| Lexicon of Early Indo-European Loanwords Preserved in Finnish | ||||||||
| Word list of borrowed stems in Middle Proto-Finnic preserved in Finnish | ||||||||
| SITE UNDER CONSTRUCTION | ||||||||
| ABBREVIATIONS USED ON THIS PAGE | TO MIRROR PAGE IN EXPERIMENTAL SIMPLIFIED TRANSLITERATION | BACK TO INTRO | 210 etymologies entered so far | |||||
| last updated | ||||||||
| English | Finnish word & | Corresponding meanings | Reconstructed Finnic stem | Later representatives | 2008-06-14 | |||
| cognate | Swedish cognate | and reconstructed IE original | ||||||
| (alphabetically) | Comments to:jouppe_[h2ed]welho[dhudo]com | |||||||
| anger | Fi. | ahdas | 'tight, sqeezed, narrow' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *aštas | |||
| anguish < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *an(k)žtas | > | Lith. añkštas | 'narrow' | ||||
| or ↑ Baltic *ang-š-t-a-s | Ru. úzkij | 'narrow' | ||||||
| Sw. | ångest, ängslig, | 'remorse', 'anguish', | < | cf. PIE h2enģh- | -> | OInd. aṃhú- | 'narrow' | |
| ånger | 'anxious' | Lat. angustus | 'narrow' | |||||
| Armenian anjowk | 'narrow' | |||||||
| Gothic aggwus | 'narrow' | |||||||
| ardent < Latin | Fi. | ahjo | 'forge, furnace, hearth' | Look under 'kaski' | ||||
| ashes | Fi. | ahku | 'cinder' | Look under 'kaski' | ||||
| agent, agile, | Fi. | ajaa | 'drive (ride, travel, chase)' | < | PFU *aja- */åjå-/ | > | Vogul aj-/oj- | 'flee, run away' |
| act < Lat | ↑ PIA *aja- | > | OInd. ájati | 'drive, sling' | ||||
| Sw. | åka < aka | 'ride, drive' | < | cf. PIE *h2eģ- | -> | Av. azaiti | 'drive (away)' | |
| Gr. agō | 'drive, lead, go' | |||||||
| Lat. agō | 'drive, lead, commit' | |||||||
| Armenian acem | 'lead' | |||||||
| Tokh. āk- | 'lead' | |||||||
| Fi. | vuohi | 'goat' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vōši | ||||
| ↑ Baltic *až- | > | Lith. ožỹs ; ožkà | 'billy goat'; 'she-goat' | |||||
| For some reason this word is | cf. PIE *h2eǵ-o- ; *h2eǵ-eh2- | Latvian āzis | 'billy goat' | |||||
| not assumed to be a cognate to the root above, | OPrus. wosux ; wosee | 'billy goat'; 'she-goat' | ||||||
| although semantics does not seem to be a problem: | OInd. ajá- ; ajā́- | 'billy goat'; 'she-goat' | ||||||
| an animal, which is 'lead' or 'driven' together | Av. aza-k | 'billy-goat' | ||||||
| echinus | Fi. | ankerias | 'eel' | < | Proto-Finnic *ankerias/*angerjas | |||
| echidna | ↑ Baltic *angurja- | > | Lith. ungurỹs < angurja- | 'eel' | ||||
| OPrussian angurgis | 'eel' | |||||||
| ~> | OCS ogorištь | 'eel' | ||||||
| Lat. anguilla | 'eel' | |||||||
| Gr. enkhelys | 'eel' | |||||||
| of, ebb, after | Fi. | apaja | 'fishing ground' | < | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *apa-ja | > | Saami vuohppi | 'small narrow bay' |
| awkward | Sw. | -ave, ävja; efter | 'small bay, cove; mire; after' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc *aban- | > | Sw. -ave, -ava (in toponyms) | 'small narrow bay of a lake' |
| avig | 'inside out' | or ↑ PaleoGmc *abjōn- | > | ON efja | 'cove in a river, backwater; mire' | |||
| ~> | Gr. apo Latin ab | 'away from, from' | ||||||
| or | ~> | Goth. ibuks OCS opaku | 'back' (cf. greek epí) | |||||
| apple | Fi. | apila | 'clover' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *apila | |||
| ↑ Baltic *ābōl-s *āb-l-o | > | Latvian âbuls, âbuõls | 'apple, clover' | |||||
| OPrussian wobilis | 'clover' | |||||||
| Sw. | äpple | 'apple' | < | cf. PIE *h2b-ōl-s *h2b-l-o- | ~> | ON epli | 'apple' | |
| OIr. ubull | 'apple' | |||||||
| Ara < Latin | Fi. | arina | 'fire-grate, furnace bed' | Look under 'kaski' | ||||
| orphan < gr. | Fi. | arpa | 'allotment, lot, dice, die' | Look under 'orpo' | ||||
| errand | Fi. | asia | 'matter, issue, thing' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *anćia (?*antia) | |||
| Sw. | ärende | 'issue' | < | ↑ EarlyGmc *(uz-)andja- | > | OE ǽrend | 'errand' | |
| kin, kind | Fi. | hadas/hata- | 'roots of germinating seed' | Look under 'inhimillinen' | ||||
| sow, seed | Fi. | haja- | 'dispersed' | Look under 'siemen' | ||||
| seek, sake | Fi. | hakea | 'fetch, seek' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šaki- | |||
| Sw. | söka | 'seek, fetch' | < | ↑ PreG *sāg(e)ie/o > *sōk(i)je/a | > | Germ. suchen | 'fetch, seek' | |
| ~> | Lat. sāgiō, sāgīre | 'perceive, seek to know' | ||||||
| Fi. | hako | 'sprig of spruce' | Look under 'sanka' | |||||
| yellow, glass, | Fi. | halja (-kka) | 'light blue, bluegrey' | Look under 'kelta' | ||||
| OE heolca | Fi. | halla | 'night frost' | < | PreF *šalna | > | saami suoldne | 'dew', 'fog', 'night frost' |
| ↑ Baltic *šalna | Lith. šalnà | 'light frost' | ||||||
| Sw. | hal, halka < MLG? | 'slippery', 'slippery icy ground' | < | *ḱolH-n-eh2 | Latvian saĨna | 'light frost' | ||
| OCS slana | 'hoarfrost' | |||||||
| ~> | OInd. śiśira- | 'cool, chilly, cold' | ||||||
| ON héla < *χiχlōn | 'hoarfrost' | |||||||
| comb | Fi. | hammas | 'tooth' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šampas | |||
| gomphosis<Gr. | hampa- | ↑ Baltic *žambas | > | Lith. žam̃bas | 'sharp edge' | |||
| Latvian zùobs | 'tooth' | |||||||
| ~> | OCS zọbǔ | 'tooth' | ||||||
| Sw. | kamm | 'comb' | < | cf. PIE *ģombho- | > | OInd. jámbha-ḥ | 'tooth' | |
| Tokh (A) kam (B) keme | 'tooth' | |||||||
| Gr. gomphos | 'comb', 'plug' | |||||||
| Gmc. *kambaz | 'comb', 'ridge' | |||||||
| goose | Fi. | hanhi | 'goose' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šanši | // | Saami false cognate separate archaic IE loan | |
| ↑ Baltic *žansis | > | Lith. žąsìs | 'goose' | |||||
| Latvian zùoss | 'goose' | |||||||
| OPruss. sansy | 'goose' | |||||||
| Sw. | gås | 'goose' | < | PIE *ģhh2ens | > | OInd. haṃsá-ḥ | 'goose, swan' | |
| lat. ānser < *hanser | 'goose' | |||||||
| Gr. (doric pl.) khansós | 'goose' | |||||||
| Gmc. *gans | 'goose' | |||||||
| Fi. | hanka | 'oarlock; gab; space between thumb and forfinger' | Look under 'sanka' | |||||
| hair | Fi. | harja | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šarja- | ||||
| ↑ Baltic *šar-ia- | > | Lith. šerī̃-s | 'bristle ; (animal) hair' | |||||
| Latvian sars, saris, sari | '(swine) bristle; horse hair from bristle; bristle; hair' | |||||||
| Sw. | hår | 'hair' | < | PIE *ḱēr- | ~> | Gmc. *χēra-n | 'hair' | |
| seethe, | Fi. | hautoa | 'bath, brood, seethe'' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šauto- | |||
| sodden | ↑ Baltic šaut- | > | Latvian sàutēt (-ẽju) | 'bath, brood, seethe; flog'' | ||||
| Sw. | sjuda | 'seethe' | Lith. šauta | 'broth' | ||||
| ~> | Gmc. *seuþa- | 'seethe' | ||||||
| seethe, | Fi. | hauta | 'grave, pit' | < | PreF *šauta- | > | Saami suovdi | gill, mouth, gullet, jaws, chaps' |
| sodden | Sw. | sjuda | 'seethe' | < | ↑ Paleo-G *sauþa- | > | OE seaþ | 'pit, grave', 'well, pool' |
| Old Gutnish *sauþr | 'well' | |||||||
| ~> | Proto-Norse *sauþia | 'tar pit' | ||||||
| home | Fi. | heimo | 'clan, family, tribe' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šaim- | |||
| ↑ Baltic šaim- | > | Latvian sàime | 'family/household, domestic servan | |||||
| Sw. | hem | 'home' | ↑ PIE ? *ḱoimo- | Lith. šeimà | 'family/household, domestic servan | |||
| or ↑ PIE ? *tḱoimo- | Old Prussian seimīns | 'household/domestic servants' | ||||||
| Gothic haims (f) | 'village' | |||||||
| OIcel. heim (n); heimr (m) | 'home'; 'world, home' | |||||||
| home | Fi. | kaima | 'namesake' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kaima- | |||
| ↕ Baltic *kaima- | > | Lith. káima(s); kaimýnas | 'village'; 'neighbour' | |||||
| Sw. | hem | 'home' | ↑ Gmc *kaim- | OPrus caymis; kaimīnan | 'village'; neighbour' | |||
| Both Baltic and Finnic eventually borrowed from depalatalized Gmc form. | Latvian kaĩmin˛š | 'fellow-villager, neighbour' | ||||||
| The development of meaning hints to the sequence Gmc. > Baltic > Finnic | > | Gothic haims | 'village' | |||||
| OIcel. heim (n); heimr (m) | 'home'; 'world, home' | |||||||
| sow, seed | Fi. | heittää | 'throw, fling' | Look under 'siemen' | ||||
| lukewarm, lee | Fi. | helle, helte- | 'summer heat' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šelteš | |||
| caloric < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *šiltas (?*šiltis?) | > | Lith. šiĨtas | 'warm' | ||||
| Sw. | ljum < *ḱleh1-u-m- | 'tepid' | PIE *ḱl(h1)-to- | Latvian sìlts | 'warm' | |||
| ~> | OHG lāo | 'tepid' | ||||||
| ON hlær | 'mild, warm' | |||||||
| Lat. calidus; calor | 'warm', 'heat' | |||||||
| hornet | Fi. | herhiläinen | 'large wasp, hornet' | Look under 'sarvi' | ||||
| corn, kernel | Fi. | herne | 'pea' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šerneš | |||
| grain < Lat. | < | ↑ Balt. *žirnis | > | Lith. žìrnis | 'pea' | |||
| cf. Blt/Slv. *źirn- | Latvian zir̃nis | 'pea' | ||||||
| OPrussian syrne | 'grain' | |||||||
| Sw. | korn, kärna | 'barley' ; 'kernel' | cf. PIE *ģrh2-no- | > | Lat. grānum | 'grain' | ||
| > | OIrish grán | 'grain' | ||||||
| > | Gmc. *kurnam | 'grain' | ||||||
| hundred | Fi. | hinta | 'price' | Look under 'sata' | ||||
| yard, garden, | Fi. | hirsi | 'beam' | Look under 'karsina' | ||||
| (horn), hart | Fi. | hirvi, hirvas | 'elk, moose', 'male hart' | Look under 'sarvi' | ||||
| seal | Fi. | hylje, hylke(h)- | 'seal' (mammal with | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šelk-eš | |||
| Sw. | säl | 'seal' flippers)' | < | ↕ PreGmc. *selk-o- > *selχaz | > | OE seolh | 'seal' | |
| PIE *selk- 'drag, pull' | ~> | Gr. hélkō | 'pull' | |||||
| Lat. sulcāre | 'plough' | |||||||
| The Gmc. word has also been proposed to be a borrowing from Finnic | ~> | OE sulh | 'furrow' | |||||
| humus < Lat. | Fi. | Häme | 'Häme (=Tavastia) province | Look under 'Suomi' | ||||
| know(ledge) | Fi. | ihme | 'miracle, wonder' | < | PreF *im-eš < **(j)im-eš | > | Saami âmâs | 'strange, unknown' |
| cunning | Sw. | kunskap | 'knowledge' | ↑ PIE *ģnh3-mV- | > | Lith. žymễ | 'sign, mark' | |
| kunna | 'to be cunning' | ~> | Gr. gnōmē | 'saying' | ||||
| know(ledge) cunning | Fi. | kone | 'machine; magical cure; trick, cunning; strange' | < | PreF *kon-eš | |||
| gnostic < Gr. | Sw. | kunskap | 'knowledge' | ↑ PreG *gn(h3)io- | > | Icel. kyn | 'wonder, something strange' | |
