar�ya-, ary�-	'host, lord'
		eller, arier, Iran				~>	araņa-	'foreign'
						~>	Lat. alius; aliēnus	'other of more than two; alien'
						~>	Gmc *aljaz�	'else, otherwise'
OR ALTERNATIVELY:
work	Fi.	orja	'slave'		PreF *worja-
urge < Latin	Sw.	verk	'work, deed', 'works'		↑ PIE *uorģ�-	~>	Gr. orgia	'worship'
							Eng. worker	'worker'
work	Fi.	pyrki�	�strive, work for��		Middle Proto-Finnic *p�rki- / *purki
urge < Latin	Sw.	yrka	'call for, urge, press for'		↑ Early Gmc. *wurkija-	>	ON yrka	'work, take effect'
					cf. PIE *urģ-	~>	Lith. verziu�	'tie, fasten, squeeze'
							Lat. urgere	'press hard, push, drive, compel'
orphan < gr.	Fi.	orpo, orpa-na	'orphan'	<	PFU *orpa-� */orp�-/	>	Hung. �rva	'orphan'
robot < czech					↑ PIA or PIr *arbha-s	>	OInd. �rbha-h	'small, weak, young'
	Sw.	arvode, arbete	'remuneration < work' ; 'work'	<	PIE *Hórbho- 'deprived'	>	Gr. orphanos	'orphaned'
						>	Lat. orbus	'orphaned; widower'
						>	OCS rabŭ	'slave'
						>	OE ierfa	'heir'
orphan < gr.	Fi.	arpa	'allotment, lot, dice, die'	<	Middle Proto-F *arpa-	>	Saami vuorbi	'lot, destiny'
	Sw.	arv	'inheritance, allotment'	<~	↑ Gmc. *arƀ(i)a-	>	OE ierfa	'heir'
							ON arfr	'inheritance'
ware (noun)	Fi.	os-taa v.	'to buy'	<	PFU *wosa */wos�/ 'merchandise'	>
	Sw.	vara	'merchandise'	<	↑ PIE *uosā < *uoseh2	>	Gmc. *wazō- > *warō-	'product, merchandise'
						>	OInd. vas-n�-m	'price, value'
	For Germanic cognates see Kluge/Seebold s.v. "Ware"					~>	Hitt. wa�-	'to buy'
							Gr. ōneisthai < *uos-n-	'to buy'
ware (noun)	Fi.	varasto	'warehouse'	<	Late Proto-F *vara-sto
	Sw.	varuhus	'department store'	<~	?↑? Proto Norse *warō-hūsa-	> German Warenhaus		'warehouse'
					or ?↑? Proto Norse *wara- look below under Fi vara 'spare, extra'
enough	Fi.	osa	'part, share'	<	PreF *ośa < *onś�	? >	Hung. oszt	'divide'
					↑ PI-A *anća-�	>	OInd. áṃśa-�	'part, share'
					cf. PIE *h2onḱ-o-�		Av. ąsa-	'share'�
						~>	Gr. onkos	'burden, mass'; > 'tumor'
	Sw.	nog	'enough'		cf. PIE *h2nōḱ-o-�	>	Gmc. *ga-nōʒa-	'sufficient'
end	Fi.	otsa	'forehead'	<	PreF *onćća-	>	Zyryan (v)od'z'	'front side'
	Sw.	�n, �nde, �nnnu,	'even', 'end', 'still'	<~	↑ Early Gmc. *an�ia-z < *�ntio-	>	ON enni, OHG endi	'forehead'
		�nne (arch. dial.)	'forehead'		cf. PIE *h2enti�s 'above, last'	>	Gr. antios	'above'
							OInd. �ntyah	'ultimate, outermost, last'
fold	Fi.	palsi	'hard layer of soil'; 'dry edge of clay or gravel'	<	PreF *palti-	>	Saami (L) buollda	hillside, mountain side'
fauteuil	Sw.	f�ll	'hem'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *fal�a- < *pol-to-	>	ON faldr	'pleat, fold, hem'
spleen <	Fi.	perna	'spleen'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *perna
�romance					↑ PIr *sprz-n- (weak stem)	>	Av. spərəz-n-	'spleen'
					cf. PIE *splǵʰ-n-	>	OInd plihan	'spleen'
							Lat. splen	'spleen'
							Gr. splen	'spleen'
							Lith. bluznis	'spleen'
							O.Ir. selg	'spleen'
farrow	Fi.	porsas	(little) pig, piglet'	<	PreF *porćas	>	Mordv purts-/purs-/purt�ś-	'(little) pig, piglet'
pork < Lat.					↑ Blt/Slv *parśas�	>	Lith. par�as	'piglet, castrated boar'
					or ↑ PreI-Ir *porśos		Pr-Ir *pārsa-	'pig'
					or ↑ PIE *porḱos		Gmc. *farχaz	'piglet'
							Lat. porcus	'pig'
	Fi.	pullea	'plump, chubby'	<	Early Proto-Finnic *puln-	>	Saami boldni	'hillock, mound; roundish, steep hilltop'
full, plenty	Sw.	full	'full'	<	↑ PaleoGmc. *fulna-	>	ON fullr	'full'
							Lat. plēnus	'full'
ball, bowl, bull	Sw.	boll, bulle, bula			??or ↑ PaleoGmc. *buln-���� (this alternative not from any source)	~>	Engl bull (cf. bowl), ON boli (cf. Sw bulle), Gr phallos	round swollen object'
spin, spider	Fi.	punoa	'to plait, twine, spin'�	<	PU *pun�- (*pun�-)
	Sw.	spinna	'to spin'	<~	↑ PIE *pnH-e/o ~*spenH-	>	Lith. p�nti, pin�	'plait, braid'
							Rus. pjatъ, pnu	german 'anspannen'
borer	Fi.	pura	borer, awl'	<	PU *pur�(-)	>	Hung. f�r	'to bore'
	Sw.	borr	'drill'	<	↑ PIE *bhrH-	>	Gmc. *bur-ō	'to bore'
							Gr. pharos	'plough'
						~>	Lat. forāre	'to bore, pierce'
board	Fi.	pursi	'(small) yacht', 'vessel'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *purti-
cf. 'on board'	Sw.	(om)bord	'(on) board'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *burđa-	>	OE. bord	'board'
						>	ON bor�	'board'
work	Fi.	pyrki�	�strive, work for��		Look under 'orja'
forbid, bid	Fi.	p�yt�	'table'	<	Middle Proto-F *be�t�-
Buddha<OInd.	Sw.	bjuda	'to bid, offer, command'		↑ Early Gmc *beuđa-(z)	>	ON bj��	'table'
							Goth. biu�s	'table'
						~>	Lith. budeti	'to be awake'�
							OInd. bodhati�	'be awake, watchful, enlightened, observe, become aware'
