Chapter:  [ Contents | 1. Alphabet | 2. Sandhi | 3. Assimilation | 4. Strengthening | 5. Declension | 6. Feminine | 7. Adjectives | 8. Numerals | 9. Pronouns | 10.1 Verbs | 10.2 Verbs | 10.3 Verbs | 11. Indeclinables | 12. Compounds | 13. Derivation | 14. Syntax | 15. Prosody ]

A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language
Chapter 5

DECLENSION

116.

(a)Declension is the adding to the stems of Nouns and Adjectives certain suffixes which show, case, gender and number.
(b)The stem or base of a noun is that noun as it stands before any suffix has been added to it.
(c)Paali has three genders: the Masculine, the Feminine and the Neuter.
(d)Paali does not strictly follow the natural division of male, female, etc, in assigning gender to nouns, many nouns which are Masculine in English are Feminine or Neuter in Paali and vice-versa; a great number of nouns which we consider as neuter are, some Masculine, some Feminine in Paali. This is called grammatical gender.
(e)There are two numbers: the singular and the plural.
(f)There are eight cases.
1.Nominative, showing the subject of the sentence.
2.Genitive, showing possession (of 's).
3.Dative, showing the object or person to or for whom something is given or done.
4.Accusative, this is the object of the sentence.
5.Instrumentive, shows the object or person with or by whom something is performed.
6.Ablative, generally showing separation, expressed by from.
7.Locative, showing place (in, on, at, upon, etc.).
8.Vocative, used in addressing persons.

Remarks. The student will find fuller explanations of the uses of the cases in the chapter on Syntax.

117.  The declension of nouns is divided into two great divisions:

(a)Vowel-declension, comprising all the stems that end in a vowel.
(b)Consonantal, declension, in which are included all the stems ending in a consonant.
(c)Vowel-declension is generally, for the sake of clearness, divided again into three classes:
(i)the declension of stems ending in a or aa.
(ii)the declension of stems ending in i or ii.
(iii)the declension of stems ending in u or uu.

118. (a) Native grammarians give the following as the regular case endings or suffixes for all nouns.

SingularPlural
Nom.sNom.yo
Gen.ssaGen.na.m
Dat.ssaDat.na.m
Acc.a.mAcc.yo
Ins.aaIns.hi
Abl.smaaAbl.hi
Loc.smi.mLoc.su
Voc. (like the stem of Nom.)Voc. (like the Nom.)

(b) Most of the above suffixes are theoretical only, in practice they differ considerably according to gender and case.

The actual suffixes will be given with each declension.

VOWEL DECLENSION

Declension of stems ending in a (short)

119. (a) The great bulk of nouns and adjectives belong to this declension, and as the other declensions have borrowed several of its suffixes, its thorough mastery is most important and will greatly facilitate the study of the other declensions.
(b) Nouns ending in a, are all masculine or neuter.

120. The following are the suffixes of masculine nouns the stem of which ends in a:

SingularPlural
Nom.oNom.aaaase
Gen.ssaGen.na.m
Dat.ssaaayaDat.na.m
Acc..mAcc.e
Ins.inaIns.ehiebhi
Abl.aasmaamhaatoAbl.ehiebhi
Loc.ismi.mmhiLoc.su
Voc. (like the stem) and aaVoc. a

121.  These suffixes have to be attached to the stems, taking care to observe the sandhi rules which may apply when suffixes begin with a vowel; in every case the student should accustom himself to look up the rules, which will be referred to by their numbers, and accustom himself to account for every form he meets with, whether nominal, verbal or derivative. He should remember that a systematic study from the start will ensure thoroughness and eventually save him a great deal of labour and time.

122. Declension of Deva, God, Angel

SingularPlural
Nom.devoa goddevaagods
Gen.devassaa god'sdevaana.mgods', of gods
Dat.devassato or for a goddevaana.mto or for gods
Acc.deva.ma goddevegods
Ins. devenaby, with or on account of, a god.devehi, devebhiby, with, or on account, of gods
Abl.devaa
devasmaa
devamhaa
devato
from a goddevehi, devebhifrom gods
Loc deve
devasmi.m
devamhi
in, on, or upon a goddevesuin on, or upon gods
Voc.deva, devaaO god!, O god!devaaO gods!

Exercise
Decline like deva (masc.):
naramanmaata"ngaelephant
byagghatigersiihalion
gandhabbamusicianorodhaa seraglio
migadeerdhammadoctrine, right
kacchapatortoiseputtason
sattabeingkuupamast
su.msumaaracrocodilemakaraa sea monster

Remarks. 
(a)The true Dat. sing. in aaya has now generally been displaced by the suffix of the gen. ssa; the Dat. aaya is almost equal to an lnfinitive and mostly denotes intention.
(b)smaa and mhaa of the Abl. and smi.m and mhi of the Loc. have been borrowed from the pronominal declension (see   Declension of Pronouns).
(c)so is sometimes used also as an Abl. sing. suffix:
vaggaso, by groupsbhaagaso, by share.
(d)saa is also found as an Ins. sing. suffix, as:
balasaa, by force, forciblytalasaa, with the sole of the foot.
(e)The Nom. plur. in aase, very scarce, corresponds to the Vedic Nom. plur.
(f)ebhi, of the Ins. and Abl. plural, is mostly used in poetry, and probably comes from the Vedic -ebhis.
(g)Before o, Nom. sing., ehi, ebhi, Ins. and Abl. plur. and e, Acc. plur. final a of the stem is dropped:
deva + o = dev + o = devodeva + ehi = dev + ehi = devehi.
(h)Before su, Loc. plur. final a of stem is changed to e
(i)In the Dat., Ins., Abl. and Loc. sing.; and in Nom. and Voc. plur. the usual rules of sandhi are regularly followed:

Singular
Instrumentivedeva + ina = devena (21-i)
Dativedeva + aaya = devaaya (22)
Loc.deva + i = deve (21-i)
Abl.deva + aa = devaa (22)
Plural
Nom.deva + a = devaa (ibid)
deva + aase = devaase (ibid)
Voc.devaa + a = devaa (ibid)

(j)Before na.m, Gen. and Dat. plur., final a of the stem is lengthened. deva+ na.m =devaa + na.m=devaana.m.

123.  Neuter nouns in a (short)

Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom..mni, a
Gen.ssana.m
Dat.ssa, aayana.m
Acc..mni, e
Ins.inaehi, ebhi
Abl.aa, smaa, mhaa, toehi, ebhi
Loc.i, smi.m, mhisu
Voc.(like the stem)ni, a

124.  Declension of Ruupa (Neuter), Form

SingularPlural
Nom. ruupa.mruupaani, ruupaa
Gen. ruupassaruupaana.m
Dat. ruupassa, ruupaayaruupaana.m
Acc. ruupa.mruupaani, ruupe
Ins. ruupenaruupehi, ruupebhi
Abl. rupaa, ruupasmaa, ruupamhaa, ruupatoruupehi, ruupebhi
Loc. ruupe, ruupasmi.m, ruupamhiruupesu
Voc. ruuparuupaani, ruupaa

Remarks. 
(a)ni is essentially the distinctive sign of Neuter nouns in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. plur. in all declensions.
(b)The final vowel of the stem is lengthened before ni.

Exercise
Decline like ruupa:
cittamindsotaear
muularoot, pticeve.luriyacoral
upa.t.thaanaserviceahatacloth (new)
jalawaterosaanaend
lo.nasaltsavanahearing
vajiradiamondsaa.takagarment
vaatawindpesanadespatech, sending
yottaropepa.t.tanasea port
yuddhafightpa.n.naleaf

Remarks. (a)It will be noticed that neuter nouns in a differ from the masculine in a, in the Nom. sing. and in the Nom. Acc. and Voc. plur.; all the other cases are identical. (b)In the plur. the Nom., Acc. and Voc. have the same form. (c)The form in aani, of the Nom., Acc. and Voc. plur. is the most common.

125.  Declension of nouns in aa (long)

All nouns ending in aa are Feminine.

126.  Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom. -aa, yo
Gen.aayana.m
Dat.aayana.m
Acc..maa, yo
Ins.aayahi, bhi
Abl.aayahi, bhi
Loc.aaya.m, aayasu
Voc.eaa, yo

127.  Declension of Ka~n~naa (Fem.), a Virgin

SingularPlural
Nom.ka~n~naaka~n~naa, ka~n~naayo
Gen.ka~n~naayaka~n~naana.m
Dat.ka~n~naayaka~n~naana.m
Acc.ka~n~na.mka~n~naa, ka~n~naayo
Ins.ka~n~naayaka~n~naahi, ka~n~naabhi
Abl.ka~n~naaya, ka~n~natoka~n~naahi, ka~n~naabhi
Loc.ka~n~naaya.m, ka~n~naayaka~n~naasu
Voc.ka~n~naa, ka~n~neka~n~naa, ka~n~naayo

Remarks. 
(a)Before to of the Abl. sing. the final vowel, if long, is shortened. So also before .mof Acc. sing.
(b)The following words all meaning mother have two forms in the Voc. sing:

Voc. Sing.ammaaambaaannaataataa
ammaaambaaannaataataa
ammaambaannataata
(c)In the Acc. sing. final aa is shortened.
Exercise
Decline like ka~n~naa:
saddhaafaithmedhaaintelligence
vijjaasciencepa~n~naawisdom
ta.nhaalust, thirstmettaalove
icchaadesirebhikkhaabegged-food
gaathaastanzamaalaagarland
khi.d.daaplay, sportpuujaahonour
senaaarmychaayaashadow
naavaaboatpipaasaathirst
giivaathroatvelaatime

128.  It has been said above (125) that all nouns ending in aa are feminine; but there are a very few examples of masculine nouns ending in aa. We give below their declension.

Masculine nouns in aa (long)
Declension of Saa (Dog)
SingularPlural
Nom.saasaa
Gen.sassasaana.m
Dat.sassa, saayasaana.m
Acc.sa.msaane
Ins.senasaahi, saabhi
Abl.saa, sasmaa, samhaasaahi, saabhi
Loc.se, sasmi.m, samhisaasu
Voc.sasaa
Remarks. 
(a)the declension above given is according to ruupasiddhi grammar book.
(b)The declension given in the Saddaniti differs slightly:

SingularPlural
Nom.saasaa, saano
Gen.sassasaana.m
Dat.sassasaana.m
Acc.saana.msaane
Ins.saanaasaanehi, saanebhi
Abl.saanaasaanehi, saanebhi
Loc.saanesaanesu
Voc.sasaa, saano
(c)In the Acc. sing. final aa is shortened.