| kunna | 'to be cunning' | cf. PIE *ģn(h3)io- /*ģn(h3)iah2- | ~> | Lith. žinià | 'news, information; knowledge; art, skill; witchcraft' | |||
| kin, kind | Fi. | inhi-m-illinen | 'human' (> ihminen 'man') | < | PreF *inši- (**jinši-) 'descendant' | |||
| genus < Lat | Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | ↑ PIE *ģnh1-e/o- or *ģnh1-ie/o- | > | OInd. jā́- | 'born, offspring, descendant' | |
| Gmc. *kunja- | 'generation, lineage, kin' | |||||||
| NB. The phonotaxis of **jinši- | ~> | Lat. ingenuus | 'born, native, natural, freeborn' | |||||
| was not possible in Pre-Finnic | OHG kind | 'child' | ||||||
| Gmc. *kuna- | 'son, noble man' | |||||||
| kin, kind; natal < Lat. | Fi. | syntyä | 'to be born' | < | *sen-tü < PF-P *sentV- 'to be born, become, grow, increase' | > | Zyryan sod-, sud- | 'to increase' |
| ↑ Early PIr. dzen(h1)- | > | Persian zādan | 'to be born' | |||||
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | cf. PIE *ģenh1- | -> | OInd. jána-ti; jā́yate | 'to give birth, generate; be born, gro | ||
| Gr. geneā | 'race, family' | |||||||
| Gmc. *kunja- | 'generation, lineage, kin' | |||||||
| kin, kind | Fi. | hadas/hata- | 'roots of germinating seed' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *čata(s) | |||
| germinate<Lat. | ↑ PIr. *dzātas past part. | > | Ossetic zad xor | 'germinated corn' | ||||
| cf. PI-I *j´āta-s | -> | OInd. jā́ta-h | 'born, engendered, grown, appeare | |||||
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | ~> | Lat. germen<*gen(h)-men | 'shoot, bud, embryo, germ' | |||
| kin, kind | Fi. | kunnia | 'honour' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *kunnia | |||
| Sw. | kön, konung | 'kin, king' | < | ↑ Gmc/ON *kunja | > | OE cyn | 'family, race, kind, nature' | |
| ~> | OE gecynd | 'kind, nature, race' | ||||||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | juma-la | 'god' | < | PreF *juma- | > | Cheremis jumə/jəmə | 'heaven, chief god' |
| deity, diurnal | ↑ PI-A *diumān-, *diumna- | > | OInd. dyumān | 'heavenly, bright, shining' | ||||
| OInd. dyumná | 'glory, heavenly glory' | |||||||
| Sw. | Ty(r), tisdag | name of god', 'Tuesday' | ~> | Lat. Jupiter, Deus | 'chief god' | |||
| Gr. Zeus | 'chief god' | |||||||
| Gmc. Tīwaz (< *Teiwaz) | 'name of god' | |||||||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | toivo | 'hope, forecast, belief' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *tojvo- | |||
| deity, diurnal | ↑ PI-A *dāiva- | > | OInd. daiva- | 'divine, heavenly'; 'depending on destiny'; 'divine force or will, fate' | ||||
| Sw. | Ty(r), tisdag | 'name of god', 'Tuesday' | cf. PIE *dēiuo- | -> | Lat. dīvīnāre | 'forecast' | ||
| OCS divo | 'miracle' | |||||||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | taivas | 'heaven, sky' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *tajvas | |||
| diurnal, deity | ↑ PIr *daiua- | > | OPers. daiva- | 'false god, idol' | ||||
| OInd. deváḥ | 'heavenly, divine, god' | |||||||
| or ↑ Baltic *deivas | -> | Lith. diẽvas | 'god' | |||||
| Sw. | Ty(r), tisdag | 'name of god', 'Tuesday' | Old Preussian deiws | 'god' | ||||
| gust, gush | Fi. | juoda | 'drink' | < | PFU *juχi- */juxi-/ | > | Hung. iszik (ivo- n.) | 'drink' v. (drink- n.) |
| funnel < Lat. | ↑ PIA *ģuģhéu- *ģuģhú- | > | OInd. juhṓti, juhutḗ | 'pour (sacrifice) into fire' | ||||
| Sw. | gjuta | 'pour' | cf. PIE root *ģheu- | -> | Gr. kheu- | 'pour' | ||
| Gr. khūmos, khūmos | 'juice' | |||||||
| Armenian joyl | 'poured' | |||||||
| Gmc. *geuta- | 'pour, run (of water)' | |||||||
| Islandic Geysir | 'Geyser' | |||||||
| zein < Gr. | Fi. | jyvä | 'grain, seed' | < | PF-P *jüvä < **jevä- | > | Votyak ju / jü | 'seed, cereal' |
| prolamine pro- | ↑ PreBaltic=PIE (PreI-Ir) *ieuo- | > | OInd. yáva | 'cereal, barley' | ||||
| tein derived | Av. yava- | 'cereal' | ||||||
| from corn' | -> | Lith. javaĩ | 'cereal' | |||||
| ~> | Gr. zeia | 'one seeded wheat, barley' | ||||||
| udder | Fi. | järvi | 'lake' | Look under 'udar' | ||||
| go, gate | Fi. | jättää | 'leave, release, dismiss' | < | trans. <PreF *jäχi- 'stay, remain' | |||
| heir < Lat. | ↑ Early PI-A *ģeģhē- | > | OInd. jahāti | 'leave, let go, release, dismiss' | ||||
| Av. zazā- | 'leave, let go' | |||||||
| Ossetic zajun | 'stay, remain' | |||||||
| Sw. | gata, gå | 'street, gate', 'go' | cf. PIE root *ģheh1- | -> | Gmc.(west) gaian > gān | 'go' | ||
| ~> | Gmc.(north) gatwōn- | 'lane, passage, gate' | ||||||
| chew | Fi. | jäytää | 'gnaw' | Look under 'syödä' | ||||
| year | Fi. | jäärä/jaara | 'ram' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *järä-/*jara- | |||
| < | ↑ Baltic *jeras | > | Lith. ė́ras, jė́ras | 'lamb' | ||||
| Latvian ję̃rs | 'lamb' | |||||||
| OPrussian eristian | 'lamb' | |||||||
| Sw. | år | 'year' | PIE *ieh1-ro | -> | ORussian jara | 'spring' | ||
| OCS jarĭcĭ | 'he-goat' | |||||||
| OInd. paryāríṇī- | 'cow having its first calf after a year' | |||||||
| Gmc. *jēra- | 'year' | |||||||
| shear, scrape, | Fi. | kaarna | 'bark' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *karna- | |||
| scharp, scar | ↑ Baltic *karna- | > | Lith. karnà | 'bast' | ||||
| Sw. | skära, skrapa, | 'cut; scrub, scrape: sharp' | ~> | Lat cortex | 'bark' | |||
| skarp | Lat. carō (carn-) | 'flesh' | ||||||
| Gr. kormos | 'a trimmed tree trunk' | |||||||
| share | Fi. | kirves | 'ax' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kirves | |||
| ↑ Baltic *kirvis | > | Lith. kir̃vis | 'ax' | |||||
| Sw. | skära | 'sickle' | Latvian cìrvis | 'ax' | ||||
| ~> | OE. scear, scær | 'plowshare' | ||||||
| skerry < ON | Fi. | kari | 'skerry' | Late Proto-Finnic/Old Finnic *kari | ||||
| Sw. | skär | 'skerry' | ↑ Late Proto-Norse *skarj(a)- | > | ON sker | 'skerry' | ||
| home | Fi. | kaima | 'namesake' | Look under 'heimo' | ||||
| ale | Fi. | kalja | '(weak) beer' | < | PreF *kali-ja or *kali-ta | |||
| ↑ PIE *h2eleuio | > | Slv.*alauja> ORuss. oluj | 'beer' | |||||
| Sw. | öl | 'beer' | or ↑ PIE *h2el-u-(t) | > | Gmc. *aluþ | 'ale, beer, mead' | ||
| Blt/slv *alu | 'ale, beer, mead' | |||||||
| ale | Fi. | olut | 'beer' | < | Proto-Finnic *olut | |||
| Sw. | öl | 'beer' | < | ↑ Gmc. *aluþ (or baltic cognate) | > | Eng. ale, Sw. öl etc. | 'ale, beer' | |
| elf | Fi. | kalvas, kalp- | 'pale' | < | PreF *kalp- | |||
| Sw. | älva; älv | 'elf, river' | < | ↑ PIE *h2elbho- | > | Gmc. *alƀa- | 'white, pale' | |
| Lat. albus | 'white, pale' | |||||||
| Hanse<Germ. | Fi. | kansa | 'people' | < | PreF *kansa | > => |
Saami
guos'se Saami gaddže |
'guest,
stranger' 'party, company, crowd, people’ |
| Sw. | Hansan | 'the Hansa' | < | ↕ PaleoGmc. *kansā- | > | Got. hansa | 'troupe, band, crowd’ | |
| The direction of the borrowing most probably Gmc. => Finnic because -ns- did not exist in PFU | > | OE hōs | 'party, company' | |||||
| skerry < ON | Fi. | kari | 'skerry' | Look under 'kaarna' | ||||
| harness, herald | Fi. | Karjaa, Karja(h)- | '(topon.) ancient coastal parish 50 miles WSW from Helsinki' | < | Proto Finnic *Karjas-, *Karjah- | |||
| harry, harbor | Sw. | här, härja | 'army, host', 'harry, sack' | < | ↑ Gmc. *χarjaz or *Χarjaz (name) | > | ON Her-(dalar) | 'name of location on Finnish |
| Karis <= Fi *Karjas | 'name of same coastal parish' | (The comparison with the | coast, sacked by Saint Olaf in | |||||
| (propably the village of 'Hīrdal' in same region is a false cognate) | above toponym is my own) | 1008 acc. to Snorri Sturlason' | ||||||
| > | OE here | 'host, army' | ||||||
| ~> | ON Har-aldr, Frank. *hari-wald | 'commander of army' | ||||||
| yard | Fi. | karsina | 'pen' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *kartina | |||
| garden | Sw. | gård, gärde | 'yard, farm', 'field, fence' | <~ | ↑ Baltic *gardina- | > | Lith. gardinỹs, gardis | 'pen' |
| yard, garden, | Fi. | hirsi | 'beam' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *širti- | |||
| court <Lat. | ↑ Early Middle Slavic *džirdi- | > | Russian žerdь | 'long thin pole' | ||||
| OCS. žrьdь | 'wood' | |||||||
| Slovenian žrd | 'pole for hay' | |||||||
| ~> | Lith. žardis | 'kind of fence' | ||||||
| Latvian zãrds | 'frame for drying or for burning at the stake'; 'wooden layer' | |||||||
| Sw. | gärde, gård | 'yard, farm', 'field, fence' | < | cf. PIE *ģherdh- | Got. gards | 'house' | ||
| edge, hammer | Fi. | kasa | 'sharp point, edge' | < | PreF *kaća- | |||
| acrid < Lat. | Sw. | hammare, egg | 'edge', 'hammer' | < | ↑ PIE *h2eḱieh2 | > | Gmc. *aʒjō > g. Ecke | 'edge' |
| ~> | Lat. acus (cf. acute) | 'needle' | ||||||
| Gr. akis | 'needle' | |||||||
| edge, hammer | Fi. | äes, äke- | 'harrow' | < | Middle Proto-F *äkes-/*akes- | |||
| acrid < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *aket- | > | Lith. akė'čios | 'harrow' | ||||
| Sw. | egg | 'edge' | Latvian ecê(k)šas | 'harrow' | ||||
| OPrussian aketes | 'harrow' | |||||||
| ear, awn | Fi. | ohra | 'barley' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *oštra- | |||
| acrid < Latin | Sw. | ag (agg?), abborre | Cladium Mariscus (grudge, anger); | ↑ Baltic | > | Lith. āštras | 'sharp' | |
| perch (Percus Fluvialis) | cf. PIE h2eḱ-t-r- | Gr. akantha | 'thorn' | |||||
| ear, awn | Fi. | ohdake (=ohta+ke) | 'thistle' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *ošta- (+kkeš) | |||
| acrid < Latin | ↑ Baltic *a(k)sta- / *a(k)šta- | > | Lith. akštìs (Žem. akstìs)* | 'spit, thorn, prick' | ||||
| or ↑ Proto Slavic *ōstь | Latvian aksts * | 'prickle, sharp point' | ||||||
| Sw. | ag (agg?), abborre | Cladium Mariscus (grudge, anger); | cf. PIE h2eḱ-t-i- | West Slavic ost' * | 'fishbone, awn, thorn' | |||
| perch (Percus Fluvialis) | *NB. I have exchanged the bad Baltic | ~> | Lith. ãkstinas | 'thorn, spur' | ||||
| &Slavic originals given by SSA | Gr. akantha | 'thorn' | ||||||
| ashes | Fi. | kaski | 'burnt-over clearing' | < | PreF *kaski / *kaśki | |||
| area, are < Latin | Sw. | aska | 'ashes' | < | ↑ PIE/PreG *h2e(h1)sg- | > | Gmc. *askōn | 'ashes' |
| ardent < Latin | Fi. | ahjo | 'forge, furnace, hearth' | < | Proto-F *ašjo- | |||