right	Fi.	raaja	'limb'	<	Earlyish Proto-Finnic *rakja	>	Saami ruovji	'quarter of a carcass'
rake, rack	Sw.	r�cka, r�tt	extend, stretch out, reach; be sufficient'; 'right, justice'	<	↑ Early Gmc *rakja-	>	OE reccan	'extend, stretch out'
						~>	Gr. or�gō	'strech out, extend'
rand	Fi.	rasia	'small box'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *ranćia (?*rantia)
	Sw.	rand, r�nde	'brim, brink', 'frame brim'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *randia	>	Sw r�nde (dial. r�nne)	'frame, brim'
round, roll,	Fi.	ratas, ratta(h)-	'wheel', (pl) 'cart'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *rattas-
rotate < Lat.	Sw.	ratt	'steering wheel'	<	↑ Balt *ratas	>	Lith. rãtas	'wheel, circle, ring, (pl.) cart'
							Latvian rats�	'wheel, (pl.) cart'�
					PIE *(H)roth2-o-	>	OHG rad	'wheel'
							Lat. rota	'wheel'
							OInd. rátha-	'chariot'�
ready, road	Fi.	ratsas	'rider'	<	Late PreF *raććas
	Sw.	reda, redan, redd,	'prepare', 'already'; 'roadstead',	<	↑ Early Gmc. *raiđia-	>	OE. -r�de	'*rider' => '*mounted' => 'ready'
		�redo, r�d, rida	'ready', 'raid', 'ride'				ON grei�r	'ready, plain'
						~>	Goth. garai�s�	'ordered, arranged (ready)'
red, rust	Fi.	rauta	'iron'	<	Pre-F *ravta- (or Proto-F *rauta-)	>	Saami ruovdi	'iron'
robust < Lat.	Sw.	r�d, rost	'rust, red'	<	↑ Blt/slv.or Early Mid.Slv *raudā-	>	Slv. *rūdā	'iron ore', 'mire with ironred water'
							Lith. rūdýnas, rūdỹnė	'marsh with ironred water', 'mire'
					or ↑ Paleo Gmc.*rauda-	>	ON rau�i	'red iron ore'
					cf. PIE *h1roudh-o-	~>	Lat. rōbīgo�	'rust; etc.'
rust	Fi.	ruoste	'rust'	<	Proto-Finnic *rost-e�
	Sw.	rost	'rust'	<	↑ Gmc *rusta- = *[rosta-]?	>	OE rūst	'rust'
read, hundred	Fi.	rehto	'row, line; side; stratum'	<	PreF *re�to
	Sw.	rad	'row, stack, pile'	<	↑ PIE *h2rh1-to- / *h2rh1-teh2-	>	PGmc. *rađa	'row, order, side, edge, stack, pile'
						~>	Icel. r��	'row, order, side, edge'
brow,	Fi.	reuna	'edge'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *revna
?bridge					↑ Northern Baltic *breuna-	>	Lith. briaunà	'edge, cornice, crust of bread, haft'�
	Sw.	bryn<*brūniR (pl.)	'edge, brow'	<	cf. PIE *h3bhreuH-neh2?	~>	ON brún�	'edge, side'�
							OE. brū-	'eyebrow'
						~>	OIr. brú	'edge, bank'�
fresh	Fi.	rieska		<	Proto-Finnic or later? *re(e)ska-
					↑ Northern Baltic *preiska-	>	Lith. priẽska-	'unleavened, fresh, unspiced'�
	Sw.	f�rsk, frisk		<	or ↑ Later Baltic *prieska-	~>	OE. fersc < WGmc.*friskaz	'fresh, pure, sweet'
wry, wriggle	Fi.	rihma	'filament, thread'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *ri�ma-	//	Sep loan Saami riess�m	'piece of decorative cloth, filament (for reindeer harness)'
wrist, wrestle				<	↑ Baltic *ri�ima-/*ri�ama-	>	Latvian risamais	'band, tape'�
					cf. verb *ri�ti 'tie, bind'		Lith. ri��mas	'binding'
	Sw.	vricka, vrist	'sprain, twist, scull'; 'ankle';		cf. PIE *uriḱ-tei 'twist, weave,		OPrus. senrists ; perrēist�	'verbunden'; 'verbinden'
		?vr�nga	'turn inside out, distort, twist'		�tie together'	~>	OE wrīon�	'wrap, cover, protect'
							Av. uruuisiieiti	'rotate, revolve'
grass, grow	Fi.	rohto	'medical plant, green herb'	<	PreF *ro�to-
	Sw.	grodd	'germ (shoot)'	<	↑ PreG *ghroH-tu-	>	Gmc. *grō�u-	'green growth'
					or ↑ PreG *ghroH-to-(n-)	>	Gmc. *grō�a(n)-	'herb, plant, growth'
grass	Fi.	ruoho	'grass'	<	Proto-Finnic *rōho-	//	sep. loan Saami ruos'sjie	'a hard grass with which wooden vessels are scrubbed'
	Sw.	gr�s	'grass'	<	↑ Gmc *grōsō-	>	MiddleHG gruose	'germ (shoot)'
							Middle LG gr�se	'growing power'
						~>	ProtoNorse *grasja-	'grass'
rye	Fi.	ruis, ruki-	'rye'	<	Proto-Finnic *rukis
	Sw.	r�g	'rye'		↑ Gmc *ruʒiz	>	ON rugr	'rye'
							OE ryge	'rye'
					or ↑ Baltic *rugiz	>	Lith. rugī̃s, pl. rugiaĩ	'rye corn', pl. 'rye'
							Latvian rudzis, pl. rudzi	'rye corn', pl. 'rye'
							OPrus. rug(g)is	'rye'
						~>	OCS ruzi	'rye'
school < Gr.	Fi.	saa-da	get, receive, achieve'	<	PreF *s�χi-	>	Mordv. sajəms, ś�vəms	'come, arrive; become; catch, achieve, hit; seize; get; win'
scheme < Gr.					?↑ Pre I-Ir *seģh-	>	Av. haz-	'seize, take possession, aqcuire'
						>	OInd. s�hate	'subdue; can, endure'
							OInd. s�has	'violence, victory'
	Sw.	seger	'victory'	<	cf. PIE *seģh-	>	Gmc *siʒiz	'victory'
		skola	'school'				Gr. ekhō	'hold, have'
							Gr. skhēma	'"holding", form, figure'
							Gr. skholē	'"holding back", stop, rest' > 'leisure in disputation' > 'school'
gallows	Fi.	salko	'long thin pole'	<	PreF *śalka (< *ś�lka < *ś�lka)	>	Mordv. śalgo	'stick; sting; staff, pole'
	Sw.	galg	'gallows'	<	?↑ Late PIE *ģhalgha-	>	Gmc. *galʒa-n	'pole of a draw well, gallows' etc.