The following are declined like saa:
paccakkhadhammaaone to whom the Doctrine is evident.
ga.n.diivandhavaaArjuna.
maathe moon.
rahaa*sin.

*niruttidiipanii, a scholium on moggallaanavyaakara.na, a grammar held in high esteem in Ceylon and Burma. Remarks. Masculine nouns in aa belong to the Consonantal declension, but native grammarians, consider them as stems ending in a vowel.

129.  Declension of nouns in i (short)

Nouns the stem of which ends in i are Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter. They do not form a very numerous class.

130. Masc. nouns in i (suffixes)

Nom.  -ii, yo
Gen.ssa, nona.m
Dat.ssa, nona.m
Acc..mii, yo
Ins.naahi, bhi
Abl. naa, smaa, mhaahi, bhi
Loc.smi.m, mhisu
Voc. -ii, yo

131. Declension of Kapi (Masc.), Monkey

SingularPlural
Nom.kapikapii, kapayo
Gen.kapissa, kapinokapiina.m
Dat.kapissa, kapinokapiina.m
Acc.kapi.mkapii, kapayo
Ins.kapinaakapiihi, kapiibhi
Abl.kapinaa, kapismaa, kapimhaakapiihi, kapiibhi
Loc.kapismi.m, kapimhikapiisu
Voc.kapikapii, kapayo

Remarks. 
(a)The Nom. and Voc. sing. are like the stem.
(b)In the Nom., Acc. and Voc. plur., final i is changed to a before suffix yo.
(c)However final i is sometimes preserved before yo, so that we also have the form kapiyo (rare).
(d)In the plural, before suffixes: na.m, hi, bhi, su, final i is lengthened.
(e)Some rare and old forms are sometimes found:
(i)Gen. sing. ending in -e, as: mune.
(ii)Loc. sing. ending in -o, as: aado, and also
(iii)Loc. sing. ending in -e, as: gire.
(iv)Ins. sing. ending in -ena, as: ra.msena.
(v)Nom. plur. ending in -no, as: saramatino.
(f) Not seldom, the stem itself is used for almost all the cases in the singular.

Exercise
Words declined like kapi (masc.):
aggifirekalisin
sandhiunionnidhidepository
saarathia charioteeryatia monk
a~njalisalutationarian enemy
bondibodygiria mountain
uumia wavebalioblation(religious offer)
senaapatia generalgahapatihouseholder

Feminine nouns in i (short)

132.  Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom. -ii, yo
Gen.aana.m
Dat.aana.m
Acc..mii, yo
Abl.aahi, bhi
Ins.aahi, bhi
Loc.aa, a.msu
Voc.  -ii, yo

133.

(a) Declension of Ratti (Fem.), Night

SingularPlural
Nom.rattirattii, rattiyo, ratyo
Gen.rattiyaa, ratyaarattiina.m
Dat.rattiyaa, ratyaarattiina.m
Acc.ratti.mrattii, rattiyo, ratyo
Ins.rattiyaa, ratyaarattiihi, rattiibhi
Abl.rattiyaa, ratyaarattiihi, rattiibhi
Loc.ratiyaa, ratyaa, rattiya.m, ratya.mrattiisu
Voc.rattirattii, rattiyo, ratyo

Remarks.
(a) There is an ancient Loc. sing. in o: ratto.
(b) An Abl. sing. in to, is also found: rattito.
(c) In the Gen., Dat., Ins., Abl. and Loc. sing. a y is inserted between the stem and the suffix aa to avoid a hiatus, (See 27(ii) Remark 2); so also in the Loc. sing. before a.m.
(d) Before aa, of the same cases, final i of the stem may become y by rule 27(i)-a; and as in Paali there can be no group of three consonants* one t is dropped. Hence we get: ratti + aa = rattyaa = ratyaa.
*Except ntr, as in antra, etc.
(e) Before suffixes, na.m, hi, bhi, su of the plural, the i of the stem is lengthened.

(b)Declension of Jaati (Fem.), Birth

SingularPlural
Nom.jaatijaatii, jaatiyo, jatyo, jacco
Gen.jaatiyaa, jatyaa, jaccaajaatiina.m
Dat.jaatiyaa, jatyaa, jaccaajaatiina.m
Acc.jati.mjaatii, jaatiyo, jatyo, jacco
Ins.jaatiyaa, jatyaa, jaccaajaatiihi, jaatiibhi
Abl.jaatiyaa, jatyaa, jaccaajaatiihi, jaatiibhi
Loc.jaatiyaa, jatyaa, jaccaa, jaatiya.m, jatya.m, jacca.mjaatiisu
Voc.jaatijaatii, jaatiyo, jatyo, jacco

Remarks.
(a) For the forms, jaccaa and jacca.msee rule (74).
(b) Jacco is obtained by the assimilation of y after the elision of final i. (71, 74).
(c) It will be remarked that, whereas in Masc. nouns in i the i of the stem is changed to a before yo, in Fem. nouns it is retained.

