Chapter:
[ Contents |
1. Alphabet |
2. Sandhi |
3. Assimilation |
4. Strengthening |
5. Declension |
6. Feminine |
7. Adjectives |
8. Numerals |
9. Pronouns |
10.1 Verbs |
10.2 Verbs |
10.3 Verbs |
11. Indeclinables |
12. Compounds |
13. Derivation |
14. Syntax |
15. Prosody |
Prefix |
Root ]
Prefixes extracted from Charles Duroiselle's Pali Grammar
Number behind prefix = Paragraph Number in Booka, an 532 | an before a vowel | not, without, free from | |
Examples (Inseparable prefix) | |||
abhaya | free from fear | ||
abaala | not foolish | ||
apassanto | not seeing | ||
anaaloketva | without looking | ||
aa 516 | to, at, towards, near to, until, as far as, away, all round. | ||
Examples | |||
/chad | to cover | = acchaadeti, to cover over or all around, to put on clothes (33, 35). | |
/cikkh | to show, tell | = aacikkhati, to point out, tell to (to communicate). | |
/kir | to pour, scatter | = aakirati, to scatter all over or around, to fill. | |
/ka.d.dh | to drag, draw | = aaka.d.dhati, to draw towards, to drag away. | |
Remarks. This prefix reverses the meaning of some roots; | |||
/daa | to give | but aadaati, to take | |
/gam | to go, base:gaccha | = aagacchati, to come | |
abbh 516 | (abhi before vowel) | ||
aavi 521 | in full view, in sight, in view, manifestly, visibly. | It is prefixed to the verbs: bhavati (/bhuu) and karoti (/kar). | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
aavibhavati | to become manifest, visible, to appear, be evident | ||
aavikaroti | to make manifest, clear, evident; to explain, show. | ||
abhi 516 | to, unto, towards, against, in the direction of. It also expresses excess, reverence, particularity. (Before a vowel=abbh). | ||
Examples | |||
/gam | to go | = abhigacchati, to go towards, approach | |
/ka"nkh | to desire | = abhika"nkhati, to desire particularly, to long for, yearn | |
/jal | to blaze | = abhijalati to blaze excessively, viz, fiercely | |
/vand | to salute | = abhivandati, to salute reverentially | |
acc 516 | (ati before vowel) | ||
adhi 516 | (before vowels=ajjh), over, above, on, upon, at, to in, superior to, great, it expresses sometimes superiority. | ||
Examples | |||
/bhaas | to speak | = adhibhaasati, to speak to, to address. | |
/gam | to go | = ajjhagamaa, he approached = adhi + augment a + gamaa(Aorist) | |
/vas | to live | = to live in, to inhabit. | |
ajjh 516 | (adhi before vowel) | ||
ajjhaa 516 | compound | = adhi + a | ajjhaavasati, to dwell in (vas) ajjhaaseti, to lie upon (/sii). |
ajjho 516 | compound | = adhi + o, o= ava | ajjhottharati, to overwhelm (/thar, to spread). |
ala.m 521 | fit, fit for | used with verb, karoti in the sense of decorating. | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
ala"nkaroti | to adorn, embellish, decorate. | ||
antara 521 | among within, between | used with /dhaa, to put, place, | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
antaradhaayati | to vanish, disappear, hide; | ||
antaradhaapeti | to cause to vanish or disappear. | ||
an 532 | see a, an | ||
anu 516 | after, along, according to, near to, behind, less than, in consequence of, beneath. | ||
Examples | |||
/dhaav | to run | = anudhaavati, to run after to pursue. | |
/gah | to take | = anuga.nhati, to take near, beneath = to protect. | |
/kam | to go | = anukkamati, to go along with, to follow. | |
/kar | to do | = anukaroti, to do like, viz., to imitate, to ape. | |
anupa 516 | compound | = anu + pa | to eat into (khad); anupabbajati to give up the world (/vaj, to go). |
anupari 516 | compound | = anu + pari | anuparidhaavati, to run up and down (dhav); anupariyaati, to go round and round (/yaa). |
anusam 516 | compound | = anu + sam | anusa"ngito, chanted together rehearsed; anusa~ncarati, to cross. |
apa 516 | off, away, away from, forth: it also implies detraction, hurt, reverence. | ||
Examples | |||
/ci | to notice,observe | = apacaayati, to honour, respect; apaciti, reverence. | |
/gam | to go | = apagacchati, to go away | |
/man | to think | = apama~n~nati, to despise | |