							Lith. �alga-s, �alg�	'long thin pole'
still, stalk,	Fi.	salvata, salpa-	'to hinder, stall, stop'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *salpa-
stall, stilt, etc.	Sw.	stolpe	'pole'	<~	↑ Early Gmc. *stalpa-	>	ON stalpi	'pole'
					PIE *stol-b-o-	~>	Gmc. *stalpja-	'to still, stall, dam'
still, stalk,	Fi.	tulppa	'plug, stopper'	<	Proto-Finnic *tulppa
stall, stilt, etc.	Sw.	stolpe	'pole'	<	↑ Gmc. *stulpan-	>	Dutch stolp	'lid'
stump	Fi.	sammas	'statue, column (myth. upholding the firmament)'	<	PreF *sampa-s
					↑ PI-A *stambhas	>	OInd. stambhah	'statue, column'
	Sw.	stump	'remaining stump of cut off'	<~	PIE *st(e)mbh- (~*st(e)mb-?)	>	Lith. st�mbas	stem, stalk, (dial.) trunk'�
							OHG stumpf�	'trunk'
hinge (hang)	Fi.	sanka	'bail, handle'	<	Pre-Finnic *śaŋka- (*ćaŋka-)	>	Mordv (E) śaŋgo (m) ťśaŋgă	'hay fork'
false cognate with					↑ Late PIE *ḱanku- or *ḱanko-	>	Gmc *hanhu- or *hanha-	'oarlock; plough; shark'
semantic interference							OInd śank��	'wooden nail, peg; pole'
for true cognate, see:	Sw.	(dial.) h�	'oarlock; cove'	<	Gmc *hanhu- or *hanha-		OCS sǫkъ	'sprout; wand'
or Pokorny p.523							Cymr. cainc	'branch'
	Fi.	hako	'sprig of spruce'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�ako-
					↑ Baltic *�aka-	>	Lith. �akà�	'branch of tree/river etc.'
							Latvian saka	'bifurcation, branching'
						~>	OInd śākā	'branch'
							Goth. hōha	'plough'
	Fi.	hanka	'oarlock; gab; space between thumb and forfinger'	<	Late Proto-Finnic *ɧanka-
	Sw.	(dial.) h�	'oarlock; cove'		↑ Gmc/PN *χanga- or *χangu-	~>	ON h�r	'oarlock'
horn, hart	Fi.	sarvi	'horn'	<	PFU *śorwa- */śorw�-/	>	Hung. szarv ; szarvas	'horn' ; 'hart/deer'
					↑ PI-A *śrva or PIr *śraw-/*ś�rw-��	>	Av. srū, srvā-	'horn, -nail'
							OPers. surū(n)	'horn'
	Sw.	horn, hjort	'horn, hart'		< PIE *ḱer(h2)u-o-	>	Lat. cervus	'deer'
						~>	Gmc. *heru-taz	'hart'
						~>	Gmc. *hur-na-	'horn'
(horn), hart	Fi.	hirvi, hirvas	'elk, moose',� 'male hart'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�irv-
reindeer < ON					↑ Baltic �irw-	>	Old Prussian sirwis	'hart, deer'
	Sw.	hjort, ren	'hart', reindeer'			~>	Gmc. *heru-taz	'hart'
						~>	Proto-Nordic *hrai-naz	'reindeer'
hornet	Fi.	herhil�inen	'large wasp, hornet'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�er�i-
					↑ Baltic *�ir�-		Old Lith. �ir�uõ	'hornet'
							Lith. �ìr�ė, �ir�ė̃, �ìr�uonas	'hornet'
							Latvian sirsenis	'hornet'
							OPruss. sirsilis�	'hornet'
							OCS s(t)rъ�enь�	'hornet'
					PIE * ḱr(h2)s-en-	~>	Gmc *hurznuta-	'hornet'
						~>	Lat. crābrō�	'hornet'
hundred	Fi.	sata	'hundred'	<	PFU *śata */ś�t�/ or */ś�t�/	>	Hung. sz�z	'hundred'
					↑ PI-Ir *ćata- or PIA śat�-	>	OInd. śat�-m	'hundred'
	Sw.	hundra	'hundred'		< PIE *ḱmt�m	>	Gmc. *χunđa-rađa	'hundred'
							Gr. hekaton	'hundred'
							Lat. centum	'hundred'
hundred	Fi.	hinta	'price'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�imta-
	Sw.	hundra	'hundred'		↑ East Baltic *�imta-	>	Lith. *�imtas	'hundred, very much, large amount'
stead	Fi.	sata-ma	'boat-shore, harbour'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *sata-
station < Lat.	Sw.	-stad	(landing/berthing) place'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *sta�a	>	Eng. (dial)� staith[e]	'quay'
							MHG. stade	'strand, shore'
stow, stern,	Fi.	saura	'pole, stake, stick'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *sapra
store < Lat.	Sw.	st�r	'pole, stake, stick'	<	↑ Gmc. *staura-	>	Proto-Nordic *stauraz	'pole, stake, stick'
staurolite<Gr.							Gr. stauros	'cross'
							Lat. īnstaurāre	'to restore, set upright again'
stool, stative	Fi.	talas, talo	scaffold; house, shed'	<	PFU *tala-	//	Votyak & Vogul separ. loans
	Sw.	stol	'chair; stool'		↑ PaleoGmc *stāla-s 'scaffold'	>	Norwegian stol	i.a. 'rack; scaffold for hay/grain in barn etc.'
