Chapter: [ Contents | 1. Alphabet | 2. Sandhi | 3. Assimilation | 4. Strengthening | 5. Declension | 6. Feminine | 7. Adjectives | 8. Numerals | 9. Pronouns | 10.1 Verbs | 10.2 Verbs | 10.3 Verbs | 11. Indeclinables | 12. Compounds | 13. Derivation | 14. Syntax | 15. Prosody ]
A Practical Grammar of the Paali Language
Chapter 10 Part 3
Part 3 Derivatives & Prefixes
VERBS
(B) DERIVATIVE or *SECONDARY CONJUGATION (HL: *the other is conjugation from Primitive verbs. 369)
478. The Derivative Conjugation includes:
(1) | the Passive; |
(2) | the Causative; |
(3) | the Denominative; |
(4) | the Desiderative and, |
(5) | the Intensive. |
479. It is called the derivative conjugation because the above named five kinds of verbs are derived from the simple root with a well-defined modification of the sense of the root itself.
480. Except for the Causative, Derivative verbs are not conjugated in all the tenses and in all voices.
(I)The Passive
481. The Passive Conjugation is formed by adding the suffix ya to the root.
482. The suffix ya having been added and the Passive Base obtained, the Personal Endings of either the Active Voice or of the Reflective Voice are added to the base.
483. Ya is affixed to the root in three ways:
(i) | Directly after roots ending in a vowel. |
(ii) | To roots in a double consonant, ya is joined by means of i, this i being lengthened to ii. It is also joined by means of i when a root ends in a consonant that does not generally reduplicate (s, h and r). |
(iii) | It may be added directly to roots ending in a consonant; in this case the y of ya becomes assimilated to the last consonant of the root according to the Rules of Assimilation. (70.) |
(iv) | Ya is also added to the Special Base by means of i, lengthened. |
Examples of (i).
Remarks.
(a) When ya is added to roots ending in a vowel, the vowel of the root undergoes some change, especially vowels: a, i and u.
(b) Radical aa is changed to ii before ya and radical i, u, are lengthened to ii, uu.
Examples of (i) | |||
Root | Passsive Base | ||
/ci | to heap | ciiya | to be heaped up |
/daa | to give | diiya | to be given |
/dha | to hold | dhiiya | to be held |
/ji | to conquer | jiiya | to be conquered |
/ku | to sing | kuuya | to be sung |
/paa | drink | piiya | to be drunk |
/su | to hear | suuya | to be heard |
(c) Radical long ii and uu, remain unaffected:
/bhuu | to become | bhuuya | to have become |
/luu | to reap | luuya | to be reaped |
/nii | to lead | niiya | to be led |
(d) In some instances, the long vowel before ya is shortened, in which case the y is doubled.
Root | Passive Base | ||
/daa | to give | /diiya | or diyya |
/nii | to lead | /niiya | or niyya |
/su | to hear | /suuya | or suyya |
484. To the above bases the Active or Reflective Personal Endings being added, we obtain, for instance from /ji, to conquer, base jiiya (or jiyya).