| Sw. | ässja | 'forge' | ↑ Gmc *asjōn- | > | Old Swedish æsia | 'forge' | ||
| OHG essa | 'hearth, forge, furnace' | |||||||
| ~> | Latin āra | 'altar, hearth' | ||||||
| ashes | Fi. | ahku | 'cinder' | < | Late Proto-F *ašku- | |||
| Sw. | aska | 'ashes' | ↑ Late PN *asku(n) (oblique case) | > | ON, Old Swedish aska | 'ashes' | ||
| or ↑ Gmc *azgōn | Goth. azgō- | 'ashes' | ||||||
| Ara | Fi. | arina | 'fire-grate, furnace bed' | < | Late Proto Finnic/Old Finnish *arina- | |||
| Sw. | äril (dial. ären, ar | 'stove, fireplace, bottom of baking oven' | ↑ Late PN runic inscription aRina 'altar for burned offering' |
> | ON arinn < *aRana-?? | 'scaffold, fireplace' | ||
| from Gmc *azina- | OHG arin, erin | 'altar, floor' | ||||||
| ~> | Latin āra | 'altar, hearth' | ||||||
| woodwaxen | Fi. | kasvaa | 'to grow' | < | PreF *kasva- (with metathesis) | > | Mordvinic (E) kasoms | 'to grow, increase' |
| augment <Lat. | ↑ PIE *h2eugs- | > | Tokh. auks-/oks- | 'to grow' | ||||
| Gr. auksomai | 'grow' | |||||||
| Lith. aukstas | "high, of superior rank' | |||||||
| Sw. | växa | 'to grow' | < | cf. PIE *h2uogs- | > | Gmc. *waks- | 'to grow' | |
| Sw. | öka | to increase' | < | cf. PIE *h2eug- | > | Gmc. *auka- | 'grow, increase' | |
| Sw. | och | and' | Lat. augeō | 'increase' | ||||
| (wheel) ?hawse | Fi. | kaula | 'neck' | Look under 'kulke-' | ||||
| shape | Fi. | kave, kape(h)- | 'creature; mythological being; girl, maiden (myth)' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kap-eš- | > | Saami (l) guobas | 'witch' |
| Sw. | skap n. pl. | 'genitals' | < | ↑ Early Gmc *skapa- | > | OE ge-sceap | 'creature, creation' | |
| ~> | Goth gaskafts | 'creature, creation; etc.' | ||||||
| help | Fi. | kelvata, kelpa- | 'be acceptable, be fit' | < | Middle Proto-F *kelpa- | |||
| Sw. | hjälpa | 'help' | < | ↑ Paleo-Gmc *kelba- (or >*χelpa-) | > | OE. helpan | 'help, benefit, support' | |
| ON. hjalpa | 'help, benefit, support' | |||||||
| ~> | Old Lith. šelbinos | 'help, promote, favour' | ||||||
| Fi. | helppo | 'easy' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *helppo- | ||||
| Sw. | hjälp | 'help' | ↑ NWGmc *helpō- PN. helpu- | > | ON. hjalp | 'help' | ||
| OHG hilfa, helfa | 'help' | |||||||
| yellow, gold, | Fi. | kelta | 'yellow' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *kelta- | |||
| glimmer, | <~ | ↑ Northern Baltic *geltas | > | Lith. gel̃tas | 'yellow' | |||
| glitter etc. | Latvian dzęlts (BW) | 'yellow' | ||||||
| Sw. | gul, guld, | 'yellow', 'gold', 'glimmer', | cf. PIE *ģhelh3-to- | ~> | Ru. žëltyj | 'yellow' | ||
| glimmer, glitter | 'glitter' | Lat. helvus | 'yellowish' | |||||
| Gmc. *gelwaz | 'yellow' | |||||||
| OInd hári- | 'yellowish, greenish' | |||||||
| Gr. khlōrós | 'pale green, greenish yellow' | |||||||
| yellow, glass, | Fi. | halja (-kka) | 'light blue, bluegrey' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *šalja- | |||
| chlorite < Gr. | Fi. | halea, halia | 'light green, greengrey' | < | Middle Proto Finnic *šaliða- | |||
| ↑ Northern Baltic *žalias | > | Lith. žãlias | 'green' | |||||
| Latvian zal˛š | 'green' | |||||||
| OPruss. saligan | 'green' | |||||||
| ~> | Lith. žìlas | 'grey' | ||||||
| Latvian zils | 'blue' | |||||||
| Sw. | gul, glas | 'yellow', glass' | <~ | PIE *ģholh3-io- | OIr. glass | 'green, blue, gray' | ||
| OInd hári- | 'yellowish, greenish' | |||||||
| Gr. khlōrós | 'pale green, greenish yellow' | |||||||
| yellow, gold | Fi. | kulta | 'gold' | < | Late Proto Finnic *kulta- | |||
| zloty < Polish | Sw. | guld | 'gold' | <~ | ↑ Gmc *gulþa- | > | Got. gulþ | 'gold' |
| PIE *ģhlh3-to- | OE gold | 'gold' | ||||||
| OCS zlato | 'gold' | |||||||
| ~> | OInd. hiranyam | 'gold' | ||||||
| Av. zaranya- | 'gold' | |||||||
| herd, shepherd | Fi. | kerta | 'time (occasion), turn, once; layer' | < | PreF *kertä- | > | Mordvinic (East) Kirda | 'time (occasion), turn, once' |
| ↑ Baltic *kerdā- | > | OPrussian kērdan | 'time (< row, order)' | |||||
| Lith. ker̃džius | 'shepherd' | |||||||
| Proto-Slavic *čerdà | 'row, order; turn; herd' | |||||||
| Sw. | hjord | 'herd', 'bodyguard' | < | or ↑ PreGmc *kerdhā- | > | OHG herta | 'herd; alternation, change, phase (< row, order)' | |
| OE heord | 'herd' | |||||||
| cf. PIE *ḱerdheh2- 'row, group' | > | OInd. śárdha- | 'troop, strength' | |||||
| Gr. korthys | 'heap' | |||||||
| is (to be), yes | Fi. | kesä | 'summer' | < | PFU *kesä | > | Mordv. k´ize / k´iză | 'summer' |
| essence < Lat. | Sw. | är | 'is' | <~ | ↑ PIE *h1es-en- | > | Blt/Slv. *eseni- | 'autumn' |
| ~ / *h1os-en-/-er- | ~> | Got. asans | 'summer' | |||||
| share | Fi. | kirves | 'ax' | Look under 'kaarna' | ||||
| eye | Fi. | kokea | 'to perceive, sense' | < | PU *koki- | > | Selkup qo-, qō- | 'see, observe, find, seek, receive, give birth' |
| optic etc < gr. | Sw. | öga | 'eye' | ↑ PIE *h3ekw-ie/o | > | Gr. opsomai | 'look, observe' | |
| ~> | Lat. oculus | 'eye' | ||||||
| ? | Gmc. auʒōn | 'eye' | ||||||
| know(ledge) cunning | Fi. | kone | 'machine; magical cure; trick, cunning; strange' | Look under 'ihme' | ||||
| wheel | Fi. | kulke- | 'to go, wander, move' | < | PFU *kulki- | > | Hung. halad- | 'to go, walk, proceed' |
| Sw. | hjul, ?hals | 'wheel', 'neck' | <~ | ↑ PIE *kwelH-e/o- | > | OInd. cárati | 'goes, walks, wanders (about)' | |
| Gr. pelomai | orig. 'to be moving' | |||||||
| Lat. colere | 'to till, cultivate, inhabit' | |||||||
| (wheel) ?hawse | Fi. | kaula | 'neck' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kakla | |||
| ↑ Northern Baltic *kakla-s 'neck' | ||||||||
| Sw. | ?hals | 'neck' | <~ | < PIE ?*kwokwlom? | ~> | ?Gmc. *h(w)aʒl-s-as-? | 'neck' | |
| ~*kwekwlo-? | Gr. kuklos | 'circle, wheel' | ||||||
| OInd. cakrá-m | 'circle, wheel, wagon' | |||||||
| yellow, gold | Fi. | kulta | 'gold' | Look under 'kelta' | ||||
| kin, kind | Fi. | kunnia | 'honour' | Look under 'ihminen' | ||||
| bequest, quoth, | Fi. | kutsua | 'call' | < | PreF *kućć- | ~> | Saami goč'čot | 'call, command, name' |
| bequeath | Sw. | kväda, kväde | 'speak, recite' ; 'saying, poem' | ↑ PreGmc *gwet-i- | > | Gmc *kveþjan | 'say, speak, great, call' | |
| ~> | Armenian kočem | 'name, invite' | ||||||
| or ↑ Blt/Slv *kwaitia- | > | Lith. kuiečiù | 'invite, summon, request, call upon' | |||||
| quail, kill | Fi. | kylmä | 'cold' | < | PreF *kelmi- or *külmi- | > | Cheremis kə'lmə | 'frozen', 'cold' (noun) |
| quell | ↑ Balt.*gel-u-má | > | Lith. gelumà, gélmenis | 'fierce coldness, cold (n)' | ||||
| or ↑ PreBlt/Slv *gwel(h1)-mo- | ~> | Gr. belonē | 'needle' | |||||
| Sw. | kvalm, kval, | smoke, steam'; 'anguish, tor- | ~> | OCS žalĭ | 'pain' | |||
| kväll | ment '; 'evening' | ~> | Gmc. *kwaljan | 'to torment, cause pain'; 'kill' | ||||
| come, become, | Fi. | Kymi | '(topon.) river in South. Finl.' | < | Proto-Finnic *kümi- | |||
| venue < Lat. | Sw. | bekväm, komma | 'comfortable', 'come' | ↑ Early Gmc. *kwēmia- | > | ON kvæmr | 'such that may come (adj.)' | |
| Sw. | ?Kymmen | hydronym in Arvika/Sunne Sweden | 'accessible, navigable' | OSw. kvæmber | 'suitable (adj.)' | |||
| Sw. | Kymmene <= Fi.? | 'same river in Southern Finland' | cf. PIE gwēmia | ~> | OInd. gāmya- | 'accessible' | ||
| cook, kitchen | Fi. | kypsä | 'ripe' | < | PreF *küpti- or *kepti- | ~> | Votyak=Zyryen kiś-m- | 'to ripen' |
| peptic < Gr. | ↑ Balt. *kep-tá or PreBalt. *kwep-tó | > | Lith. kèptas | 'cooked' | ||||
| Latvian keptà | 'cooked' | |||||||
| Sw. | koka, kök | 'cook', 'kitchen' | < | cf. PIE *pekw-tó- / *kwekw-tó- | > | Lat. coctus | 'cooked, fried, ripe' | |
| Gr. peptos | 'cooked' | |||||||
| ~> | Gr. arto-kópos | 'baker' | ||||||
| OInd. pakva- | 'ripe, cooked' | |||||||
| hard, hardy | Fi. | kärsiä | 'suffer, endure' | < | PreF *kärti- | > | Mordv. kiŕďe | 'endure, suffer; control' |
| cancer < Lat. | Sw. | (ut)härda | 'harden (endure)' | < | ↑ Pre-Gmc *kart-i- > *χarđ(w)ja- | > | Old Swedish härþa | 'harden, endure' |
| Goth. ga-hardjan | 'harden' | |||||||
| Middle High German herten | 'harden; withstand; insist' | |||||||
| Norwegian herde | 'harden, endure, suffer' | |||||||
| harrow | Fi. | kärväs; kärpä- | 'trunk with branchstumps as rack'; '(also) grapnel' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *kärpä- | |||
| Sw. | harv | 'harrow' | < | ↑ Early Proto-Gmc. *χarƀaz | > | ON harfr | 'harrow' | |
| Sw. dial. harva | 'harrow', 'grapnel' | |||||||
| shy | Fi. | köyhä | 'poor' | < | Proto-Finnic *keüɧä- | |||
| Sw. | skygg | 'timid' | ↑ Early Gmc *skeuχwa- | > | OE scēoh | 'shy' | ||
| OHG sciuhen | 'shy' | |||||||
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | laaka | 'flat, plain' | Look under 'lieka' | ||||
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | laho | 'decayed/rotten tree(-trunk)' | Look under 'lieka' | ||||
| less | Fi. | laiha | 'lean, thin, meagre' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *laiša- | > | Saami láš'ši | 'lean, thin, meagre' |
| least | Sw. | lite-n/-t, lilla | 'small' | < | ↑ Baltic *laisas | > | Lith. líesas | 'lean, thin, meagre' |
| Latvian liess | 'lean, thin, meagre' | |||||||
| ~> | Crimean Goth. lista | 'little' | ||||||
| land | Fi. | lansi | 'lowland, low' | < | PreF *lonta/-mta (*/lëmti-/??) | > | Votyak=Zyryen lud | 'field, meadow, pasture' |
| Sw. | land | 'land' | <~ | ↑ PreGmc. *londho-/lomdho- | > | Gmc. *landa- | 'land' | |
| glove | Fi. | lasta | 'spattle, spatula, trowel' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *lasta | |||
| ↑ Baltic *lāpstā | > | Latvian lâpsta | 'spade', 'shovel', 'shoulder blade' | |||||
| OPrussian. lopto | 'spade' | |||||||
| Sw. | lov; love, labb | 'oarblade, tack'; 'palm of hand' | ~> | Lith. lopetà | 'spade', 'shovel' | |||
| Russ. lopáta; lopátina | 'shovel' ; 'steer rudder' | |||||||
| OHG lappo | 'palm', 'rudder blade' | |||||||
| Goth. lōfа = ON lōfi | 'palm' | |||||||
| blade | Fi. | lehti | 'leaf, sheet' | < | PreF *lešti | > | Cheremis ləštaš | 'leaf' |
| Sw. | blad | 'leaf, sheet, blade' | < | ↑ PIE/PreG *bhl(e)h1-tó | > | Gmc. *blađa | 'leaf' | |
| > | Gmc. *blēđa > OE blæd | 'blossom, sprout, fruit' | ||||||
| or(??) ↑ Baltic *lakštas | > | Lith. lãkštas | 'leaf; sheet' | |||||