stall	Sw. stall	stall	'stable'		or ↑ Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold'�	>	OldNorwegian stallr	'rack, scaffold; stable; manger'
Tellus, tellurian					or ↑ PIA *tala-s- 'base, platform'	>	OInd. tala-m	'bottom, ground; surface'
		See also under 'talas, talo'					Lat. tellus	'earth'
side	Fi.	seula	'sieve, siffer, riddle'	<	Proto-Finnic *sēkla-	>	Carelian siekla	'sieve, siffer, riddle'
	Sw.	s�ll, sedan	'sieve, siffer, riddle'; 'later'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *sēđla/*sē�la	>	ON s�ld	'sieve, siffer, riddle'
						~>	Lith. sietas	'sieve, siffer, riddle'
							Gr. ēthm�s	'sieve, siffer, riddle'
							Old Swedish si�er	'long, hanging down, low-lying'
							OE. si�	'late'
							Latin serus	'late'
seed, sow	Fi.	siemen	'seed'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *sēmen-
disseminate,					↑ Baltic. *sē-men-	>	Lith. s�mens, s�menys	'seed'
season < Lat.	Sw.	s�d, s�	'seed', 'sow'	<	cf. PIE *seh1-		OPrussian semen	'seed'
						>	Lat. sēmen	'seed'
						~>	Gmc. *sēja-/*sēje-	'sow'
sow, seed	Fi.	heitt��	'throw, fling'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *�ej-tt�-
disseminate,	Sw.	s�, s�d	'sow', 'seed'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *sēja-/*sēje-	>	OHG sājen	'sow'
season < Lat.					cf. PIE *seh1-	~>	Gr. hiē-mi < *si-sēmi	'throw'
						~>	Lat. serere < *si-s-	'sow'
sow, seed	Fi.	haja-	'dispersed'	<	(Late) Middle Proto-Finnic *�aja-
disseminate,	Sw.	s�, s�d	'sow', 'seed'	<	↑ North-West Gmc. *sāja-	>	OHG sājen	'sow'
season < Lat.					cf. PIE *seh1-	~>	Gr. hiē-mi < *si-sēmi	'throw'
						~>	Lat. serere < *si-s-	'sow'
sty	Fi.	sija	'site, place, locality'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *sija-	>	Saami s�ggje	'site, place, locality'
	Sw.	(svin)-stia	'(pig)-sty'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *stījā	>	OHG stiga	'pen for small livestock'
							OE sti, stig�	'hall, pen'
							Icel. st�a	'sty, pen for small livestock'
							Danish sti	'sty, pen for small livestock'
sister	Fi.	sisar	'sister'	<	PreF *sisar-	>	Cheremiss �u�ar, ���ar	'younger sister, cousine (f) etc'
cousin < Lat.					↑ Baltic *sesor	>	Lith. sesu�, seser̃s	'sister'
	Sw.	syster	'sister'		cf. PIE *sue-(h1)es(ō)r	>	OCS sestra	'sister'
							OInd. svasar-	'sister'
							Lat. soror	'sister'
							Gmc *swestr-	'sister'
cereal < Lat.	Fi.	sora	'gravel'	<	PreF *śora- or *ćora	>	Mordv. *śuro- / *śoră-	'cereal, seeds'
	Sw.	hirs	'millet'		↑ PIE *ḱoro-	>	Lith. ��ras	'fodder'
						>	Lat. Ceres	'goddes of graingrowing'
						>	Gmc. *χer-s-	'millet'
son	Fi.	suku	'family'	<	PreF *suki- (verb)
					↑ PIE *suH-	>	OInd. sū́-	'give birth'
						>	Av. hunāmi
							Tokh. soy	'son'
							Gr. hu�s	'son'
	Sw.	son	'son'	<	PIE *suH-nu-	>	OInd. sūn� =b/sl. sūn�-	'son'
salt	Fi.	suola	'salt'	<	PreF *soola- (or *sola-)	~>	Zyryan sol	'salt'�
saline < Lat.	Sw.	salt	'salt'	<	↑ Blt/slv. *sālas / *sal-	>	Lat. sā̀ls	'salt'�
							OPrussian sal	'salt'�
					PIE *sēh2l-o- / *sh2el-	>	Gr. hals	'salt'�
							Lat. sāl	'salt'�
							OIr salann	'salt'�
							Toch. A sāle, В sālyiye	'salt'�
							Gmc. *sal-ta-	'salt'�
hole, holster, hall, hell	Fi.	suoli	'intestine, gut'	<	PFU *śola- */śol�-/ or *ćola- (/-�-/)�
cell < Lat	Sw.	h�l, hall,	'hole', 'hall'	<	↑ PIE *ḱolo-	>	Gr. k�lo-n	'intestine, gut (rectum)'
		h�lja, h�lster	'cover', 'holster'		or ↑ Pre-I-A *ćōlā-	>	OInd. śā́lā	'hall, house'
							Lat. cella; celare	'storeroom, chamber', 'conceal'
human < Lat.	Fi.	Suomi	'Finland (-proper province)'	<	PreF *ćoma-
(bride)g(r)oom	Sw.	(brud)gum	'bridegroom'	<~	↑ PIE *(dh)ģhmōn-	>	Gmc. guman- > OE guma	'man'
		gumm-(a) f.	'(elderly) woman'				Middle English bridegome	'bridegroom'
							Lat. homō	'man'
humus < Lat.	Fi.	H�me	'H�me (=Tavastia) province	<	PreF *��m-e� < *��m�-	>	Saami sabm-e (-ĕl�)	'saami (origin)', 'saami (language)'�
chthonic < Gr.	Sw.	same	'saami (lapp)' <= Saami lang.		↑ Baltic *�eme-	>	Lith. �ẽmė	'(low) land'
					cf. PIE *(dh)ģhem-	>	Latvian zeme	'earth, land'
						>	OPrussian same, semmē	'earth, land'
							OInd. kṣám-�	'earth'
							Gr. kthōn	'earth'
							Hitt. tēkan, taknas	'earth'
					or ↑ Gmc. *[s�maz] < *sēmaz	>	ON sāmr	'dark (coloured)'
sinew	Fi.	suoni	'blood vessel, sinew'	<	PFU *s��ni- < PU *s�Hn�-�	~>	Hung. �n	'sinew'
	Sw.	sena	'sinew'	<	↑ PIE *sHi-nu-	>	Gmc. *sinu-/*sinwō-	'sinew'
hound	Fi.	susi, sute-	'wolf'	<	PreF *śunti- or *ćunti-
	Sw.	hund	'dog'	<	?↑ PreG/PIE *ḱun-to-	>	Gmc. *χunđa-	'dog (hound)'
					or ?↑ Blt-Slv *śun-to-	>	Latvian suntene	'big dog'
						~>	OInd. śva, ś�nas	'dog'
							Gr. k�ōn, kun�s	'dog'
							Lith. �u�, �u�s	'dog'
						~>	OInd. śvaka-	'wolf'
kin, kind;��� natal < Lat.	Fi.	synty�	'to be born'		Look under 'inhimillinen'
chew	Fi.	sy�d�	'eat'	<	PFU *sewi-	>	Hung. eszik	'eat into, corrode'
					↑ Early PIr *dziewie-	>	Persian jāvīdan	'chew'
	Sw.	tugga�	< *kuggja 'chew'		< PIE *ģieuH-	>	Tokh. św-ā-tsi�	'to eat'
						>	OE cēowan	'to chew'
chew	Fi.	j�yt��	'gnaw'	<	PreF *jev-t�
	Sw.	tugga�	< *kuggja 'chew'	<~	↑ Early Blt/Slv *ģieu-ie-	>	Blt/Slv *�iauiō	'to chew'
							OCS �uju (< *zjou-)�	'to chew'
						~>	OE cēowan	'to chew'
thorn	Fi.	taarna	'Carex, Cladium Mariscus'	<	PF-P *tarna-	>	Zyryan turun	'grass, plant, hey'
				<	↑ PI-Ir, PIA or PIr *trn�- 'grass'	>	OInd. tŕna-	'grass, blade of grass, herb'�
	Sw.	t�rne	'thorn'				Khotanese� ttarra-	'grass'
						~>	Gmc. *�urnuz	'thorn'
Tiu, Tues(day)	Fi.	taivas	'heaven, sky'		Look under 'jumala'
foment	Fi.	takiainen	'bur, burdock'		Look under 'taula'
Tellus, tellurian	Fi.	talas, talo	scaffold; house, shed'	<	PFU *tala-	//	Votyak & Vogul separ. loans
				<	↑ PIA *tala-s- 'base, platform'	>	OInd. tala-m	'bottom, ground; surface'
							Lat. tellus	'earth'
stool, stage, stative		stol			or ↑ PaleoGmc *stāla-s 'scaffold'	>	Norwegian stol	i.a. 'rack; scaffold for hay/grain in barn etc.'
stall		stal			or ↑ Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold'�	>	OldNorwegian stallr	'rack, scaffold; stable; manger'
					or ↑ ?Baltic *tal-	>	Lith. pātalas	'bed'
							OPrus talus	'roomfloor'
fever < Latin	Fi.	taula	'tinder'		Earlyish Proto-Finnic *takla-	>	Saami duovli	'tinder'
day?					↑ Baltic *dagla-	>	Latvian daglis	'tinder'
day?							Lith. dãglas�	'fire coloured'
					PIE *dhōgʷho-s	~>	Lat. fōmes, -itis�	'tinder'
	Sw.	dag		<	↓ Gmc. *dagaz < PIE*oǵʰes-		Tokhj. A ts�k-, В tsak-	'burn'
					(A contaminated form)	~>	Gmc. *dagaz < PIE*Hoǵʰes-	'day'
foment	Fi.	takiainen	'bur, burdock'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *takia- (takkia-)
				<	↑ Baltic *dagija-	>	Latvian dadzis < *dagijas	'bur, burdock (Arctium)'
							Lith. dagỹs, dãgis�	'thistle (Carduus); bur, burdock (Arctium)'
						~>	Old Chech dehna�	'devil'
do, deed	Fi.	teke- (teh-d�)	'to do, make'	<	PFU *teki-	>	Hung. t�v-, t�-, tesz-	'to do, make, put, place'
fact < Lat.	Sw.	d�d	'deed'	<	↑ PIE *dheh1-	>	OInd. d�dhāti	'to put, place'
							Gr. t�thēmi	'to put, place'
						~>	Lat. faciō	'to do, make'
						~>	Gmc. *dōn > germ. tun	'to do, make'
(do), deed	Fi.	teho	'effect'	<	PreF *te�t-o < deriv. *te�ti	>	Estonian teht	'deed, work'
	Sw.	d�d	'deed'		↑ PIE *dheh1-t�	>	Gmc. *dēđi- > OE dǽd	'deed'
							OCS (blago) -dĕtĭ	'mercy, thank' < *'good deed'
							Lith. dė́tis	'load, cargo', 'place where hens or gooses lay their eggs'
do, deed	Fi.	tehdas, tehta-	'store, nest; workplace'	<	PreF *te�tas
	Sw.	d�d	'deed'		↑ PIE *dheh1-t�s	>	Lith. dė́tas (dė́tis)	'put in place'; for dė́tis look above
							OCS (blago) -dĕtĭ	'mercy, thank' < *'good deed'
ten	Fi.	-teksa in yhdeks�n '9', kahdeksan '8'	< yhd(e)-teks�n 'one less than ten' < kahd(e)-teksan 'two less than ten'	<	PreF *teks�-	>	saami, mordvin, cheremis .....