/nii | to lead | = opaneti, to lead away, viz., to take away, remove. | |
api 516 | on, over, unto, close upon. This prefix is very seldom used; it is prefixed mostly to the roots: /dhaa, to put, set, lay, and /nah, to bind, join. It is moreover found abbreviated to pi in most instances. | ||
Examples | |||
/dhaa | to put, set, lay | = pidahati, to cover, close, shut. apidhana.m, pidahana.m, pidhaana.m, covering, lid, cover. | |
/nah | to bind, join | = pinayhati, to bind on, join on. | |
ati 516 | (before vowel=acc.) beyond, across, over, past, very much, very; it expresses excess. | ||
Examples | |||
/car | to act | = aticarati, to act beyond, too much, in excess = to transgress | |
/kam | to step, go | = atikkamati (33), to step over to go across, go past, to escape, overcome, transgress, excell, to elapse | |
/nii | to lead | = atineti, to lead over or across, to irrigate. | |
attha.m 521 | (adv. and noun) = home; disappearance, disappearing, setting | used with verbs of going=to set, disappear (of moon, sun and stars). Mostly used with the verbs gacchati and eti (/i), to go. | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
attha"ngacchati | to disappear, to set, atthameti, to set (of the sun). | ||
ava 516 | down off away back aside little less Implies also: disrespect disregard | ||
Remarks ava is often contracted to o | |||
Examples | |||
/jaa | to know | = avajaanaati, to despise | |
/har | to take | = avaharati, to take away. avahaaro, taking away | |
/khip | to throw | = avakhipati, to throw down | |
/lok, luk | to look | = oloketi to look down = avaloketi | |
du, dur 532 | dur before a vowel | bad, ill, hard difficult | |
Examples (Inseparable prefix) | |||
dubba.n.no (33. Remark) | ugly, ill-favoured | ||
dubbiniito | ill conducted | ||
duddamo | difficult to tame | ||
duggo | difficult to pass | ||
dujjano | a bad man | ||
dukkaro | difficult to perform | ||
dujjiiva.m | a hard life | ||
paatu 521 | (before a vowel: patur) = forth to view, manifestly, evidently | used with bhavati and karoti. | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
paatubhavati | to become manifest, evident, clear, to appear, to arise | ||
paatubhaavo | appearance, manifestation; | ||
paatukaroti | to manifest, make clear, evident; to produce. | ||
patur 521 | paatu before a vowel | (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |
pura 521 | in front, forward, before | used almost exclusively with karoti, (520). | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
purakkharoti | to put or place in front, to appoint or make a person (one's) leader, and thence: to follow, to revere. | ||
ni 516 | (sometimes lengthened to nii, and before a vowel=nir) out, forth, down, into, downwards, in, under. | ||
Examples | |||
/dhaa | to place | = nidahati or nidheti, to deposit, hide. | |
/han | to strike | = nihanti, to strike down | |
/har | to take | = niiharati, to take out | |
/kam | to go | = nikkhamati, to go out, to depart. | |
o 516 | contracted form of ava | ||
pa 516 | onward, forward to, forth, fore, towards, with. It expresses beginning. | ||
Examples | |||
/bhaa | to shine | = pabhaati, to shine forth, to dawn. pabhaa, radiance. | |
/bhuu | to be | = pabhavati, to begin to be, viz., to spring up, to originate. | |
/jal | to burn | = pajjalati, to burn forth, to blaze. | |
pali 516 | pari is often written: pali(72). | ||
paraa 516 | away, back, opposed to, aside, beyond. | ||
Examples | |||
/kam | to go | = parakkamati, to strive put forth effort | |
/ji | to conquer | = paraajeti, to overcome | |
pari 516 | around, all around, about, all about, all over. Expresses completeness, etc.. pari is often written: pali (72). | ||
Examples | |||
/car | to walk | = paricarati, to walk around, viz,. to serve, honour. | |
paricaaro, attendance; paricca, having encircled (=pari + i + tya). | |||
/chid | to cut | = paricchindati, to cut around, to limit, mark out. | |
/dhaav | to run | = paridhaavati, to run about. | |
/jaa | to know | = parijaanaati, to know perfectly, exactly. | |