| Latvian laksti | 'leafs and stem of plant' | |||||||
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | lieka | 'tether' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *lēka | > | ||
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc. *lēgā | > | OHG lāga | 'trap, snare, tightened rope' |
| Old Swedish lāga | 'snare, trap, ambush' | |||||||
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | lieko | 'windfallen tree, waterlogged/ decayed treetrunk' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *lēko | |||
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc. *lēgō or Gmc *lēʒō | > | Old Scandinavian lāg[-a-] | 'windfallen tree' |
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | laho | 'decayed/rotten tree(-trunk)' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *laɧo | |||
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | < | ↑ NW Gmc. *lāʒō | > | Old Scandinavian lāg[-a-] | 'windfallen tree' |
| lie, lay, layer | Fi. | laaka | 'flat, plain' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *lāka | |||
| low, law, ledge | Sw. | låg, lag, ligga | 'low, law, lie' | <~ | ↑ Proto-Norse *lāʒaR | > | ON lágr | 'low, deep; inferior, insignificant' |
| OE. hlūt(t)or | Fi. | luuta | 'besom, broom' | < | Latish? Proto-Finnic *luuta- | |||
| ↑ Baltic *šlōta- (or later sluota-?) | > | Lith. šlúota | 'besom, broom' | |||||
| Latvian sluota | 'besom, broom' | |||||||
| Sw. | lutter | 'sheer, pure' | > | Gmc. *xlū-tr-a- adj. | 'pure' | |||
| lot | Fi. | löytää | 'to find, obtain' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *leütä- <*levtä- | |||
| Sw. | ljuta (lott n.) | 'to encounter (death)' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *χleuta- | > | OE hléotan, Icel. hljóta | 'get, attain, obtain, encounter' etc. | |
| <PIE *kl(e)u-d- | > | Latvian kl´ũt | 'reach, acheive, arrive at' | |||||
| may, might | Fi. | mahtaa | 'may, should'; 'boast, be mighty' | < | PreF *maš-ta- | > | Cheremiss(East) moštem | 'be able to, know how to, master' |
| machine < Gr. | Sw. | må | 'may' | ↑ ? Early Gmc *maʒan | > | Goth.=OHG magan | 'be capable, be able, can; may' | |
| OE mæg (present) | 'is capable, is able, can; may' | |||||||
| OCS moga, mošti | 'is capable, is able, can; power, for | |||||||
| Gr. mēkhanē | 'vehicle, means, instrument' | |||||||
| many | Fi. | maksaa | 'to pay' | < | PFU *maksa- */måkså-/ | > | Mordv. maksoms | 'to give' |
| ↑ PIr *ma(n)dza | > | Av. *mąza- | 'to give' (cf. mąza.raii-) | |||||
| Sw. | mången | 'many' | < | cf. PIE *men(e)gh-*mon(e)gh- | ~> | OInd. *mámhate | 'gives, grants, bestows' | |
| OCS mŭnogŭ | 'many' | |||||||
| Gmc. *maniʒa- | 'many' | |||||||
| many | Fi. | moni | 'many' | < | Pre-F *moni | > | Votyak=Zyryen -mịnda | 'as much (as)', 'how much' |
| Sw. | mången | 'many' | ↑ ??? relation unclear/uncertain | |||||
| cf. PIE *men(e)gh-*mon(e)gh- | > | OCS mŭnogŭ | 'many' | |||||
| Gmc. *maniʒa- | 'many' | |||||||
| malt | Fi. | mallas, malta- | 'malt' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *maltas- | |||
| Sw. | malt | 'malt' | < | ↑ PreGmc *maldaz | > | OE mealt | 'malt' | |
| or ↑ Gmc.*maltaz | ON maltr | 'malt' | ||||||
| melt, smelt | Fi. | melto (-rauta) | 'weak', 'forgeable (iron)' | < | Middle-Proto-F *melto- | |||
| Sw. | smälta (n.) | 'molten metal' | ↑ EarlyGmc. *melta- | > | OE meltan | 'melt' | ||
| or ↑ Early Gmc. *smelta- | > | NG smelt | 'molten metal' | |||||
| murder | Fi. | marras | 'bound to die, dead, etc.' | < | PreF *marta-s | // | PrePermic-Mordvin separate loan *mertä- | 'man' (<'mortal') |
| mortal < Lat. | Sw. | mord | 'murder' | <~ | ↑ PI-Ir *mrtá-s | > | OInd. mrtá-ḥ | 'dead' |
| Av. mərətá- | 'dead' | |||||||
| ~> | Gr. ambrotos <*a-mbrotos | 'immortal, divine' | ||||||
| Gmc. *murþra- | 'murder' | |||||||
| PIr. *martá- < *mer-to | '(mortal) man' | |||||||
| murder | Fi. | murha | 'murder' | < | Proto-Finnic *murɧa- | |||
| Sw. | mord | 'murder' | <~> | ↑ Gmc. *murþra- | > | OE morðor (pl. morþras) | 'murder' | |
| Gothic maurþr | 'murder' | |||||||
| moth | Fi. | mato | 'worm' | < | PreF *mača-/*mačo- | > | Saami muohci, muohcu | 'moth' |
| Sw. | mott | 'moth' | ↑ Early PIr *matsa | > | Pashto māšay < *māsijaka | 'moskito' | ||
| Gmc. | *muþþō- | ← borrowed from Proto-Saami | ~> | OInd. maśa-ka, maśa- | 'moskito, gadfly' | |||
| Gmc. not cognate to Indo-Iranian or Baltic | *m(u)očo-(j-) (cf. upper right) | Lith. māša-la | 'gnat, black fly' | |||||
| melt, smelt | Fi. | melto (-rauta) | 'weak', 'forgeable (iron)' | Look under 'mallas' | ||||
| marsh, mere | Fi. | meri | '(salt) sea' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *meri | |||
| murmaid | ↑ ?Baltic *mari- < PIE *mori- | > | Lith. mãrė, mãrios | 'the sea', 'the Curonian sea' | ||||
| The vowel correspondance is bad | OCS morje | 'the sea' | ||||||
| but corresponds to reki < *rāge- | Lat. mare | 'the sea' | ||||||
| Gmc. *mari- | 'sea', 'lake, pond' | |||||||
| ~> | Welsh mor | 'the sea' | ||||||
| mead | Fi. | mesi, mete- | 'honey' | < | PFU *meti- | > | Hung. méz | 'honey' |
| Sw. | mjöd | 'mead' | <~ | ↑ Early PI-Ir *medhu | > | OInd. mádhu | 'honey' | |
| Lith. medus | 'honey' | |||||||
| Gr. methu | 'wine' | |||||||
| mid(dle) | Fi. | metsä | 'forest' | < | PreF *meććä- | > | Saami mæčče | 'edge, fringe, outskirts' |
| medial < Lat | ↑ Baltic *media- 'woods on outskirts/fringeland' | > | Lith. mẽdis, mẽdja-, mẽžia- | 'tree', '(dialectal) forest' | ||||
| Latvian mežs, medja-, meža | 'forest, small forest' | |||||||
| OPrussian median | 'forest' | |||||||
| Sw. | mid-, medel | 'mid', 'mid, means' | cf. PIE *medhio-/medhi- | ~> | Russian mežá | 'border, headland, fringe land' | ||
| many | Fi. | moni | 'many' | Look under 'maksaa' | ||||
| marten<Romance | Fi. | morsian | 'bride' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *mortian | |||
| ↑ Baltic *marti(j)a- | > | Lith. martì | 'bride, newly wed (before first born; niece; sister in law' | |||||
| Latvian mārša < *martiā | 'sister in law' | |||||||
| OPrus. martin/martan(acc) | 'bride' | |||||||
| Sw. | mård | 'marten' | ~> | O.E. mearþ < *marþus | 'marten' | |||
| Crimean Gothic marzus | 'wedding' | |||||||
| OInd. márya- | 'man, young man, beloved, suitor' | |||||||
| meet(ly),must | Fi. | muoto | 'shape, form' | < | Middle-Proto-F *mōto- | |||
| mode, model, | Sw. | mäta, mått | 'measure (v.), (n.)' | <~ | ↑ PreGmc. *mōda- | > | ON mót | 'sign, feature, nature, character' |
| modify < Lat. | or ↑ Gmc.*mōta- | Lat. modus | 'measure, size, manner, harmony' | |||||
| ~> | OE gemǽte | 'commensurate, fit' | ||||||
| murder | Fi. | murha | 'murder' | Look under 'marras' | ||||
| mean, miss(-) | Fi. | myy-/myö- | 'to sell, to give' | < | PU *meχi- */mexi-/ | > | Proto-Samoyed ..... | 'to give, sell' |
| mutate, com- | Sw. | men, men- | 'harm, detriment', 'harmful' | < | ↑ PIE *h2mei(H)- | > | OInd. máyatē | 'changes' |
| mute, mutual, | gemen(-sam) | 'joint, common' | lett. míju | 'changes' | ||||
| migrate < Lat. | missa, miss- | 'to miss', 'miss-' | Gr. ameí-bō | 'change, exchange' | ||||
| ~> | OInd. minā́ti | 'changes, deceives' | ||||||
| Gmc. *ga-mai-niz | '(held in) common' | |||||||
| Lat. mū-tāre | 'change' | |||||||
| Gmc. *missa- | ''(in a changed manner>) abnormally' | |||||||
| queen | Fi. | nai-nen | 'woman' | < | PU *näχi- (> *naχï-) (*/näxi/naxï/) | |||
| Fi. | naa-ras | 'female (of animal)' | ↑ PIE *gwneh2- | > | OInd. gnā́ | 'goddess' | ||
| OIr. mná (gen. of ben) | 'woman' | |||||||
| ~> | Gr. gunē | 'woman' | ||||||
| Sw. | kvinna (kona) | 'woman' | < | cf. *gwenh2- | > | OInd. jáni | 'wife' | |
| OCS. žena | 'wife' | |||||||
| nave, navel | Fi. | napa | 'navel; hub, nave; pole' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *napa- | |||
| ↑ Baltic *naba- | > | Latvian naba | 'navel' | |||||
| OPrussian nabis | 'hub of wheel, nave, navel' | |||||||
| Sw. | nav, navel | 'hub; navel' | < | or ↑ Gmc *naƀō- (cf. *naƀalō-) | > | ON nọf | 'hub of wheel, nave' | |
| OE nafu | 'hub of wheel, nave' | |||||||
| cf. PIE h3(e)nobh- | > | OInd. nábhya | 'hub of wheel, nave' | |||||
| Persian nāf | 'navel' | |||||||
| Lat. umbilicus | 'navel' | |||||||
| Gr. omphalós | 'navel, boss of shield' | |||||||
| auger | Fi. | napakaira | 'auger' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *napakaira- | |||
| Sw. | navare | 'auger' | < | ↑ Proto-Norse *naƀagaiRa- | > | ON nafarr | 'auger' | |
| OE nafogār | 'auger' | |||||||
| need/OE neod | Fi. | nauta | 'cattle' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *navta- | |||
| contamination | Sw. | nöt | 'cattle' | < | ↑ PreGmc. *nauda- | > | ON naut | 'one cattle, animal' |
| of unrelated | or ↑ Gmc.*nauta- | OE nēat | 'one cattle, animal' | |||||
| words, 'neod' | Lith. naudà | 'benefit, profit, property' | ||||||
| is true cognate | ~> | Lith. naũdyti | 'to desire' | |||||
| ~> | OE neod | 'desire, longing' | ||||||
| need/OE neod | Fi. | nauttia | 'consume, enjoy' | < | Late Proto-F *nautti- | |||
| Sw. | nöta | wear (out/off), enjoy' | < | ↑ Gmc. *naut(i)ja- | > | Sw. nöta | 'wear (out/off)' | |
| needle | Fi. | neula | 'needle' | Look right below unde 'niisi' | ||||
| needle | Fi. | niisi, niide- | 'heddle' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *nīti- | |||
| snood | ↑ Baltic *nīti- | > | Lith. nýtis; pl. nýtys | '(warp) thread'; pl. 'harness (text.), heald' | ||||
| Latvian nĩts; pl. nĩtis | '(warp) thread'; pl. 'harness (text.), heald' | |||||||
| Ru. nit' | 'thread' | |||||||
| Sw. | nåt, nål, snöre, | 'seam, joint', 'needle', 'wind, twist', | cf. PIE (s)nh1i-t-i- | ~> | Lat. nēre | 'spin, weave' | ||
| sno, naja < Holl. | 'string', 'lash, bind' | ~> | Early Gmc. *nēþla- | 'needle' | ||||
| needle | Fi. | neula | 'needle' | < | Proto-Finnic *nēkla- | > | Carelian niekla | 'needle' |
| Sw. | nål, nåt | 'needle' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *nēþla | > | OE naeðlæ | 'needle' | |
| OHG nadala | 'needle' | |||||||
| Goth. neþla | 'needle' | |||||||
| name | Fi. | nimi | 'name' | < | PU *nimi | > | Hung. név | 'name' |
| Sw. | namn | 'name' | <~ | ↑ PIE *(H)nmen- (oblique stem) | > | Blt/Slv. *inmen- | 'name' | |
| Proto-Celtic *anmen | 'name' | |||||||