Exercise
Nouns declined like ratti (fem).
bhuumiearthke.liamusement
sattiabilitynandijoy
pattiattainmentmatiunderstanding
tu.t.thisatisfactionmuttideliverance
aasattiattachmentvuddhiincrease
dhuulidustrucisplendour
tantia stringchavithe skin
gatigoing, rebirthcutidisappearance
satirecollectiondi.t.thisight, belief

Neuter nouns in i (short)

134.  Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom. -ni, ii
Gen.ssa, nona.m
Dat.ssa, nona.m
Acc..mni, ii
Ins.naahi, bhi
Abl.naa, smaa, mhaahi, bhi
Loc.smi.m, mhisu
Voc. -nii, ii
 
Declension of Vaari (Neut.), Water
SingularPlural
Nom.vaarivaariini, vaarii
Gen.vaarissa, vaarinovaarina.m
Dat.vaarissa, vaarinovaarina.m
Acc.vaari.mvaariini, vaarii
Ins.vaarinaavaariihi, vaariibhi
Abl.vaarinaa, vaarismaa, vaarimhaavaariihi, vaariibhi
Loc.vaarismi.m, vaarimhivaariisu
Voc.vaarivaarini, vaarii

Remarks.
(a) There is also found a Nom. sing. in .mlike the Acc., as, a.t.thi.m, bone, akkhi.m, eye, etc.
(b) As usual, final i is lengthened before ni, na.m, hi, bhi and su in the plural.

Exercise
Decline like vaari (neut):
a.t.thibonesatthithe thigh
akkhieyedadhimild curds
sappigheeacchieye
chadiroofruupisilver


135. Declensions of nouns in ii (Iong)

There are no Neuter nouns ending in ii (long).

Masculine nouns in ii (long)

136. Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom.iiii, no
Gen.ssa, nona.m
Dat.ssa, nona.m
Acc..m, na.mii, no
Ins.naahi, bhi
Abl.naa, smaa, mhaahi, bhi
Loc.smi.m, mhisu
Voc.iiii, no
 
Declension of Da.n.dii (Masc.), Mendicant
SingularPlural
Nom.da.n.diida.n.dii, da.n.dino
Gen.da.n.dissa, da.n.dinoda.n.dina.m
Dat.da.n.dissa, da.n.dinoda.n.dina.m
Acc.da.n.di.m, da.n.dina.mda.n.dii, da.n.dino
Ins.da.n.dinaada.n.diihi, da.n.diibhi
Abl.dandinaa, da.n.dismaada.n.diihi, da.n.diibhi
Loc.da.n.dismi.m, da.n.dimhida.n.diisu
Voc.da.n.diida.n.dii, da.n.dino

Remarks.
(a) A Nom sing. in i (Short) is sometimes met with: da.n.di.
(b) Voc. sing. in ni is also found: da.n.dini.
(c) Note that in all the oblique cases of the singular the final i of the stem is shortened before the suffixes.
(d) In the Nom. plur. a rare form in yo is found formed on the analogy of Masc. in i (short); as da.n.diyo.
(e) An Acc. plur. in ye is occasionally met with: da.n.diye.
(f) It should be noticed that before no of the Nom. Acc. and Voc. plur. ii of the base is shortened.
(g) An Acc. sing. in a.mwith the semi-vowel y developed before it is met with: da.n.diya.m.
(h) An Abl. sing. in to is found pretty frequently da.n.dito.

Exercise
Decline like da.n.dii (Masc):
saamiilordsenaaniia general
kapa.niipaupersakkhiia witness
mantiiministeryoddhiiwarrior


137.  Most Masc. nouns in ii are not pure substantives, they are adjectives used substantively; their true stem is in in, the Nom. sing. being ii. The true stem of da.n.dii therefore is da.n.din. Properly, all these words belong to the consonantal declension.

Feminine nouns ii (long)

138.  Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom.iiii, yo
Gen.aana.m
Dat.aana.m
Acc..mii, yo
Ins.aahi, bhi
Abl.aahi, bhi
Loc.a, a.msu
Voc.iiii, yo

139.Declension of Nadii (Fem.), River

SingularPlural
Nom.nadiinadii, nadiyo, najjo
Gen.nadiyaa, nadyaa, najjaanadina.m
Dat.nadiyaa, nadyaa, najjaanadina.m
Acc.nadi.mnadii, nadiyo, najjo
Ins.nadiyaa, nadyaa, najjaanadiihi, nadiibhi
Abl.nadiyaa, nadyaa, najjaanadiihi, nadiibhi
Loc.    nadiyaa, nadyaa, najjaa, nadiya.m, nadya.m, najja.mnadiisu
Voc.nadiinadii, nadiyo, najjo

Remarks.
(a) There is a Gen. plur. in aana.m, nadiyaana.m.
(b) In all the oblique cases of the sing, final ii of the base is shortened; also before yo in the plural.
(c) For insertion of y before suffixes beginning with a vowel, see 27, Remark 2.
(d) For the forms nadyaa, najjaa, and najja.msee Rules 71, 74.
(4) In the form najjo, yo is assimilated after the elision of final i.