	Sw.	tio	'ten'	<~>	↑ Early PIr *detsa-	>	OPers. daθa	'ten'
					(< PIE *d�ḱmt)		Av. dasa	'ten'
		NB. yksi, yhte-/yhde- means '1'					Nuristani [duts]	'ten'
		�kaksi, kahte-/kahde- means '2'					Gmc. *teχun	'ten'
							Gr. deka	'ten'
							Lat. decem	'ten'
tar	Fi.	terva	'tar'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *terva-
tree, true, trust					↑ Baltic *derva-	>	Lit. derv�	'resinous pinewood; gum, resin, pitch, tar'
	Sw.	tj�ra, tr�, tr�st	'tar', 'tree', 'comfort (<trust)'	<	or ↑ Gmc *terwōn-	>	ON tjara	'hub of wheel, nave'
							OE teoru, teru	'pitch of (certain kinds of) trees'
							OInd. dru ; daru�	'tree, wood' ; 'wood, log'
Tiu, Tues(day)	Fi.	toivo	'hope, forecast, belief'		Look under 'jumala'
tame	Fi.	tosi, tote-lla ; ~> tot-tu-	'true, earnest'; 'to obey' ; ~> 'get accustomed to'	<	PreF *tomti-	~>	Saami duotta	'true, earnest'
	Sw.	tam,	tame',	<~	↑ PIE *dmh2-t�-	>	OInd. dānt�-	'subdued, curbed'
		t�mja	'domesticate'			>	Gr. dmēt�s < dmāt�s	'subdued, curbed'
							Lat. domitus < dmātos	'subdued, curbed'
							Gmc.*tamjan	'domesticate', 'habituate'
thousand	Fi.	tuha-t, -nte-	'thousand'	<	PreF *tu�anti-	~>	_Cheremis tə�em, t��em	'thousand'
thigh, thumb					↑ Baltic *tu�ant-	>	Lith. t�kstantis	'thousand'
	Sw.	tusen(-de)	'thousand'				Latvian tũkstu�ts	'thousand'
		tumme					OPrussian tūsimtons	'thousand'
							OCS tysa�ta	'thousand'
						~>	Gmc. *�ūsundi	'thousand'
still, stalk,	Fi.	tulppa	'plug, stopper'		Look under 'salvata'
donate,	Fi.	tuoda	'bring'	<	PU *toχ�- (*/tox�-/)	>	Samoyed tāś	'give'
endow < Lat.	Sw.	donera <Latin	'donate'	<	↑ PIE *deh3-	>	OInd. d�dāti	'give'
							Gr. didōmi	'give'
							Lat. dō-	'give'
							OLith. d�omi	'give'
							Hitt. dā	'take'
dip, deep	Fi.	tuppi	'sheath'	<	Earlyish Proto-Finnic *tuppi	>	Saami dohppa	'sheath'
	Sw.	doppsko	'chape, sheath; ferrule; casing'	<	↑ Early Gmc *duppa-�	>	Middle Low German dop(pe)	'chape; case'
						>	German Topf	'barrel, container; pot'
dwell	Fi.	tuuli, tuule-	'wind'; v.'blow' (of wind)	<	*tuχl�- (*/tuxli-/) > PF-P *tuuli-�	>	Votyak=Zyryen tẹl�	'wind, weather, storm'
down	Sw.	dun	'down', 'tiny feather'		↑ PIE *dhuH-li-����� 'to reel, dissipate, blow'	>	OInd. dhūlikā�	'fog'
		dvala, dv�ljas	'drowse, doze, lethargy', 'dwell'			>	Lith. dū́lis m., -io	'fog'; 'smokework to expel bees'
		dyner	'dunes' (not accepted as cognate in English sources)			~>	Gmc. *dwalja- < *dwala	'mislead, delay, dwell'
		d�v	'deaf''			~>	Rus. d�iu, dut	'blow'
						~>	Gr. th�ella	'storm, wind'
daughter	Fi.	tyt�r, tytt�re-	'daughter'	<	PreF *t�kt�re-	~>	Saami daktere	'daughter'
					↑ Baltic *dugter-	>	Lith. dugtễ, dukter̃s	'daughter'
							OPrussian duckti	'daughter'
	Sw.	dotter	'daughter'		PIE *dhugh2tēr	>	Gr. thug�tēr	'daughter'
							Gmc. *duχtēr	'daughter'
udder	Fi.	udar, utare-	'udder'	<	PF-P *uđa-re	>	Cheremis wođar, wađar	'udder'
					↑ PIA *ū'dhar	>	OInd. ū́dhar- / ū́dhan-	'udder, breast'
					cf. ?PIE *h1(e/o)uh1dh-or-/-on-??	>	West Gmc. *ūdara-	'udder'
	Sw.	juver<jugher	'udder'	<~		~>	ProtoNorse *ēudara-	'udder'
						~>	Lat. ūber < *oudhara-	'udder, breast'
							Gr. oũthar (-atos)	'udder'
udder	Fi.	j�rvi	'lake'	<	PreF *j�vr�- > Proto-Finnic *j�rv- (with metathesis)	>	Saami jaw're������������� Cheremis j�r, jer	'lake'
urine < Lat.	Sw.	yra	''whirl (of snow)'	<~>	↑ Blt./Slv. or Baltic *jaura-	>	Lith. jaurùs, jáura�	'marshy spot, marshy ground'
							Lith. jū́ra	'(Baltic) sea'
					PIE ?*iouh1r-		Latvian jũra	'(Baltic) sea'
						~>	Slovenian. ir	'whirlpool, abyss'
udder	Fi.	virta	'stream, current'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *virta
urine < Lat.	Sw.	yra	''whirl (of snow)'	<~>	↑ Blt./Slv. *virtā or *virta	>	Polish wart < *vĭrta	'stream'
					or ↑ Early Middle Slavic	~>	Lith. vir̃tis�	'whirl in flowing water'
					or ↑ Baltic		Lith. vérdu, vìrti�	'bubble, seethe'
					PIE *uh1r-t-	~>	OInd. vā́r, vā́ri	'water'