| ~> | Lat. nōmen | 'name' | ||||||
| Gr. onoma < enuma | 'name' | |||||||
| Gmc. *namōn | 'name' | |||||||
| ear, awn | Fi. | ohdake (=ohta+ke) | 'thistle' | Look under 'kasa' | ||||
| ear, awn | Fi. | ohra | 'barley' | Look under 'kasa' | ||||
| ewe | Fi. | oinas | 'castrated ram' | Look under 'uuhi' | ||||
| ale | Fi. | olut | 'beer' | Look under 'kalja' | ||||
| angle, Angle | Fi. | onki | 'fish hook' | < | PreF *onki | ~> | Cheremiss (East) oŋgo | 'hook', 'loop', 'ring' |
| English | Sw. | angel, ankare | 'fish hook', 'english' | ↑ PreGmc *anga-n < *onko- | > | Middle Low German ango | 'fish hook' | |
| ~> | OE angel | 'fish hook' | ||||||
| or ↑ PIA *anká- | > | OInd. anká-ḥ | 'hook, clamp', 'bent' | |||||
| Lith. ánka | 'loop, snare, noose' | |||||||
| ~> | Lat. ungus | 'hook' | ||||||
| Gr. ónkos | 'hook' | |||||||
| wish, win | Fi. | onni | 'happiness, luck, fortune' | < | PreF *vonni- | > | Saami vuodna | 'good fortune, luck' |
| winsome, | Sw. | önskan, vän, | 'wish', 'friend' | <~ | ↑ PreG *wn(H)iā- | > | Gmc. *wunnjō > OE wynn | 'delight, happiness, bliss, pleasure' |
| Venus < Lat. | under, vänta | 'wonder', 'wait' | <PIE *u(e)nH- | ~> | Germ. deriv. wünschen | 'to wish' | ||
| ~> | OInd. vani- | 'desire, wish' | ||||||
| awl | Fi. | ora | thorn, prickle, awl' | < | PFU *ora- */orå-/ | > | Hung. ár | 'awl' |
| ↑ PI-Ir *ārā | > | OInd. *ā́rā | 'prickle, awl' | |||||
| Sw. | ål (archaic) | 'awl' | < Late PIE *ēlā | Gmc. *ēlō > OE æl | 'awl' | |||
| else | Fi. | orja | 'slave' | < | PreF *orja- | > | Mordva ura, uŕä | 'slave, servant' |
| alias < Lat. | ↑ PI-A *arí- 'alien (> host)' | > | OInd. aryá- | 'hospitable host, lord' | ||||
| Aryan, Iran <OInd./Farsi | Sw. | eljest, elände, | 'else/otherwise, Aryan, Iran' | cf. Gmc. *'gastiz' ~ Lat. 'hostis' | OInd. árya-, áriya-, aríya-, aryá- | 'host, lord' | ||
| eller, arier, Iran | ~> | araņa- | 'foreign' | |||||
| ~> | Lat. alius; aliēnus | 'other of more than two; alien' | ||||||
| ~> | Gmc *aljaz | 'else, otherwise' | ||||||
| OR ALTERNATIV | ||||||||
| work | Fi. | orja | 'slave' | PreF *worja- | ||||
| urge < Latin | Sw. | verk | 'work, deed', 'works' | ↑ PIE *uorģó- | ~> | Gr. orgia | 'worship' | |
| Eng. worker | 'worker' | |||||||
| work | Fi. | pyrkiä | ‘strive, work for’ | Middle Proto-Finnic *pürki- / *purki | ||||
| urge < Latin | Sw. | yrka | 'call for, urge, press for' | ↑ Early Gmc. *wurkija- | > | ON yrka | 'work, take effect' | |
| cf. PIE *urģ- | ~> | Lith. verziu | 'tie, fasten, squeeze' | |||||
| Lat. urgere | 'press hard, push, drive, compel' | |||||||
| orphan < gr. | Fi. | orpo, orpa-na | 'orphan' | < | PFU *orpa- */orpå-/ | > | Hung. árva | 'orphan' |
| robot < czech | ↑ PIA or PIr *arbha-s | > | OInd. árbha-h | 'small, weak, young' | ||||
| Sw. | arvode, arbete | 'remuneration < work' ; 'work' | < | PIE *Hórbho- 'deprived' | > | Gr. orphanos | 'orphaned' | |
| > | Lat. orbus | 'orphaned; widower' | ||||||
| > | OCS rabŭ | 'slave' | ||||||
| > | OE ierfa | 'heir' | ||||||
| orphan < gr. | Fi. | arpa | 'allotment, lot, dice, die' | < | Middle Proto-F *arpa- | > | Saami vuorbi | 'lot, destiny' |
| Sw. | arv | 'inheritance, allotment' | <~ | ↑ Gmc. *arƀ(i)a- | > | OE ierfa | 'heir' | |
| ON arfr | 'inheritance' | |||||||
| ware (noun) | Fi. | os-taa v. | 'to buy' | < | PFU *wosa */woså/ 'merchandise' | > | ||
| Sw. | vara | 'merchandise' | < | ↑ PIE *uosā < *uoseh2 | > | Gmc. *wazō- > *warō- | 'product, merchandise' | |
| > | OInd. vas-ná-m | 'price, value' | ||||||
| For Germanic cognates see Kluge/Seebold s.v. "Ware" | ~> | Hitt. waš- | 'to buy' | |||||
| Gr. ōneisthai < *uos-n- | 'to buy' | |||||||
| ware (noun) | Fi. | varasto | 'warehouse' | < | Late Proto-F *vara-sto | |||
| Sw. | varuhus | 'department store' | <~ | ?↑? Proto Norse *warō-hūsa- | > German Warenhaus | 'warehouse' | ||
| or ?↑? Proto Norse *wara- look below under Fi vara 'spare, extra' | ||||||||
| enough | Fi. | osa | 'part, share' | < | PreF *ośa < *onśå | ? > | Hung. oszt | 'divide' |
| ↑ PI-A *anća- | > | OInd. áṃśa- | 'part, share' | |||||
| cf. PIE *h2onḱ-o- | Av. ąsa- | 'share' | ||||||
| ~> | Gr. onkos | 'burden, mass'; > 'tumor' | ||||||
| Sw. | nog | 'enough' | cf. PIE *h2nōḱ-o- | > | Gmc. *ga-nōʒa- | 'sufficient' | ||
| end | Fi. | otsa | 'forehead' | < | PreF *onćća- | > | Zyryan (v)od'z' | 'front side' |
| Sw. | än, ände, ännnu, | 'even', 'end', 'still' | <~ | ↑ Early Gmc. *anþia-z < *ántio- | > | ON enni, OHG endi | 'forehead' | |
| änne (arch. dial.) | 'forehead' | cf. PIE *h2entiós 'above, last' | > | Gr. antios | 'above' | |||
| OInd. ántyah | 'ultimate, outermost, last' | |||||||
| fold | Fi. | palsi | 'hard layer of soil'; 'dry edge of clay or gravel' | < | PreF *palti- | > | Saami (L) buollda | hillside, mountain side' |
| fauteuil | Sw. | fåll | 'hem' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *falþa- < *pol-to- | > | ON faldr | 'pleat, fold, hem' |
| spleen < | Fi. | perna | 'spleen' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *perna | |||
| romance | ↑ PIr *sprz-n- (weak stem) | > | Av. spərəz-n- | 'spleen' | ||||
| cf. PIE *splǵʰ-n- | > | OInd plihan | 'spleen' | |||||
| Lat. splen | 'spleen' | |||||||
| Gr. splen | 'spleen' | |||||||
| Lith. bluznis | 'spleen' | |||||||
| O.Ir. selg | 'spleen' | |||||||
| farrow | Fi. | porsas | (little) pig, piglet' | < | PreF *porćas | > | Mordv purts-/purs-/purt´ś- | '(little) pig, piglet' |
| pork < Lat. | ↑ Blt/Slv *parśas | > | Lith. paršas | 'piglet, castrated boar' | ||||
| or ↑ PreI-Ir *porśos | Pr-Ir *pārsa- | 'pig' | ||||||
| or ↑ PIE *porḱos | Gmc. *farχaz | 'piglet' | ||||||
| Lat. porcus | 'pig' | |||||||
| Fi. | pullea | 'plump, chubby' | < | Early Proto-Finnic *puln- | > | Saami boldni | 'hillock, mound; roundish, steep hilltop' | |
| full, plenty | Sw. | full | 'full' | < | ↑ PaleoGmc. *fulna- | > | ON fullr | 'full' |
| Lat. plēnus | 'full' | |||||||
| ball, bowl, bull | Sw. | boll, bulle, bula | ??or ↑ PaleoGmc. *buln- (this alternative not from any source) | ~> | Engl bull (cf. bowl), ON boli (cf. Sw bulle), Gr phallos | round swollen object' | ||
| spin, spider | Fi. | punoa | 'to plait, twine, spin' | < | PU *punå- (*punï-) | |||
| Sw. | spinna | 'to spin' | <~ | ↑ PIE *pnH-e/o ~*spenH- | > | Lith. pìnti, pinù | 'plait, braid' | |
| Rus. pjatъ, pnu | german 'anspannen' | |||||||
| borer | Fi. | pura | borer, awl' | < | PU *purå(-) | > | Hung. fúr | 'to bore' |
| Sw. | borr | 'drill' | < | ↑ PIE *bhrH- | > | Gmc. *bur-ō | 'to bore' | |
| Gr. pharos | 'plough' | |||||||
| ~> | Lat. forāre | 'to bore, pierce' | ||||||
| board | Fi. | pursi | '(small) yacht', 'vessel' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *purti- | |||
| cf. 'on board' | Sw. | (om)bord | '(on) board' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *burđa- | > | OE. bord | 'board' |
| > | ON borð | 'board' | ||||||
| work | Fi. | pyrkiä | ‘strive, work for’ | Look under 'orja' | ||||
| forbid, bid | Fi. | pöytä | 'table' | < | Middle Proto-F *beütä- | |||
| Buddha<OInd. | Sw. | bjuda | 'to bid, offer, command' | ↑ Early Gmc *beuđa-(z) | > | ON bjóð | 'table' | |
| Goth. biuþs | 'table' | |||||||
| ~> | Lith. budeti | 'to be awake' | ||||||
| OInd. bodhati | 'be awake, watchful, enlightened, observe, become aware' | |||||||
| right | Fi. | raaja | 'limb' | < | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *rakja | > | Saami ruovji | 'quarter of a carcass' |
| rake, rack | Sw. | räcka, rätt | extend, stretch out, reach; be sufficient'; 'right, justice' | < | ↑ Early Gmc *rakja- | > | OE reccan | 'extend, stretch out' |
| ~> | Gr. orégō | 'strech out, extend' | ||||||
| rand | Fi. | rasia | 'small box' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *ranćia (?*rantia) | |||
| Sw. | rand, rände | 'brim, brink', 'frame brim' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *randia | > | Sw rände (dial. ränne) | 'frame, brim' | |
| round, roll, | Fi. | ratas, ratta(h)- | 'wheel', (pl) 'cart' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *rattas- | |||
| rotate < Lat. | Sw. | ratt | 'steering wheel' | < | ↑ Balt *ratas | > | Lith. rãtas | 'wheel, circle, ring, (pl.) cart' |
| Latvian rats | 'wheel, (pl.) cart' | |||||||
| PIE *(H)roth2-o- | > | OHG rad | 'wheel' | |||||
| Lat. rota | 'wheel' | |||||||
| OInd. rátha- | 'chariot' | |||||||
| ready, road | Fi. | ratsas | 'rider' | < | Late PreF *raććas | |||
| Sw. | reda, redan, redd, | 'prepare', 'already'; 'roadstead', | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *raiđia- | > | OE. -ræde | '*rider' => '*mounted' => 'ready' | |
| redo, räd, rida | 'ready', 'raid', 'ride' | ON greiðr | 'ready, plain' | |||||
| ~> | Goth. garaiþs | 'ordered, arranged (ready)' | ||||||
| red, rust | Fi. | rauta | 'iron' | < | Pre-F *ravta- (or Proto-F *rauta-) | > | Saami ruovdi | 'iron' |
| robust < Lat. | Sw. | röd, rost | 'rust, red' | < | ↑ Blt/slv.or Early Mid.Slv *raudā- | > | Slv. *rūdā | 'iron ore', 'mire with ironred water' |
| Lith. rūdýnas, rūdỹnė | 'marsh with ironred water', 'mire' | |||||||
| or ↑ Paleo Gmc.*rauda- | > | ON rauði | 'red iron ore' | |||||
| cf. PIE *h1roudh-o- | ~> | Lat. rōbīgo | 'rust; etc.' | |||||
| rust | Fi. | ruoste | 'rust' | < | Proto-Finnic *rost-eš | |||
| Sw. | rost | 'rust' | < | ↑ Gmc *rusta- = *[rosta-]? | > | OE rūst | 'rust' | |
| read, hundred | Fi. | rehto | 'row, line; side; stratum' | < | PreF *rešto | |||
| Sw. | rad | 'row, stack, pile' | < | ↑ PIE *h2rh1-to- / *h2rh1-teh2- | > | PGmc. *rađa | 'row, order, side, edge, stack, pile' | |
| ~> | Icel. röð | 'row, order, side, edge' | ||||||
| brow, | Fi. | reuna | 'edge' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *revna | |||
| ?bridge | ↑ Northern Baltic *breuna- | > | Lith. briaunà | 'edge, cornice, crust of bread, haft' | ||||
| Sw. | bryn<*brūniR (pl.) | 'edge, brow' | < | cf. PIE *h3bhreuH-neh2? | ~> | ON brún | 'edge, side' | |
| OE. brū- | 'eyebrow' | |||||||
| ~> | OIr. brú | 'edge, bank' | ||||||
| fresh | Fi. | rieska | < | Proto-Finnic or later? *re(e)ska- | ||||
| ↑ Northern Baltic *preiska- | > | Lith. priẽska- | 'unleavened, fresh, unspiced' | |||||