Exercise
Decline like nadii (Fem.):
pa.tiicanvasBaaraa.nasiiBenares.
lakkhiiprosperity.raajiniiqueen.
siihiilioness.dabbiispoon.
paatiibowl.bhisiimat
kumaariigirl.sakhiia female friend
braahma.niia brahmin womantaru.niiyoung woman
bhikkhuniinunkaakiia female crow.
vaanariiapemahiithe earth
yakkhiiogressmigiia doe
deviinymphvaapiia reservoir, tank

Delension of nouns in u (short)

140.  The nouns ending in u (short), are either Masculine, Feminine or Neuter.

Masculine nouns in u (short)

141.  Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom. -uu, o
Gen.ssa, nona.m
Dat.ssa, nona.m
Acc..muu, o
Ins.naahi, bhi
Abl.naa, smaa, mhaahi, bhi
Loc.smi.m, mhisu
Voc. -uu, o, e

Declension of Bhikkhu (Masc.), Monk
SingularPlural
Nom.bhikkhubhikkhuu, bhikkhavo
Gen.bhikkhussa, bhikkhunobhikkhuuna.m
Dat.bhikkhussa, bhikkhunobhikkhuuna.m
Acc.bhikkhu.mbhikkhuu, bhikkhavo
Ins.bhikkhunaabhikkhuuhi, bhikkhuubhi
Abl.bhikkhunaa, bhiskhusmaa, bhikkhumhaabhikkhuuhi, bhikkhuubhi
Loc.bhikkhumhi, bhikkhusmi.mbhikkhuusu
Voc.bhikkhubhikkhuu, bhikkhavo, bhikkhave

Remarks.
(a) In a Nom. and an Acc. plural, yo are sometimes met with in some words: jantuyo, hetuyo.
(b) Before suffixes o and e, in the plural u of the stem or base is strengthened and becomes av. (27(ii)-a)

Exercise
Nouns declined like bhikkhu (Masc.):
pasugoatvelubamboo
bandhurelativebhaa.nuthe sun
maccudeathucchusugar-cane
baahuarmsetubridge
ketuflagkatusacrifice
pharasuaxerurua deer
tarua treehetucause

 

Feminine nouns in u (Short)

142.  Suffixes

SingularPlural
Nom. -uu, yo
Gen.yaana.m
Dat.yaana.m
Acc.muu, yo
Ins.yaahi, bhi
Abl.yaahi, bhi
Loc.ya.m, yaasu
Voc. -uu, yo

143.Declension of Dhenu (Fem.), Cow

SingularPlural
Nom.dhenudhenuu, dhenuyo
Gen.dhenuyaadhenuuna.m
Dat.dhenuyaadhenuuna.m
Acc.dhenu.mdhenuu, dhenuyo
Ins.dhenuyaadhenuuhi, dhenuubhi
Abl.dhenuyaadhenuuhi, dhenuubhi
Loc.dhenuya.m, dhenuyaadhenuusu
Voc.dhenuudhenuyo

Remarks.
(a) An Abl. sing. in to is common: dhenuto, jambuto.
(b) A Nom. plur. in o occurs without strengthening of final u but with insertion of v: dhenuuvo.
(c) Final u is, in the plural, lengthened before na.m, hi, bhi and su.

Exercise
Decline like dhenu:
dhaatuan elementyaagurice gruel
rajjustringkare.nuelephant
kuthe earthhanujaw
dadduringwormva.n.nusand
kaasua hole, pitka.n.duitch
kacchuscabpiya"ngua medicinal plant
natthunosevijjulightning

Neuter nouns in u (short)

144. Suffixes

SingularPlural
(Like the Masculine)Nom. Acc. Voc. uu, ni
(The rest like the Masc.)

145.Declension of Cakkhu (Neut.), Eye

SingularPlural
Nom.cakkhucakkhuuni, cakkhuu
Gen.cakkhussa, cakkhunocakkhuno, cakkhuuna.m
Dat.cakkhussa, cakkhunocakkhuuna.m
Acc.cakkhu.mcakkhuuni, cakkhuu
Ins.cakkhunaacakkhuuhi, cakkhuubhi
Abl.cakkhunaa, cakkhusmaa, cakkhumhaacakkhuuhi, cakkhuubhi
Loc.cakkhusmi.m, cakkhumhicakkhuusu
Voc.cakkhucakkhuuni, cakkhuu

Remarks. There is a form of the Nom. sing. in .mcakkhu.m.

Exercise
Words declined like cakkhu (Neut.):
dhanubowambuwater
daaruwoodarua wound
madhuhoneyjanuthe knee
massuthe beardvatthua story
matthuwheyaayuage
assua tearvasuwealth

146.Declension of Nouns  uu   (long)

(a) This declension includes Masculine and Feminine nouns only.
(b) The suffixes are much the same as those of the u (short) declension, and present no difficulty.