pati, pa.ti 516 | against, back to, in reverse direction, back again in return, to, towards, near. | ||
Examples | |||
/bhaas | to speak | = pa.tibhaasati. to speak back, to reply. | |
/kam | to step | = pa.tikkamati, to step back, to retreat | |
/khip | to throw | = pa.tikkhipati, to refuse. pa.tikkhepo, refusing. | |
sa 532 | used instead of sam, (516), expresses the ideas of "possession, similarity; with, and; like; including." | ||
Examples (Inseparable prefix) | |||
sabhaariya | with (his) wife | ||
salajja | having shame, ashamed | ||
sabhoga | wealthy | ||
savihaarii | living with | ||
sadevaka | including the worlds of gods | ||
Remarks. The particle sa is the opposite of particle a, an. | |||
sam 516 | with, along, together, fully, perfectly. | ||
/bhuj | to eat | = sambhu~njati, to eat with. | |
/vas | to live | = sa.mvasati, to live together with; sa.mvaaso, living with. | |
samaa 516 | compound | = sam + aa | samaaharati, to gather (/har); samaagamo, assembly (/gam). |
samabhi 516 | compound | = sam + abhi | samabhisi~ncati, to sprinkle (/si~nc). |
samud 516 | compound | = sam + ud | samukka.msati, to exalt; samucchindati, to extirpate (/chid); samudeti, to remove (/i). |
samudaa 516 | compound | sam + ud + aa | samudaacarati, to address, practise (/car); samudaaha.to, produced (/har); |
samupa 516 | compound | = sam + upa | samupeti, to approach (/i); samupagacchati: to approach. |
su 532 | has the contrary meaning of du :good, well, easy. It implies excess, facility, excellence. | ||
Examples (Inseparable prefix) | |||
subhaasito | well-spoken | ||
subahu | very much | ||
sudanto | well-tamed | ||
sukaro | easy to perform | ||
sulabho | easy to be obtained | ||
Remarks. After du, the initial consonant is generally reduplicated; reduplication seldom takes place after su. | |||
tiro 521 | out of sight; across, beyond | prefixed to roots kar and dhaa, in the sense of covering, hiding, etc. | |
Examples (adverb used as verbal prefix) | |||
tirodhaapeti | to veil, to cover, put out of sight | ||
tirodhaana.m | a covering, a veil; | ||
tirokaroti | to veil, to screen; | ||
upasam 516 | compound | = upa + sam | upasa.mharati, to bring together (/har); upasa.mvasati, to take up one's abode in (/vas, to live). |
ud 516 | (=the u of native grammarians; for the assimilation of final d to the following consonants see 58, 60, 62, 65. Before h, sometimes final d is lost and the u lengthened.) | ||
Upwards, above, up, forth, out. | |||
Examples | |||
/chid | to cut | = ucchindati, to cut off | |
/har | to take | = uddharati (96) to draw out. uddhara.na.m, pulling out. | |
/khip | to throw | = ukkhipati, to throw up, get rid of; ukkhepana.m, excommunication. | |
/.thaa | to stand | = u.t.thahati to stand up, rise, u.t.thaana.m, rising. | |
Remark. ud reverses the meaning of a few verbs | |||
/nam | to bend | = unnamati, to rise up, ascend | |
/pat | to fall | = uppatati, to leap up, spring up. | |
upa 516 | unto, to, towards, near, with, by the side of, as, like, up to, (opposed to apa), below, less. | ||
Examples | |||
/ka.d.dh | to drag | = upaka.d.dhati, to drag or draw towards, to draw below or down. | |
/kam | to go, step | = upakkamati, to attack, (lit. to go towards). | |
/kar | to do | = upakaroti, to do something towards unto; viz, to help, upakaaro, help, use; upakara.na.m, instrument (lit. doing with). | |
vi 516 | asunder, apart, away, without. Implies separation, distinctness, dispersion. | ||
Examples | |||
/chid | to cut | = vicchindati, to cut or break asunder, to break off, interrupt. | |
/jaa | to know | = vijaanaati, to know distinctly, to discern; vijaana.m, knowing. | |
/kir | to scatter | = vikirati, to scatter about, to spread. | |
Remarks It should be borne in mind that two and sometimes three of the above prefixes may combine. Remark The student must be prepared to meet with some other combinations; the general meaning of a word can always be traced from the sense of the several combined prefixes |
(Original file downloaded from
www.tipitaka.net/pali/grammar/. )