| Sw. | färsk, frisk | < | or ↑ Later Baltic *prieska- | ~> | OE. fersc < WGmc.*friskaz | 'fresh, pure, sweet' | ||
| wry, wriggle | Fi. | rihma | 'filament, thread' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *rišma- | // | Sep loan Saami riessâm | 'piece of decorative cloth, filament (for reindeer harness)' |
| wrist, wrestle | < | ↑ Baltic *rišima-/*rišama- | > | Latvian risamais | 'band, tape' | |||
| cf. verb *rišti 'tie, bind' | Lith. rišìmas | 'binding' | ||||||
| Sw. | vricka, vrist | 'sprain, twist, scull'; 'ankle'; | cf. PIE *uriḱ-tei 'twist, weave, | OPrus. senrists ; perrēist | 'verbunden'; 'verbinden' | |||
| ?vränga | 'turn inside out, distort, twist' | tie together' | ~> | OE wrīon | 'wrap, cover, protect' | |||
| Av. uruuisiieiti | 'rotate, revolve' | |||||||
| grass, grow | Fi. | rohto | 'medical plant, green herb' | < | PreF *rošto- | |||
| Sw. | grodd | 'germ (shoot)' | < | ↑ PreG *ghroH-tu- | > | Gmc. *grōþu- | 'green growth' | |
| or ↑ PreG *ghroH-to-(n-) | > | Gmc. *grōþa(n)- | 'herb, plant, growth' | |||||
| grass | Fi. | ruoho | 'grass' | < | Proto-Finnic *rōho- | // | sep. loan Saami ruos'sjie | 'a hard grass with which wooden vessels are scrubbed' |
| Sw. | gräs | 'grass' | < | ↑ Gmc *grōsō- | > | MiddleHG gruose | 'germ (shoot)' | |
| Middle LG grôse | 'growing power' | |||||||
| ~> | ProtoNorse *grasja- | 'grass' | ||||||
| rye | Fi. | ruis, ruki- | 'rye' | < | Proto-Finnic *rukis | |||
| Sw. | råg | 'rye' | ↑ Gmc *ruʒiz | > | ON rugr | 'rye' | ||
| OE ryge | 'rye' | |||||||
| or ↑ Baltic *rugiz | > | Lith. rugī̃s, pl. rugiaĩ | 'rye corn', pl. 'rye' | |||||
| Latvian rudzis, pl. rudzi | 'rye corn', pl. 'rye' | |||||||
| OPrus. rug(g)is | 'rye' | |||||||
| ~> | OCS ruzi | 'rye' | ||||||
| school < Gr. | Fi. | saa-da | get, receive, achieve' | < | PreF *sëχi- | > | Mordv. sajəms, śävəms | 'come, arrive; become; catch, achieve, hit; seize; get; win' |
| scheme < Gr. | ?↑ Pre I-Ir *seģh- | > | Av. haz- | 'seize, take possession, aqcuire' | ||||
| > | OInd. sáhate | 'subdue; can, endure' | ||||||
| OInd. sáhas | 'violence, victory' | |||||||
| Sw. | seger | 'victory' | < | cf. PIE *seģh- | > | Gmc *siʒiz | 'victory' | |
| skola | 'school' | Gr. ekhō | 'hold, have' | |||||
| Gr. skhēma | '"holding", form, figure' | |||||||
| Gr. skholē | '"holding back", stop, rest' > 'leisure in disputation' > 'school' | |||||||
| gallows | Fi. | salko | 'long thin pole' | < | PreF *śalka (< *śëlka < *śïlka) | > | Mordv. śalgo | 'stick; sting; staff, pole' |
| Sw. | galg | 'gallows' | < | ?↑ Late PIE *ģhalgha- | > | Gmc. *galʒa-n | 'pole of a draw well, gallows' etc. | |
| Lith. žalga-s, žalgà | 'long thin pole' | |||||||
| still, stalk, | Fi. | salvata, salpa- | 'to hinder, stall, stop' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *salpa- | |||
| stall, stilt, etc. | Sw. | stolpe | 'pole' | <~ | ↑ Early Gmc. *stalpa- | > | ON stalpi | 'pole' |
| PIE *stol-b-o- | ~> | Gmc. *stalpja- | 'to still, stall, dam' | |||||
| still, stalk, | Fi. | tulppa | 'plug, stopper' | < | Proto-Finnic *tulppa | |||
| stall, stilt, etc. | Sw. | stolpe | 'pole' | < | ↑ Gmc. *stulpan- | > | Dutch stolp | 'lid' |
| stump | Fi. | sammas | 'statue, column (myth. upholding the firmament)' | < | PreF *sampa-s | |||
| ↑ PI-A *stambhas | > | OInd. stambhah | 'statue, column' | |||||
| Sw. | stump | 'remaining stump of cut off' | <~ | PIE *st(e)mbh- (~*st(e)mb-?) | > | Lith. stámbas | stem, stalk, (dial.) trunk' | |
| OHG stumpf | 'trunk' | |||||||
| hinge (hang) | Fi. | sanka | 'bail, handle' | < | Pre-Finnic *śaŋka- (*ćaŋka-) | > | Mordv (E) śaŋgo (m) ťśaŋgă | 'hay fork' |
| false cognate with | ↑ Late PIE *ḱanku- or *ḱanko- | > | Gmc *hanhu- or *hanha- | 'oarlock; plough; shark' | ||||
| semantic interference | OInd śankú | 'wooden nail, peg; pole' | ||||||
| for true cognate, see: | Sw. | (dial.) hå | 'oarlock; cove' | < | Gmc *hanhu- or *hanha- | OCS sǫkъ | 'sprout; wand' | |
| or Pokorny p.523 | Cymr. cainc | 'branch' | ||||||
| Fi. | hako | 'sprig of spruce' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šako- | ||||
| ↑ Baltic *šaka- | > | Lith. šakà | 'branch of tree/river etc.' | |||||
| Latvian saka | 'bifurcation, branching' | |||||||
| ~> | OInd śākā | 'branch' | ||||||
| Goth. hōha | 'plough' | |||||||
| Fi. | hanka | 'oarlock; gab; space between thumb and forfinger' | < | Late Proto-Finnic *ɧanka- | ||||
| Sw. | (dial.) hå | 'oarlock; cove' | ↑ Gmc/PN *χanga- or *χangu- | ~> | ON hár | 'oarlock' | ||
| horn, hart | Fi. | sarvi | 'horn' | < | PFU *śorwa- */śorwå-/ | > | Hung. szarv ; szarvas | 'horn' ; 'hart/deer' |
| ↑ PI-A *śrva or PIr *śraw-/*śårw- | > | Av. srū, srvā- | 'horn, -nail' | |||||
| OPers. surū(n) | 'horn' | |||||||
| Sw. | horn, hjort | 'horn, hart' | < PIE *ḱer(h2)u-o- | > | Lat. cervus | 'deer' | ||
| ~> | Gmc. *heru-taz | 'hart' | ||||||
| ~> | Gmc. *hur-na- | 'horn' | ||||||
| (horn), hart | Fi. | hirvi, hirvas | 'elk, moose', 'male hart' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *širv- | |||
| reindeer < ON | ↑ Baltic širw- | > | Old Prussian sirwis | 'hart, deer' | ||||
| Sw. | hjort, ren | 'hart', reindeer' | ~> | Gmc. *heru-taz | 'hart' | |||
| ~> | Proto-Nordic *hrai-naz | 'reindeer' | ||||||
| hornet | Fi. | herhiläinen | 'large wasp, hornet' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šerši- | |||
| ↑ Baltic *širš- | Old Lith. širšuõ | 'hornet' | ||||||
| Lith. šìršė, širšė̃, šìršuonas | 'hornet' | |||||||
| Latvian sirsenis | 'hornet' | |||||||
| OPruss. sirsilis | 'hornet' | |||||||
| OCS s(t)rъšenь | 'hornet' | |||||||
| PIE * ḱr(h2)s-en- | ~> | Gmc *hurznuta- | 'hornet' | |||||
| ~> | Lat. crābrō | 'hornet' | ||||||
| hundred | Fi. | sata | 'hundred' | < | PFU *śata */śåtå/ or */śïtå/ | > | Hung. száz | 'hundred' |
| ↑ PI-Ir *ćata- or PIA śatá- | > | OInd. śatá-m | 'hundred' | |||||
| Sw. | hundra | 'hundred' | < PIE *ḱmtóm | > | Gmc. *χunđa-rađa | 'hundred' | ||
| Gr. hekaton | 'hundred' | |||||||
| Lat. centum | 'hundred' | |||||||
| hundred | Fi. | hinta | 'price' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šimta- | |||
| Sw. | hundra | 'hundred' | ↑ East Baltic *šimta- | > | Lith. *šimtas | 'hundred, very much, large amount' | ||
| stead | Fi. | sata-ma | 'boat-shore, harbour' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sata- | |||
| station < Lat. | Sw. | -stad | (landing/berthing) place' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *staþa | > | Eng. (dial) staith[e] | 'quay' |
| MHG. stade | 'strand, shore' | |||||||
| stow, stern, | Fi. | saura | 'pole, stake, stick' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sapra | |||
| store < Lat. | Sw. | stör | 'pole, stake, stick' | < | ↑ Gmc. *staura- | > | Proto-Nordic *stauraz | 'pole, stake, stick' |
| staurolite<Gr. | Gr. stauros | 'cross' | ||||||
| Lat. īnstaurāre | 'to restore, set upright again' | |||||||
| stool, stative | Fi. | talas, talo | scaffold; house, shed' | < | PFU *tala- | // | Votyak & Vogul separ. loans | |
| Sw. | stol | 'chair; stool' | ↑ PaleoGmc *stāla-s 'scaffold' | > | Norwegian stol | i.a. 'rack; scaffold for hay/grain in barn etc.' | ||
| stall | Sw. | stall | 'stable' | or ↑ Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold' | > | OldNorwegian stallr | 'rack, scaffold; stable; manger' | |
| Tellus, tellurian | or ↑ PIA *tala-s- 'base, platform' | > | OInd. tala-m | 'bottom, ground; surface' | ||||
| See also under 'talas, talo' | Lat. tellus | 'earth' | ||||||
| side | Fi. | seula | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' | < | Proto-Finnic *sēkla- | > | Carelian siekla | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' |
| Sw. | såll, sedan | 'sieve, siffer, riddle'; 'later' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *sēđla/*sēþla | > | ON sáld | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' | |
| ~> | Lith. sietas | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' | ||||||
| Gr. ēthmós | 'sieve, siffer, riddle' | |||||||
| Old Swedish siþer | 'long, hanging down, low-lying' | |||||||
| OE. sið | 'late' | |||||||
| Latin serus | 'late' | |||||||
| seed, sow | Fi. | siemen | 'seed' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sēmen- | |||
| disseminate, | ↑ Baltic. *sē-men- | > | Lith. sémens, sémenys | 'seed' | ||||
| season < Lat. | Sw. | säd, så | 'seed', 'sow' | < | cf. PIE *seh1- | OPrussian semen | 'seed' | |
| > | Lat. sēmen | 'seed' | ||||||
| ~> | Gmc. *sēja-/*sēje- | 'sow' | ||||||
| sow, seed | Fi. | heittää | 'throw, fling' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *šej-ttä- | |||
| disseminate, | Sw. | så, säd | 'sow', 'seed' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *sēja-/*sēje- | > | OHG sājen | 'sow' |
| season < Lat. | cf. PIE *seh1- | ~> | Gr. hiē-mi < *si-sēmi | 'throw' | ||||
| ~> | Lat. serere < *si-s- | 'sow' | ||||||
| sow, seed | Fi. | haja- | 'dispersed' | < | (Late) Middle Proto-Finnic *šaja- | |||
| disseminate, | Sw. | så, säd | 'sow', 'seed' | < | ↑ North-West Gmc. *sāja- | > | OHG sājen | 'sow' |
| season < Lat. | cf. PIE *seh1- | ~> | Gr. hiē-mi < *si-sēmi | 'throw' | ||||
| ~> | Lat. serere < *si-s- | 'sow' | ||||||
| sty | Fi. | sija | 'site, place, locality' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *sija- | > | Saami sâggje | 'site, place, locality' |
| Sw. | (svin)-stia | '(pig)-sty' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *stījā | > | OHG stiga | 'pen for small livestock' | |
| OE sti, stig | 'hall, pen' | |||||||
| Icel. stía | 'sty, pen for small livestock' | |||||||
| Danish sti | 'sty, pen for small livestock' | |||||||
| sister | Fi. | sisar | 'sister' | < | PreF *sisar- | > | Cheremiss šužar, šüžar | 'younger sister, cousine (f) etc' |
| cousin < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *sesor | > | Lith. sesuõ, seser̃s | 'sister' | ||||
| Sw. | syster | 'sister' | cf. PIE *sue-(h1)es(ō)r | > | OCS sestra | 'sister' | ||
| OInd. svasar- | 'sister' | |||||||
| Lat. soror | 'sister' | |||||||
| Gmc *swestr- | 'sister' | |||||||
| cereal < Lat. | Fi. | sora | 'gravel' | < | PreF *śora- or *ćora | > | Mordv. *śuro- / *śoră- | 'cereal, seeds' |