147.Declension of Sayambhuu   (Masc.), an Epithet of the Buddha

SingularPlural
Nom.sayambhuusayambhuu, sayambhuvo
Gen.sayambhussa, sayambhunosayambhuuna.m
Dat.sayambhussa, sayambhunosayambhuuna.m
Acc.sayambhu.msayambhuu, sayambhuvo
Ins.sayambhunaasayambhuuhi, sayambhuubhi
Abl.sayambhunaa, sayambhusmaa, sayambhumhaasayambhuuhi, sayambhuubhi
Loc.sayambhusmi.m, sayambhumhisayambhuu
Voc.sayambhuusayambhuu, sayambhuvo

Remarks.
(a) In the Nom., Acc. and Voc. Plur., v is inserted between the suffix o and the stem after the shortening of uu.
(b) Final uu of the stem is shortened to u in the oblique cases of the singular.

148.Declension of Vadhuu   (Fem.), a Widow

SingularPlural
Nom.vadhuuvadhuu, vadhuyo
Gen.vadhuyaavadhuuna.m
Dat.vadhuyaavadhuuna.m
Acc.vadhu.mvadhuu, vadhuyo
Ins.vadhuyaavadhuuhi, vadhuubhi
Abl.vadhuyaavadhuuhi, vadhuubhi
Loc.vadhuyaa, vadhuya.mvadhuusu
Voc.vadhuuvadhuu, vadhuyo

Remarks.
(a) As in the Masc., final uu is shortened in the oblique cases of the sing.
(b) A form in to is also found in the Abl. sing., vadhuto.
(c) In the plural, before yo, final uu is shortened.

149.Stems ending in a diphthong

All diphthongic stems have disappeared in Paali; only one such stem remains, it is the word go, a cow.

Special Nouns

150.(I) Declension of Go (Diphthongic Stem), a Cow

SingularPlural
Nom. gogavo, gaavo
Gen. gavassa, gaavassagava.m, gona.m, gunna.m
Dat. gavassa, gaavassagava.m, gona.m, gunna.m
Acc. gava.m, gaava.m, gavu.m, gaavu.mgavo, gaavo
Ins. gavena, gaavenagohi, gobhi, gavehi
Abl. gavaa, gaavaa, gavasmaa, gaavasmaa, gavamhaa, gaavamhaagohi, gobhi, gavehi
Loc. gave, gaave, gavasmi.m, gaavasmi.m, gavamhi, gaavamhigosu, gavesu, gaavesu
Voc. gogavo, gaavo

151.(II) Declension of Sakhaa, a Friend

(Sansk. sakhi. The stem is irregular. Masc.)

SingularPlural
Nom.sakhaasakhaayo, sakhaano, sakhino, sakhaa
Gen.sakhino, sakhissasakhaaraana.m, sakhiina.m, sakhaana.m
Dat.sakhino, sakhissasakhaaraana.m, sakhiina.m, sakhaana.m
Acc.sakhaana.m, sakha.m, sakhaara.msakhii, sakhaayo, sakhaano, sakhino
lns.sakhinaasakhaarehi, sakhaarebhi, sakhehi, sakhebhi
Abl.sakhinaa, sakhaaraa, sakharasmaasakhaarehi, sakhaarebhi, sakhehi, sakhebhi
Loc.sakhaarasmi.m, sakhaarimhisakhaaresu, sakhesu
Voc.sakha, sakhaa, sakhi, sakhii, sakhesakhaayo, sakhaano, sakhino, sakhaa

Remarks. The student will perceive that sakhaa has forms belonging to stems in ar and others to stems in in. (See: Consonantal Declension.)

152.Consonantal Declension

(a) The Consonantal Declension includes all nouns and adjectives whose stem ends in a consonant.
(b) Nouns the stem of which ends in a consonant, are rather few and special, the majority of the words included in this declension being adjectives ending in vat or mat, and all words ending in a nasal (n) being considered as belonging to the Vowel Declension, by native grammarians.
(c) Most of the words of the Consonantal Declension seem to follow two declensions; some suffixes belong to the vowel, and others to the Consonantal Declension.

153.(I) Stems ending in a nasal (n)

154.Declension of Attaa (Stem Attan), Self

(Stem in an, Masc.)

SingularPlural
Nom.attaaattaano, attaa
Gen.attano, attassaattaana.m
Dat.attano, attassaattaana.m
Acc.attaana.m, atta.m, attana.mattaano, atte
Ins.attanaa, attenaattanehi, attanebhi
Abl.attanaa, attasmaa, attamhaaattanehi, attanebhi
Loc.attani, attasmi.m, attamhiattanesu
Voc.atta, attaaattaano, attaa

Like attaa (stem: attan) are declined:
aatumaaselfmuddhaahead
asmaastoneaddhaaroad, distance, time

155.Declension of Brahmaa (Stem Brahman, Masc.), Brahma

SingularPlural
Nom.brahmaabrahmaano, brahmaa
Gen.brahmuno, brahmassabrahmaanam, brahmuna.m
Dat.brahmuno, brahmassabrahmaanam, brahmuna.m
Acc.brahmaana.m, brahma.mbrahmaano
Ins.brahmanaa, brahmunaabrahmehi, brahmebhi, brahmuuhi, brahmuubhi
Abl.brahmanaa, brahmunaabrahmehi, brahmebhi, brahmuuhi, brahmuubhi
Loc.brahme, brahmanibrahmesu
Voc.brahmebrahmaano, brahmaa

(a) In the Loc. Sing. we meet with the forms in - smi.m, mhi: brahmasmi.m, brahmamhi.