							Toch. A w�r, В war�	'water'
							ON vari	'liquid, water'
						~>	Lat. ūrīna	'urine'
ewe	Fi.	uuhi	'mother sheep'	<	PFU *(χ)uwi-či
					↑ PIE *h2oui-s 'sheep'	>	OInd. �vi-ḥ�	'sheep'
						>	Latvian av�s	'sheep'
							Lat. ovis	'sheep'
ewe	Fi.	oinas	'castrated ram'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic oinas
					↑ Baltic *awinas	>	Lith. �vinas	'ram, wether'
							Latvian auns (avens)	'ram, wether'
						~>	OPrussian awins	'ram, wether'
wasp	Fi.	vaapsahainen	'wasp (dial. also bee)'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *vapsa-
					↑ Baltic *waps-	>	Lith. vaps�	'wasp, gadfly'
							Latvian vapsene, vapisne'	'wasp'
	Sw.	v�fsse (dial.)	'hornet'		cf. PIE *wobhes-/*wops-	>	OE w�ps, w�sp	'wasp'
wax	Fi.	vaha	'wax'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *vak�a-
					↑ Baltic *wak�a- (before metathesis)	>	Lith. va�kas	'wax'
							Latvian vasks	'wax'
	Sw.	vax	'wax'		cf. PIE *uog-so-?		Gmc. *waχsa-�	'wax'
wand	Fi.	vanne, vante-	'band, rim'	<	PreF *vant-e�-	//	Saami vuotta (<*vant-ik)	'shoe lace'
	Sw.	vant	'shroud'	<	↑ Early Gmc. *wandiz	>	OHG want	'wall'
					cf. *wanduz	>	Goth. wandus	'rod, twig'
							ON v�ndr	'rod, twig'
voice	Fi.	vannoa	'swear'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *vatno-	~>	Saami vuordnut	'swear'
epos				<	↑ EarlyGmc *waχw-na-	>	German er-w�hnen	'mention'
					cf. PIE *Hwekw-	~>	ON v�ttr	'testimony'
							Hettite huek, huk	'swear'
							OIr. focal, focull	'word, speach, verdict, promise'
							Lat. vōx; vocāre	'voice; to name'
							Tokh A wak B wek	'voice'
							Gr. eipon	'said'
wary	Fi.	vara	'attentiveness; allowance; spare, extra etc.'	<	Proto-Finnic *vara	>	Saami (S) vuerie	'counsciousness, senses'
aware	Sw.	vara, varse, varsam	'care; aware; careful, prudent, wary'	<	↑ Gmc *wara-z�	>	Goth. wars�	'cautious'
						~>	Latin verērī	'respect, feel awe for'
wary, to ward	Fi.	varrota, vartoa	'wait'	<	Proto Finnic *varto-	~>	Saami vuor'det	'wait'
guard <Rom.	Sw.	v�rda	'nurse, tend'	<	↑ Gmc. *warđōn	>	OE weardian�	'to keep guard'
						>	OHG warten	'to guard, look out for, expect'
ward	Fi.	vartio	'guard'	<	Late Proto Finnic *vartio
	Sw.	v�rd	'attention, watch, protection; care, custody'	<	↑ Gmc *warđija-	>	Goth. wardja	'guard'
						~>	OE weard	'a watching, keeper'
wether,	Fi.	vas-a (-ikka)	'calf'		Look under 'vuosi'
wake, watch	Fi.	vasara	'hammer' <'cult. battleax'?	<	PreF *vaśa-ra	>	Mordv. uźeŕ, viźiŕ / uźəŕ	'ax'
vigor/vigil< Lat.					↑ PreIr *vaźara < PIE *uoģ-ero-?	>	Av. vazra-	'hammer'
						>	Saka vaś�ra	'thunderbolt', 'diamond'
							OInd. v�jrah	thunderbolt', 'hammer'; > 'diamond'
							Tokh. waśir	'thunderbolt'
	Sw.	vaka, vakta	'wake', 'watch'	<~	PIE *uoģē	~>	Gmc. *wakēn	'to stay awake', 'to wake up'
							Lat. vigēre, vēlōx	'to be lively'; 'fast, lively'
wagon, way	Fi.	vehmaro	'pole of a team of draught oxen'		Look under 'vied�'
water	Fi.	vete- (vesi)	'water'	<	PU *weti-	>	Proto-Samoyed *wit	'water'
					↑ PIE *wed-(er/en-)	>	Hitt. watar/wetena�	'water'
	Sw.	vatten	'water'	<	<~> *w(e/o)d-(er/en-)	>	Gmc. *watar/watn-	'water'
							Gr. hydōr/hydro-	'water'
(OE) weotuma	Fi.	vet�-	'to draw, pull, tug'	<	PFU *wet�-	>	Hung. vezet-	'to lead, guide'
='dowry'				<~	↑ PIE *wedh-e/o-	>	OInd. vāđayeiti (Kaus. )	'to lead, pull'
							Av. vad-	'to lead,� to marry'
							Lith. ved�,� v�sti	'to lead, to marry'
							OIr. fedid�	'lead, go, bring'
							German widmen	'to endow, dedicate'
weigh	Fi.	vied�	'lead, carry, take, bring, convey'	<	PFU *wiχi- /*wixi/	->	hungarian vi, visz	'lead, carry, take, bring, convey'
way	Sw.	v�ga, v�g	'weigh, way'		↑ PIE *ueǵʰ-e/o-	>	OInd vahati�	'carries, conveys'
							Av. vazaiti	'leads, draws'
							Lat. vehere�	'to carry, convey'
							Lith. vezu	'to carry, convey'
							O.Ir. fecht	'campaign, journey'