| Sw. | hirs | 'millet' | ↑ PIE *ḱoro- | > | Lith. šãras | 'fodder' | ||
| > | Lat. Ceres | 'goddes of graingrowing' | ||||||
| > | Gmc. *χer-s- | 'millet' | ||||||
| son | Fi. | suku | 'family' | < | PreF *suki- (verb) | |||
| ↑ PIE *suH- | > | OInd. sū́- | 'give birth' | |||||
| > | Av. hunāmi | |||||||
| Tokh. soy | 'son' | |||||||
| Gr. huós | 'son' | |||||||
| Sw. | son | 'son' | < | PIE *suH-nu- | > | OInd. sūnú =b/sl. sūnù- | 'son' | |
| salt | Fi. | suola | 'salt' | < | PreF *soola- (or *sola-) | ~> | Zyryan sol | 'salt' |
| saline < Lat. | Sw. | salt | 'salt' | < | ↑ Blt/slv. *sālas / *sal- | > | Lat. sā̀ls | 'salt' |
| OPrussian sal | 'salt' | |||||||
| PIE *sēh2l-o- / *sh2el- | > | Gr. hals | 'salt' | |||||
| Lat. sāl | 'salt' | |||||||
| OIr salann | 'salt' | |||||||
| Toch. A sāle, В sālyiye | 'salt' | |||||||
| Gmc. *sal-ta- | 'salt' | |||||||
| hole, holster, hall, hell | Fi. | suoli | 'intestine, gut' | < | PFU *śola- */śolå-/ or *ćola- (/-å-/) | |||
| cell < Lat | Sw. | hål, hall, | 'hole', 'hall' | < | ↑ PIE *ḱolo- | > | Gr. kólo-n | 'intestine, gut (rectum)' |
| hölja, hölster | 'cover', 'holster' | or ↑ Pre-I-A *ćōlā- | > | OInd. śā́lā | 'hall, house' | |||
| Lat. cella; celare | 'storeroom, chamber', 'conceal' | |||||||
| human < Lat. | Fi. | Suomi | 'Finland (-proper province)' | < | PreF *ćoma- | |||
| (bride)g(r)oom | Sw. | (brud)gum | 'bridegroom' | <~ | ↑ PIE *(dh)ģhmōn- | > | Gmc. guman- > OE guma | 'man' |
| gumm-(a) f. | '(elderly) woman' | Middle English bridegome | 'bridegroom' | |||||
| Lat. homō | 'man' | |||||||
| humus < Lat. | Fi. | Häme | 'Häme (=Tavastia) province | < | PreF *šäm-eš < *šämä- | > | Saami sabm-e (-ĕlâš) | 'saami (origin)', 'saami (language)' |
| chthonic < Gr. | Sw. | same | 'saami (lapp)' <= Saami lang. | ↑ Baltic *žeme- | > | Lith. žẽmė | '(low) land' | |
| cf. PIE *(dh)ģhem- | > | Latvian zeme | 'earth, land' | |||||
| > | OPrussian same, semmē | 'earth, land' | ||||||
| OInd. kṣám- | 'earth' | |||||||
| Gr. kthōn | 'earth' | |||||||
| Hitt. tēkan, taknas | 'earth' | |||||||
| or ↑ Gmc. *[sæmaz] < *sēmaz | > | ON sāmr | 'dark (coloured)' | |||||
| sinew | Fi. | suoni | 'blood vessel, sinew' | < | PFU *sïïni- < PU *sïHnï- | ~> | Hung. ín | 'sinew' |
| Sw. | sena | 'sinew' | < | ↑ PIE *sHi-nu- | > | Gmc. *sinu-/*sinwō- | 'sinew' | |
| hound | Fi. | susi, sute- | 'wolf' | < | PreF *śunti- or *ćunti- | |||
| Sw. | hund | 'dog' | < | ?↑ PreG/PIE *ḱun-to- | > | Gmc. *χunđa- | 'dog (hound)' | |
| or ?↑ Blt-Slv *śun-to- | > | Latvian suntene | 'big dog' | |||||
| ~> | OInd. śva, śúnas | 'dog' | ||||||
| Gr. kúōn, kunós | 'dog' | |||||||
| Lith. šuõ, šuñs | 'dog' | |||||||
| ~> | OInd. śvaka- | 'wolf' | ||||||
| kin, kind; natal < Lat. | Fi. | syntyä | 'to be born' | Look under 'inhimillinen' | ||||
| chew | Fi. | syödä | 'eat' | < | PFU *sewi- | > | Hung. eszik | 'eat into, corrode' |
| ↑ Early PIr *dziewie- | > | Persian jāvīdan | 'chew' | |||||
| Sw. | tugga | < *kuggja 'chew' | < PIE *ģieuH- | > | Tokh. św-ā-tsi | 'to eat' | ||
| > | OE cēowan | 'to chew' | ||||||
| chew | Fi. | jäytää | 'gnaw' | < | PreF *jev-tä | |||
| Sw. | tugga | < *kuggja 'chew' | <~ | ↑ Early Blt/Slv *ģieu-ie- | > | Blt/Slv *žiauiō | 'to chew' | |
| OCS žuju (< *zjou-) | 'to chew' | |||||||
| ~> | OE cēowan | 'to chew' | ||||||
| thorn | Fi. | taarna | 'Carex, Cladium Mariscus' | < | PF-P *tarna- | > | Zyryan turun | 'grass, plant, hey' |
| < | ↑ PI-Ir, PIA or PIr *trná- 'grass' | > | OInd. tŕna- | 'grass, blade of grass, herb' | ||||
| Sw. | törne | 'thorn' | Khotanese ttarra- | 'grass' | ||||
| ~> | Gmc. *þurnuz | 'thorn' | ||||||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | taivas | 'heaven, sky' | Look under 'jumala' | ||||
| foment | Fi. | takiainen | 'bur, burdock' | Look under 'taula' | ||||
| Tellus, tellurian | Fi. | talas, talo | scaffold; house, shed' | < | PFU *tala- | // | Votyak & Vogul separ. loans | |
| < | ↑ PIA *tala-s- 'base, platform' | > | OInd. tala-m | 'bottom, ground; surface' | ||||
| Lat. tellus | 'earth' | |||||||
| stool, stage, stative | stol | or ↑ PaleoGmc *stāla-s 'scaffold' | > | Norwegian stol | i.a. 'rack; scaffold for hay/grain in barn etc.' | |||
| stall | stal | or ↑ Gmc *stalla-z 'scaffold' | > | OldNorwegian stallr | 'rack, scaffold; stable; manger' | |||
| or ↑ ?Baltic *tal- | > | Lith. pātalas | 'bed' | |||||
| OPrus talus | 'roomfloor' | |||||||
| fever < Latin | Fi. | taula | 'tinder' | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *takla- | > | Saami duovli | 'tinder' | |
| day? | ↑ Baltic *dagla- | > | Latvian daglis | 'tinder' | ||||
| day? | Lith. dãglas | 'fire coloured' | ||||||
| PIE *dhōgʷho-s | ~> | Lat. fōmes, -itis | 'tinder' | |||||
| Sw. | dag | < | ↓ Gmc. *dagaz < PIE*oǵʰes- | Tokhj. A tsäk-, В tsak- | 'burn' | |||
| (A contaminated form) | ~> | Gmc. *dagaz < PIE*Hoǵʰes | 'day' | |||||
| foment | Fi. | takiainen | 'bur, burdock' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *takia- (takkia-) | |||
| < | ↑ Baltic *dagija- | > | Latvian dadzis < *dagijas | 'bur, burdock (Arctium)' | ||||
| Lith. dagỹs, dãgis | 'thistle (Carduus); bur, burdock (Arctium)' | |||||||
| ~> | Old Chech dehna | 'devil' | ||||||
| do, deed | Fi. | teke- (teh-dä) | 'to do, make' | < | PFU *teki- | > | Hung. tëv-, të-, tesz- | 'to do, make, put, place' |
| fact < Lat. | Sw. | dåd | 'deed' | < | ↑ PIE *dheh1- | > | OInd. dádhāti | 'to put, place' |
| Gr. títhēmi | 'to put, place' | |||||||
| ~> | Lat. faciō | 'to do, make' | ||||||
| ~> | Gmc. *dōn > germ. tun | 'to do, make' | ||||||
| (do), deed | Fi. | teho | 'effect' | < | PreF *tešt-o < deriv. *tešti | > | Estonian teht | 'deed, work' |
| Sw. | dåd | 'deed' | ↑ PIE *dheh1-tí | > | Gmc. *dēđi- > OE dǽd | 'deed' | ||
| OCS (blago) -dĕtĭ | 'mercy, thank' < *'good deed' | |||||||
| Lith. dė́tis | 'load, cargo', 'place where hens or gooses lay their eggs' | |||||||
| do, deed | Fi. | tehdas, tehta- | 'store, nest; workplace' | < | PreF *teštas | |||
| Sw. | dåd | 'deed' | ↑ PIE *dheh1-tós | > | Lith. dė́tas (dė́tis) | 'put in place'; for dė́tis look above | ||
| OCS (blago) -dĕtĭ | 'mercy, thank' < *'good deed' | |||||||
| ten | Fi. | -teksa in yhdeksän '9', kahdeksan '8' | < yhd(e)-teksän 'one less than ten' < kahd(e)-teksan 'two less than ten' | < | PreF *teksä- | > | saami, mordvin, cheremis ..... | |
| Sw. | tio | 'ten' | <~> | ↑ Early PIr *detsa- | > | OPers. daθa | 'ten' | |
| (< PIE *déḱmt) | Av. dasa | 'ten' | ||||||
| NB. yksi, yhte-/yhde- means '1' | Nuristani [duts] | 'ten' | ||||||
| kaksi, kahte-/kahde- means '2' | Gmc. *teχun | 'ten' | ||||||
| Gr. deka | 'ten' | |||||||
| Lat. decem | 'ten' | |||||||
| tar | Fi. | terva | 'tar' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *terva- | |||
| tree, true, trust | ↑ Baltic *derva- | > | Lit. dervà | 'resinous pinewood; gum, resin, pitch, tar' | ||||
| Sw. | tjära, trä, tröst | 'tar', 'tree', 'comfort (<trust)' | < | or ↑ Gmc *terwōn- | > | ON tjara | 'hub of wheel, nave' | |
| OE teoru, teru | 'pitch of (certain kinds of) trees' | |||||||
| OInd. dru ; daru | 'tree, wood' ; 'wood, log' | |||||||
| Tiu, Tues(day) | Fi. | toivo | 'hope, forecast, belief' | Look under 'jumala' | ||||
| tame | Fi. | tosi, tote-lla ; ~> tot-tu- | 'true, earnest'; 'to obey' ; ~> 'get accustomed to' | < | PreF *tomti- | ~> | Saami duotta | 'true, earnest' |
| Sw. | tam, | tame', | <~ | ↑ PIE *dmh2-tó- | > | OInd. dāntá- | 'subdued, curbed' | |
| tämja | 'domesticate' | > | Gr. dmētós < dmātós | 'subdued, curbed' | ||||
| Lat. domitus < dmātos | 'subdued, curbed' | |||||||
| Gmc.*tamjan | 'domesticate', 'habituate' | |||||||
| thousand | Fi. | tuha-t, -nte- | 'thousand' | < | PreF *tušanti- | ~> | _Cheremis təžem, tüžem | 'thousand' |
| thigh, thumb | ↑ Baltic *tušant- | > | Lith. túkstantis | 'thousand' | ||||
| Sw. | tusen(-de) | 'thousand' | Latvian tũkstuôts | 'thousand' | ||||
| tumme | OPrussian tūsimtons | 'thousand' | ||||||
| OCS tysašta | 'thousand' | |||||||
| ~> | Gmc. *þūsundi | 'thousand' | ||||||
| still, stalk, | Fi. | tulppa | 'plug, stopper' | Look under 'salvata' | ||||
| donate, | Fi. | tuoda | 'bring' | < | PU *toχï- (*/toxï-/) | > | Samoyed tāś | 'give' |
| endow < Lat. | Sw. | donera <Latin | 'donate' | < | ↑ PIE *deh3- | > | OInd. dádāti | 'give' |
| Gr. didōmi | 'give' | |||||||
| Lat. dō- | 'give' | |||||||
| OLith. dúomi | 'give' | |||||||
| Hitt. dā | 'take' | |||||||
| dip, deep | Fi. | tuppi | 'sheath' | < | Earlyish Proto-Finnic *tuppi | > | Saami dohppa | 'sheath' |
| Sw. | doppsko | 'chape, sheath; ferrule; casing' | < | ↑ Early Gmc *duppa- | > | Middle Low German dop(pe) | 'chape; case' | |
| > | German Topf | 'barrel, container; pot' | ||||||
| dwell | Fi. | tuuli, tuule- | 'wind'; v.'blow' (of wind) | < | *tuχlï- (*/tuxli-/) > PF-P *tuuli- | > | Votyak=Zyryen tẹl | 'wind, weather, storm' |
| down | Sw. | dun | 'down', 'tiny feather' | ↑ PIE *dhuH-li- 'to reel, dissipate, blow' | > | OInd. dhūlikā | 'fog' | |
| dvala, dväljas | 'drowse, doze, lethargy', 'dwell' | > | Lith. dū́lis m., -io | 'fog'; 'smokework to expel bees' | ||||
| dyner | 'dunes' (not accepted as cognate in English sources) | ~> | Gmc. *dwalja- < *dwala | 'mislead, delay, dwell' | ||||
| döv | 'deaf'' | ~> | Rus. dúiu, dut | 'blow' | ||||
| ~> | Gr. thúella | 'storm, wind' | ||||||
| daughter | Fi. | tytär, tyttäre- | 'daughter' | < | PreF *tüktäre- | ~> | Saami daktere | 'daughter' |
| ↑ Baltic *dugter- | > | Lith. dugtễ, dukter̃s | 'daughter' | |||||
| OPrussian duckti | 'daughter' | |||||||
| Sw. | dotter | 'daughter' | PIE *dhugh2tēr | > | Gr. thugátēr | 'daughter' | ||
| Gmc. *duχtēr | 'daughter' | |||||||
| udder | Fi. | udar, utare- | 'udder' | < | PF-P *uđa-re | > | Cheremis wođar, wađar | 'udder' |
| ↑ PIA *ū'dhar | > | OInd. ū́dhar- / ū́dhan- | 'udder, breast' | |||||
| cf. ?PIE *h1(e/o)uh1dh-or-/-on-?? | > | West Gmc. *ūdara- | 'udder' | |||||
| Sw. | juver<jugher | 'udder' | <~ | ~> | ProtoNorse *ēudara- | 'udder' | ||
| ~> | Lat. ūber < *oudhara- | 'udder, breast' | ||||||
| Gr. oũthar (-atos) | 'udder' | |||||||
| udder | Fi. | järvi | 'lake' | < | PreF *jävrä- > Proto-Finnic *järv- (with metathesis) | > | Saami jaw're Cheremis jär, jer | 'lake' |