156.Declension of Raajaa, (Stem Raajan Masc.), a King

SingularPlural
Nom.raajaaraajaano, raajaa
Gen.ra~n~no, raajino, raajassara~n~nam, raajuuna.m, raajaana.m
Dat.ra~n~no, raajino, raajassara~n~nam, raajuuna.m, raajaana.m
Acc.raajaana.m, raaja.mraajaano
Ins.ra~n~naa, raajena, raajinaaraajuuhi, raajuubhi, raajehi, raajebhi
Abl.ra~n~naa, raajasmaa, raajamhaaraajuuhi, raajuubhi, raajehi, raajebhi
Loc.ra~n~ne, ra~n~ni, raajini, raajimhi, raajismi.mraajuusu, raajesu
Voc.raaja, raajaaraajaano, raajaa

Remarks.
(a) When the word raajaa is used by itself in a sentence, it follows the above declension, but when it forms the last part of a compound as for instance in dhammaraajaa, mahaaraajaa, etc., it follows the declension of Masculine nouns in a, like deva.
(b) The forms of the plural seem to point to a base or stem in u: raaju.
(c) A few nouns the stem of which ends in an, follow the a declension of Masc. nouns like deva; they are:

vissakammathe architect of the gods.
vivattacchaddoHe by whom the veil (of ignorance) is rolled back (from this world).
puthulomaa fish
yakanathe liver
athabbanathe fourth veda, and some others.

157.Declension of Pumaa (Stem Puman), a Man

 SingularPlural
Nom.pumaapumaano, pumaa
Gen.pumuno, pumassapumaana.m
Dat.pumuno, pumassapumaana.m
Acc.pumaana.m, puma.mpumaano, pume
Ins.pumaanaa, pumunaa, pumenapumaanehi, pumaanebhi, pumehi, pumebhi
Abl.pumunaa, pumaanaa, pumaa, pumasmaa, pumamhaapumaanehi, pumaanebhi, pumehi, pumebhi
Loc.pumaane, pume, pumasmi.m, pumamhipumaanesu, pumaasu, pumesu
Voc.puma.m, pumapumaano, pumaa

Remarks.
(a) The influence of the a declension Masculine, is clearly discernible throughout.
(b) The word saa a dog, given at (128), properly belongs to this declension; this gives the stem, san, from Sanskrit iivan. The declension of nouns the stem of which ends in -in, has already been given (130); these words declined like da.n.di, (stem da.n.din) and rather numerous, form the transition between the pure vowel declension and the declension of consonantal-stems.

158.(II) Stems ending in s

159.Declension of Mano (Stem Manas), the Mind

SingularPlural
Nom.mano, mana.mmanaa
Gen.manaso, manassamanaana.m
Dat.manaso, manassamanina.m
Acc.mano, mana.mmane
Ins.manasaa, manenamanehi, manebhi
Abl.manasaa, manasmaa, manamhaa, manaamanehi, manebhi
Loc.manasi, mane, manasmi.m, manamhimanesu
Voc.mano, mana.m, manaa, manamanaa

Remarks.
(a) It should be borne in mind that mano is never used in the plural, although the forms are given by some grammarians.
(b) The influence of the a declension is here also clearly seen, principally in the plural, of which in fact, all the forms are after the a declension.
(c) There is also a Neuter form in ni in the plural: manaani.

160. Native grammarians give the following nouns as belonging to the manas declension, their stems ending in as:

vacodiscoursetejopower
vayoagetapoheat
cetothoughttamodarkness
yasoglory, fameayoiron
payoa beveragesirothe head
chandometrics, prosodysaroa lake
urobreastrahosolitude, privacy
ahodayrajodust, passion
ojosplendour, strengththaamostrength, vigour
vaasocloth, clothing

Remarks.
(a) aha, day, in the Loc. sing. has the following forms: ahasmi.m, ahamhi, ahe, ahu, ahasi, ahuni.
(b) The words: rajo, ojo, thaamo and vaaso are included in the manas declension by the Sinhalese grammarians.
(c) The comparative adjectives ending in yo, iyyo, as for instance seyyo, gariyo, follow the manas declension.

161.Declension of aayu (Stem aayus), Life

SingularPlural
Nom.aayu, ayu.maayuu, aayuuni
Gen.aayussa, aayunoaayuuna.m, aayusa.m
Dat.aayussa, aayunoaayuuna.m, aayusa.m
Acc.aayu, aayu.maayuu, aayuuni
Ins.aayunaa, aayusaaaayuuhi, aayuubhi
Abl.aayunaa, aayusaaaayuuhi, aayuubhi
Loc.aayuni, aayusiaayuusu
Voc.aayu, aayu.maayuu, aayuuni

162.  III. Stems ending in ar (=SANSK .r)

163.  Declension of Satthaa, the Teacher (Buddha)

(Stem Satthar, Sansk Castr)