wagon, way	Fi.	vehmaro	'pole of a team of draught oxen'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *ve�ma-
vehicle < Lat.					↑ Baltic *ve�ima-	>	Lith. ve�ìmas	'wagon'
						~>	Latvian vęzums	'charge, load'
							OCS vozъ	'wagon'
	Sw.	vagn, v�g	'wagon; way'				Gmc *wagnaz	'wagon'
							Gr. �khos	'wagon'
							Lat. vehiculum	'wagon, vehicle'
							OInd. vahítram�	'vessel, ship'
Dvina (north.)	Fi.	Viena	'Northern Dvina'		Look under 'V�in�'
two, between	Fi.	viha	'hatred, hostility'	<	PF-P *vi�a-	>	Votyak vo� ~ Zyryen ve�	'hatred, anger, envy'
twist					↑ PI-A *dvis-	>	OInd. dviṣ-	'hate'
	Sw.	tvist	'dispute'			~>	Germ. Zwist / Sw. tvist	'dispute'
virus	Fi.	vih-er ; viha-nta	green, grow; poison	<	PF-P *vi�a-	>	Zyryen ve� (~Votyak vo�)	'green; yellow; meadow'
					↑ PI-A/PIr *vi�a-	>	OInd. viṣ�m	'poison'
							Pehlevi vi�-	'poison; bile, gall'
							Lat. virus	'liquid; poison'
wool	Fi.	villa	'wool'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *vilna-
					↑ Baltic *wilna-	>	Lith. vilna�	'wool'
							OCS vluna	'wool'
	Sw.	ull	''wool'	<	cf. PIE *ulneh2		Gmc. *wulna-	'wool'
							OInd. urna	'wool'
							Lat. lana�	'wool'
word	Fi.	virsi	'church hymn'	<	Middle Proto-Finnic *virti-
verb < Lat.					↑ Baltic *vird-	>	OPrussian wīrds	'word'
						~>	Latvian vārds	'word, speach, promise, name'
	Sw.	ord	'word'	<~	cf. PIE *urh1-dh	>	Gmc. *wurdam	'word'
					cf. PIE *uerh1-dh	>	Lat. verbum	'word'
					cf. PIE *ureh1-	>	Gr. rhēma	'word'
udder	Fi.	virta	'stream, current'		Look under 'udar'
withe, withy	Fi.	vitja	'chain, leach'		Look right below under 'vitsa'
withy, withe	Fi.	vitsa	'willow twig', 'withe, birch'	<	(Late) PreF *vićća
	Sw.	vidja, vide	'willow, withy'	<~	↑ Early Gmc *wi�jō- < *witjā-	>	OE wi��e, Sw. vidja	'supple twig', 'withe, birche'
					or ↑ Early Gmc *wi�ja- < *witjo-	>	ON vi�	'willow, withy'
						~>	Lith. vytis�	'willow twig'
							Av. vaeiti-�	'osier'
							Gk. itea�	'willow'
							Lat. vitis	'vine'
withe, withy	Fi.	vitja	'chain, leach'	<	Proto Finnic *vitja-
	Sw.	vidja, vide	'willow'	<~	↑ Late Gmc *wi�ja- or *wi�jōn-	>	OE wi��e, Sw. vidja	'supple twig', 'withe, birche'
							ON vi�	'willow, withy'
ointment,	Fi.	voi	'butter'	<	PFU *(w)ōji- < *ojV- ?	>	Hung. vaj	'butter, grease'
unction,					↑ Early PIA *ag'ya- / *āg'ya	>	OInd. ājya-	'melted butter used for oblations'
anoint <Lat.					cf. PIE *h3engw-ie/o	>	OInd. a�j-	'anoints, smears'
						~>	OPrussian anctan	'butter'
							OHG ancho	'butter'
							OIrish imb	'butter'
	Fi.	vuohi	'goat'		Look under 'ajaa'
rise, raise	Fi.	vuori	'hill, mountain, hight'	<	PF-P *vōri- (< PFU *orV-?)	->	Hanti *ur	'crest, ridge, mountain'
					↑ PIA *aras- or arah	~>	Gr. �ros < *�ros	'mountain'
	Sw.	res (in topon.)	'elevation, hight'		cf. PIE *h1er(H)-os-/-es-	~>	OInd. rṣ-v�-	'high'
		entry: RES (sbst2)�					Av. ərə�uua-	'high'
							Gmc. *rīsan < *reisa-	'rise'
							Gmc. *raizjan	'raise'
wether; veal,	Fi.	vuosi	'year'	<	PreF *vōti- (< *votV-?)	//	PrePermic *vota-/*vote-	'year' (separate loan from PIA)
veteran < Lat.					↑ PIA *vatas- or vatah	>	OInd. vatsa-	'year'
	Sw.	v�dur	'ram'		cf. PIE *uetos-/*uetes-	>	Gr. etos < *wetos	'year'
							Hitt. witish	'year'
							OLith. vetu�as	'old'
							Lat. vetus	'old'
wether,	Fi.	vas-a (-ikka)	'calf'	<	PreF *vasa-	>	Mordv. vaz	'calf'
veal < Lat.					↑ PIr (PreOssetic) *vasa < *vat-sa	>	OInd. vats�	'calf', lit. 'yearling'
							Ossetic w�s	'calf', lit. 'yearling'
						~>	Lat. vitulus	'calf'
							Gr. etalon	'yearling'
	Sw.	v�dur	'ram'				Gmc. *we�ruz�	'wether, ram'
Dvina (west.)	Fi.	V�in�	'Western Dvina'	<	PreF *V�jn�- or Proto-F *V�in�-
	Sw.	Dvina	'Western Dvina'		↑ Early Middle Slavic *dv�inā	>	Russian Dvina	'Northern Dvina'
Dvina (north.)	Fi.	Viena	'Northern Dvina'	<	Late Proto-F *Vēna
	Sw.	Dvina	'Northern Dvina'		?↑? ?Late Middle Slavic *dvēnā	>	Russian Dvina	'Northern Dvina'
edge, hammer	Fi.	�es, �ke-	'harrow'		Look under 'kasa'