| urine < Lat. | Sw. | yra | ''whirl (of snow)' | <~> | ↑ Blt./Slv. or Baltic *jaura- | > | Lith. jaurùs, jáura | 'marshy spot, marshy ground' |
| Lith. jū́ra | '(Baltic) sea' | |||||||
| PIE ?*iouh1r- | Latvian jũra | '(Baltic) sea' | ||||||
| ~> | Slovenian. ir | 'whirlpool, abyss' | ||||||
| udder | Fi. | virta | 'stream, current' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *virta | |||
| urine < Lat. | Sw. | yra | ''whirl (of snow)' | <~> | ↑ Blt./Slv. *virtā or *virta | > | Polish wart < *vĭrta | 'stream' |
| or ↑ Early Middle Slavic | ~> | Lith. vir̃tis | 'whirl in flowing water' | |||||
| or ↑ Baltic | Lith. vérdu, vìrti | 'bubble, seethe' | ||||||
| PIE *uh1r-t- | ~> | OInd. vā́r, vā́ri | 'water' | |||||
| Toch. A wär, В war | 'water' | |||||||
| ON vari | 'liquid, water' | |||||||
| ~> | Lat. ūrīna | 'urine' | ||||||
| ewe | Fi. | uuhi | 'mother sheep' | < | PFU *(χ)uwi-či | |||
| ↑ PIE *h2oui-s 'sheep' | > | OInd. ávi-ḥ | 'sheep' | |||||
| > | Latvian avìs | 'sheep' | ||||||
| Lat. ovis | 'sheep' | |||||||
| ewe | Fi. | oinas | 'castrated ram' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic oinas | |||
| ↑ Baltic *awinas | > | Lith. ãvinas | 'ram, wether' | |||||
| Latvian auns (avens) | 'ram, wether' | |||||||
| ~> | OPrussian awins | 'ram, wether' | ||||||
| wasp | Fi. | vaapsahainen | 'wasp (dial. also bee)' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vapsa- | |||
| ↑ Baltic *waps- | > | Lith. vapsà | 'wasp, gadfly' | |||||
| Latvian vapsene, vapisne' | 'wasp' | |||||||
| Sw. | väfsse (dial.) | 'hornet' | cf. PIE *wobhes-/*wops- | > | OE wæps, wæsp | 'wasp' | ||
| wax | Fi. | vaha | 'wax' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vakša- | |||
| ↑ Baltic *wakša- (before metathesis) | > | Lith. vaškas | 'wax' | |||||
| Latvian vasks | 'wax' | |||||||
| Sw. | vax | 'wax' | cf. PIE *uog-so-? | Gmc. *waχsa- | 'wax' | |||
| wand | Fi. | vanne, vante- | 'band, rim' | < | PreF *vant-eš- | // | Saami vuotta (<*vant-ik) | 'shoe lace' |
| Sw. | vant | 'shroud' | < | ↑ Early Gmc. *wandiz | > | OHG want | 'wall' | |
| cf. *wanduz | > | Goth. wandus | 'rod, twig' | |||||
| ON võndr | 'rod, twig' | |||||||
| voice | Fi. | vannoa | 'swear' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vatno- | ~> | Saami vuordnut | 'swear' |
| epos | < | ↑ EarlyGmc *waχw-na- | > | German er-wähnen | 'mention' | |||
| cf. PIE *Hwekw- | ~> | ON váttr | 'testimony' | |||||
| Hettite huek, huk | 'swear' | |||||||
| OIr. focal, focull | 'word, speach, verdict, promise' | |||||||
| Lat. vōx; vocāre | 'voice; to name' | |||||||
| Tokh A wak B wek | 'voice' | |||||||
| Gr. eipon | 'said' | |||||||
| wary | Fi. | vara | 'attentiveness; allowance; spare, extra etc.' | < | Proto-Finnic *vara | > | Saami (S) vuerie | 'counsciousness, senses' |
| aware | Sw. | vara, varse, varsam | 'care; aware; careful, prudent, wary' | < | ↑ Gmc *wara-z | > | Goth. wars | 'cautious' |
| ~> | Latin verērī | 'respect, feel awe for' | ||||||
| wary, to ward | Fi. | varrota, vartoa | 'wait' | < | Proto Finnic *varto- | ~> | Saami vuor'det | 'wait' |
| guard <Rom. | Sw. | vårda | 'nurse, tend' | < | ↑ Gmc. *warđōn | > | OE weardian | 'to keep guard' |
| > | OHG warten | 'to guard, look out for, expect' | ||||||
| ward | Fi. | vartio | 'guard' | < | Late Proto Finnic *vartio | |||
| Sw. | vård | 'attention, watch, protection; care, custody' | < | ↑ Gmc *warđija- | > | Goth. wardja | 'guard' | |
| ~> | OE weard | 'a watching, keeper' | ||||||
| wether, | Fi. | vas-a (-ikka) | 'calf' | Look under 'vuosi' | ||||
| wake, watch | Fi. | vasara | 'hammer' <'cult. battleax'? | < | PreF *vaśa-ra | > | Mordv. uźeŕ, viźiŕ / uźəŕ | 'ax' |
| vigor/vigil< Lat. | ↑ PreIr *vaźara < PIE *uoģ-ero-? | > | Av. vazra- | 'hammer' | ||||
| > | Saka vaśära | 'thunderbolt', 'diamond' | ||||||
| OInd. vájrah | thunderbolt', 'hammer'; > 'diamond' | |||||||
| Tokh. waśir | 'thunderbolt' | |||||||
| Sw. | vaka, vakta | 'wake', 'watch' | <~ | PIE *uoģē | ~> | Gmc. *wakēn | 'to stay awake', 'to wake up' | |
| Lat. vigēre, vēlōx | 'to be lively'; 'fast, lively' | |||||||
| wagon, way | Fi. | vehmaro | 'pole of a team of draught oxen' | Look under 'viedä' | ||||
| water | Fi. | vete- (vesi) | 'water' | < | PU *weti- | > | Proto-Samoyed *wit | 'water' |
| ↑ PIE *wed-(er/en-) | > | Hitt. watar/wetenaš | 'water' | |||||
| Sw. | vatten | 'water' | < | <~> *w(e/o)d-(er/en-) | > | Gmc. *watar/watn- | 'water' | |
| Gr. hydōr/hydro- | 'water' | |||||||
| (OE) weotuma | Fi. | vetä- | 'to draw, pull, tug' | < | PFU *wetä- | > | Hung. vezet- | 'to lead, guide' |
| ='dowry' | <~ | ↑ PIE *wedh-e/o- | > | OInd. vāđayeiti (Kaus. ) | 'to lead, pull' | |||
| Av. vad- | 'to lead, to marry' | |||||||
| Lith. vedù, vèsti | 'to lead, to marry' | |||||||
| OIr. fedid | 'lead, go, bring' | |||||||
| German widmen | 'to endow, dedicate' | |||||||
| weigh | Fi. | viedä | 'lead, carry, take, bring, convey' | < | PFU *wiχi- /*wixi/ | -> | hungarian vi, visz | 'lead, carry, take, bring, convey' |
| way | Sw. | väga, väg | 'weigh, way' | ↑ PIE *ueǵʰ-e/o- | > | OInd vahati | 'carries, conveys' | |
| Av. vazaiti | 'leads, draws' | |||||||
| Lat. vehere | 'to carry, convey' | |||||||
| Lith. vezu | 'to carry, convey' | |||||||
| O.Ir. fecht | 'campaign, journey' | |||||||
| wagon, way | Fi. | vehmaro | 'pole of a team of draught oxen' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vešma- | |||
| vehicle < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *vežima- | > | Lith. vežìmas | 'wagon' | ||||
| ~> | Latvian vęzums | 'charge, load' | ||||||
| OCS vozъ | 'wagon' | |||||||
| Sw. | vagn, väg | 'wagon; way' | Gmc *wagnaz | 'wagon' | ||||
| Gr. ókhos | 'wagon' | |||||||
| Lat. vehiculum | 'wagon, vehicle' | |||||||
| OInd. vahítram | 'vessel, ship' | |||||||
| Dvina (north.) | Fi. | Viena | 'Northern Dvina' | Look under 'Väinä' | ||||
| two, between | Fi. | viha | 'hatred, hostility' | < | PF-P *viša- | > | Votyak vož ~ Zyryen vež | 'hatred, anger, envy' |
| twist | ↑ PI-A *dvis- | > | OInd. dviṣ- | 'hate' | ||||
| Sw. | tvist | 'dispute' | ~> | Germ. Zwist / Sw. tvist | 'dispute' | |||
| virus | Fi. | vih-er ; viha-nta | green, grow; poison | < | PF-P *viša- | > | Zyryen vež (~Votyak vož) | 'green; yellow; meadow' |
| ↑ PI-A/PIr *viša- | > | OInd. viṣám | 'poison' | |||||
| Pehlevi viš- | 'poison; bile, gall' | |||||||
| Lat. virus | 'liquid; poison' | |||||||
| wool | Fi. | villa | 'wool' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *vilna- | |||
| ↑ Baltic *wilna- | > | Lith. vilna | 'wool' | |||||
| OCS vluna | 'wool' | |||||||
| Sw. | ull | ''wool' | < | cf. PIE *ulneh2 | Gmc. *wulna- | 'wool' | ||
| OInd. urna | 'wool' | |||||||
| Lat. lana | 'wool' | |||||||
| word | Fi. | virsi | 'church hymn' | < | Middle Proto-Finnic *virti- | |||
| verb < Lat. | ↑ Baltic *vird- | > | OPrussian wīrds | 'word' | ||||
| ~> | Latvian vārds | 'word, speach, promise, name' | ||||||
| Sw. | ord | 'word' | <~ | cf. PIE *urh1-dh | > | Gmc. *wurdam | 'word' | |
| cf. PIE *uerh1-dh | > | Lat. verbum | 'word' | |||||
| cf. PIE *ureh1- | > | Gr. rhēma | 'word' | |||||
| udder | Fi. | virta | 'stream, current' | Look under 'udar' | ||||
| withe, withy | Fi. | vitja | 'chain, leach' | Look right below under 'vitsa' | ||||
| withy, withe | Fi. | vitsa | 'willow twig', 'withe, birch' | < | (Late) PreF *vićća | |||
| Sw. | vidja, vide | 'willow, withy' | <~ | ↑ Early Gmc *wiþjō- < *witjā- | > | OE wiþþe, Sw. vidja | 'supple twig', 'withe, birche' | |
| or ↑ Early Gmc *wiþja- < *witjo- | > | ON við | 'willow, withy' | |||||
| ~> | Lith. vytis | 'willow twig' | ||||||
| Av. vaeiti- | 'osier' | |||||||
| Gk. itea | 'willow' | |||||||
| Lat. vitis | 'vine' | |||||||
| withe, withy | Fi. | vitja | 'chain, leach' | < | Proto Finnic *vitja- | |||
| Sw. | vidja, vide | 'willow' | <~ | ↑ Late Gmc *wiþja- or *wiþjōn- | > | OE wiþþe, Sw. vidja | 'supple twig', 'withe, birche' | |
| ON við | 'willow, withy' | |||||||
| ointment, | Fi. | voi | 'butter' | < | PFU *(w)ōji- < *ojV- ? | > | Hung. vaj | 'butter, grease' |
| unction, | ↑ Early PIA *ag'ya- / *āg'ya | > | OInd. ājya- | 'melted butter used for oblations' | ||||
| anoint <Lat. | cf. PIE *h3engw-ie/o | > | OInd. añj- | 'anoints, smears' | ||||
| ~> | OPrussian anctan | 'butter' | ||||||
| OHG ancho | 'butter' | |||||||
| OIrish imb | 'butter' | |||||||
| Fi. | vuohi | 'goat' | Look under 'ajaa' | |||||
| rise, raise | Fi. | vuori | 'hill, mountain, hight' | < | PF-P *vōri- (< PFU *orV-?) | -> | Hanti *ur | 'crest, ridge, mountain' |
| ↑ PIA *aras- or arah | ~> | Gr. óros < *éros | 'mountain' | |||||
| Sw. | res (in topon.) | 'elevation, hight' | cf. PIE *h1er(H)-os-/-es- | ~> | OInd. rṣ-vá- | 'high' | ||
| entry: RES (sbst2) | Av. ərəšuua- | 'high' | ||||||
| Gmc. *rīsan < *reisa- | 'rise' | |||||||
| Gmc. *raizjan | 'raise' | |||||||
| wether; veal, | Fi. | vuosi | 'year' | < | PreF *vōti- (< *votV-?) | // | PrePermic *vota-/*vote- | 'year' (separate loan from PIA) |
| veteran < Lat. | ↑ PIA *vatas- or vatah | > | OInd. vatsa- | 'year' | ||||
| Sw. | vädur | 'ram' | cf. PIE *uetos-/*uetes- | > | Gr. etos < *wetos | 'year' | ||
| Hitt. witish | 'year' | |||||||
| OLith. vetušas | 'old' | |||||||
| Lat. vetus | 'old' | |||||||
| wether, | Fi. | vas-a (-ikka) | 'calf' | < | PreF *vasa- | > | Mordv. vaz | 'calf' |
| veal < Lat. | ↑ PIr (PreOssetic) *vasa < *vat-sa | > | OInd. vatsá | 'calf', lit. 'yearling' | ||||
| Ossetic wæs | 'calf', lit. 'yearling' | |||||||
| ~> | Lat. vitulus | 'calf' | ||||||
| Gr. etalon | 'yearling' | |||||||
| Sw. | vädur | 'ram' | Gmc. *weþruz | 'wether, ram' | ||||
| Dvina (west.) | Fi. | Väinä | 'Western Dvina' | < | PreF *Väjnä- or Proto-F *Väinä- | |||
| Sw. | Dvina | 'Western Dvina' | ↑ Early Middle Slavic *dvæinā | > | Russian Dvina | 'Northern Dvina' | ||
| Dvina (north.) | Fi. | Viena | 'Northern Dvina' | < | Late Proto-F *Vēna | |||
| Sw. | Dvina | 'Northern Dvina' | ?↑? ?Late Middle Slavic *dvēnā | > | Russian Dvina | 'Northern Dvina' | ||
| edge, hammer | Fi. | äes, äke- | 'harrow' | Look under 'kasa' | ||||