SingularPlural
Nom.satthaasatthaaro, satthaa
Gen.satthu, satthussa, satthunosatthaana.m, satthaaraana.m, satthuuna.m
Dat.satthu, satthussa, satthunosatthaana.m, satthaaraana.m, satthuuna.m
Acc.satthaara.m, satthara.msatthaaro, satthaare
Ins.sattharaa, satthaaraa, satthunaasatthaarehi, satthaarebhi
Abl.sattharaa, satthaaraa, satthunaasatthaarehi, satthaarebhi
Loc.sattharisatthaaresu, satthuusu
Voc.sattha, satthaasatthaaro, satthaa

Remarks.
(a) The form of the Gen. sing. in u: satthu, is the base employed in the formation of compound words.
(b) Stems ending in ar (Sansk. .r) have their Nom. sing. in aa as pitar (=Sansk. pit.r), Nom. sing. pitaa; so maatar (=maat.r), Nom. sing. maataa. Their base in composition is generally in u.
(c) Before suffix to of the Abl. sing. stems in ar often take the vowel i; as pitito, maatito, and sometimes a base piti, maati is used in composition: pitipakkhe.
(d) Some words whose stem is in ar, follow the a declension (of deva), for instance:

sallakatta (stem sallakattar)a physician;
kattara (stem kattarar)a weak person;
sota (stem sotar)a hearer.
Exercise
Decline like satthaa:
netaaa guidenattaaa grandson
maataamotherpitaafather
jetaaa conquerordaataaa giver
kattaaan agentbhaataabrother
The words pitaa and maataa present some peculiarities.

164.Declension of Maataa, Mother

(Stem Maatar, Sansk. Maat¨)

SingularPlural
Nom.maataamaataro, maataa
Gen.maatu, maatuyaa, maatyaamaataraana.m, maataana.m, maatuuna.m, maatunna.m
Dat.maatu, maatuyaa, maatyaamaataraana.m, maataana.m, maatuuna.m, maatunna.m
Acc.maatara.mmaataro, matare
Ins.maataraa, maatuyaa, maatyaamaatarehi, maataarebhi, maatuuhi, maatuubhi
Abl.maataraa, maatuyaa, maatyaamaatarehi, maataarebhi, maatuuhi, maatuubhi
Loc.maatari, maatuyaa, maatyaa, maatuya.m, maatya.mmaataresu, maatuusu
Voc.maata, maataamaataro, maataa

Remarks.
(a) In the oblique cases of the singular, the student will readily recognize the influence of the Feminine declension in the suffixes aa and .m.
(b) There is also found, rarely, a Gen. sing. in ssa: maatussa.

Declension of Pitaa, Father (Stem Pitar, Sansk. Pit¨)

SingularPlural
Nom.pitaapitaro
Gen.pitu, pituno, pitussapitaraana.m, pitaana.m, pitunna.m, pituuna.m
Dat.pitu, pituno, pitussapitaraana.m, pitaana.m, pitunna.m, pituuna.m
Acc.pitara.m, pitu.mpitaro, pitare
Ins.pitaraa, pitunaa, pityaa, petyaapitarehi, pitarebhi, pituuhi, pituubhi
Abl.pitaraa, pitu, pityaa, petyaapitarehi, pitarebhi, pituuhi, pituubhi
Loc.pitaripitaresu, pituusu
Voc.pita, pitaapitaro

Remarks. In the Dat. and Gen. plur. of maataa and pitaa the n is doubled to compensate for the shortening of uu(long); hence: maatunna.m, maatuuna.m and pitunna.m, pituuna.m.

165.  (IV) The words ending in: at (or ant), vat (or vant), mat (or mant), are mostly adjectives and their declension will be given in the chapter on Adjectives.

We shall, however, give here the declension of a few nouns, in at or vant.

166.Declension of Bhava.m, Sir (Stem in at, or ant)

SingularPlural
Nom.bhava.m, bhantobhavanto, bhavantaa, bhonto
Gen.bhavantassa, bhavato, bhotobhavata.m, bhavantaana.m
Dat.bhavantassa, bhavato, bhotobhavata.m, bhavantaana.m
Acc.bhavanta.m, bhota.mbhavante, bhonte
Ins.bhavantena, bhavataa, bhotaabhavantehi, bhavantebhi
Abl.bhavataa, bhavantaa, bhotaabhavantehi, bhavantebhi
Loc.bhavati, bhavantebhavantesu

Remarks.
(a) Bhava.mis a polite term of address, and it may be translated by "Your Honour."
(b) Native grammarians invariably use it as the sign of the Vocative case.
(c) The Feminine, bhotii, "madam" is regularly declined after the ii declension Feminine, (adii).

167.Declension of Araha.m, Saint (Stem in at, or ant)

SingularPlural
Nom.araha.m, arahaaarahanto, arahaa
Gen.arahato, arahantassaarahata.m, arahantaana.m
Dat.arahato, arahantassaarahata.m, arahantaana.m
Acc.arahanta.marahante
Ins.arahataa, arahantenaarahantehi, arahantebhi
Abl.arahataa, arahantaa, arahantasmaa, arahantamhaaarahantehi, arahantebhi
Loc.arahati, arahante, arahantasmi.m, arahantamhiarahantesu
Voc.arahantaarahanto

Similarly is declined santa, meaning a good man.



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