PRESENT | Active | |||
Sing | Plur | |||
1 | jiiyaami | I am conquered | jiiyaama | we are conquered |
2 | jiiyasi | thou art conquered | jiiyatha | you are conquered |
3 | jiiyati | he is conquered | jiiyanti | they are conquered |
PRESENT | Reflective | |||
Sing | Plur | |||
1 | jiiye | I am conquered | jiiyaamhe | we are conquered |
2 | jiiyase | thou art conquered | jiiyavhe | you are conquered |
3 | jiiyate | he is conquered | jiiyante | they are conquered |
Optative: | (1) jiiyeyya.m, jiiyeyyaami | (2) jiiyetho, jiiyeyyaasi | (3) jiiyetha, jiiyeyya, etc. |
Imperative: | (1) jiiye, jiiyaami | (2) jiiyassu, jiiyaahi | (3)jiiyata.m, jiiyatu |
Examples of (ii) | |||
Root | Passive Base | ||
/has | to laugh | hasiiya | to be laughed at |
/kar | to make | kariiya | to be made |
/mah | to honour | mahiiya | to be honoured |
/pucch | to ask | pucchiiya | to be asked |
/sar | to remember | sariiya | to be remembered |
/vas | to live | vasiiya | to be lived upon |
Examples of (iii) | |||
Root | Passive Base | ||
/bandh | to bind | bajjha | to be bound (70, 71, 74) |
/bhan | to speak | bha~n~na | to be spoken (70, 71) |
/han | to kill | ha~n~na | to be killed (70, 71) |
/has | to laugh | hasiiya | to be laughed at |
/kar | to make | kariiya | to be made |
/khaad | to eat | khajja | to be eaten (70, 71, 34) |
/labh | to obtain | labbha | to be obtained (70, 71) |
/mah | to honour | mahiiya | to be honoured |
/pac | to cook | pacca | to be cooked (70, 71) |
/pucch | to ask | pucchiiya | to be asked |
/sar | to remember | sariiya | to be remembered |
/vas | to live | vasiiya | to be lived upon |
Examples of (iv) | |||
Root | Passive Base | ||
/budh | to know | bujjhiiya | to be known |
/gam | to go | gacchiiya | to be gone to |
/is | to wish. desire | icchiiya | to be wished for |
485. Long ii, before ya of the Passive, is sometimes found shortened, as: mahiiyati or mahiyati, to be honoured.
486. It is usual to form the Passive of roots ending in a consonant preceded by long aa, by means of ii:
/yac | to beg | yaaciiyati | ||
/aj | to drive | + prefix pa = paaj | paajiiyati | to be driven |
487. Ya may be added directly after some roots ending a consonant without assimilation taking place and without the insertion of connecting vowel ii; as:
/lup | to cut, elide | lupya + ti = | lupyati | to be elided, cut off |
/gam | to go | gamya + ti = | gamyati | to be gone to |
Remarks.
(a) We have already said that when the ii before ya is shortened, initial y is reduplicated by way of compensation (483, d).
(b) The Perfect, thc Aorist, the Future and the Conditional (which four tenses are called: General Tenses; see, 367), of the Reflective Voice, are often used in a passive sense.
488. ThePassive may assume several forms from the same root:
/kar | to do, make | kariiyati | kariyyati | kayirati(with metathesis) | kayyati(with asssimilation of r, 80) |
/gam | to go | gamiiyati | gacchiiyati | gamyati | |
/gah | to take | gayhati(metathesis) | gheppati | quite an anomalous form | |
/haa | to abandon | haayati | hiyati |
489. Anomalous form of the Passive.
/vac | to speak | ucc | uccaami | uccasi | uccati, etc | |||
/vac | to speak | vucc | vuccaami | vuccasi | vuccati, etc | |||
/vah | to carry | vuyh | vuyhaami | vuyhasi | vuyhati, | vuyhe | vuyhase | vuyhate,etc. |
/vas | to live | vuss | vussaami | vussasi | vussati, etc | |||
/yaj | to sacrifice | ijj(to be sacrificed) | ijjaami | ijjasi | ijjati ,etc |
490. Final s of a root, which is not usually susceptible of reduplication is, however, sometimes found reduplicated as:
/dis | to see, becomes | dissati | to be seen |
/nas | to destroy | nassati | to be destroyed |
Causative Verbs
491. Causal or Causative verbs are formed by adding to the root the suffixes:
(i) | aya, which is often contracted to e. |
(ii) | aapaya, which likewise may be contracted to aape. |
492.
(i) | The radical vowel of the root is gu.nated or strengthened before these suffixes, if followed by one consonant only. |
(ii) | It remains unchanged when it is followed by two consonants. |
(iii) | In some cases, radical a is not lengthened although followed by a single consonant. |
(iv) | Roots in i, ii and u, uu form their causal from the Special Base. |
(v) | Other verbs, too, may form the causal from the Special Base. |
(vi) | Some roots in a take aape, aapaya. |
Examples | ||||||
Root | Causative Bases | |||||
/bhid | to break | bhede | bhedaya | bhedaape | bhedaapaya | to cause to break. (i) |
/bhuj | to eat | bhoje | bhojaya | bhojaape | bhojaapaya | to cause to eat. (i) |
/bhuu | to be | bhaave | bhaavaya | etc (iv) | ||
/chid | to cut | chede | chedaya | chedaape | chedaapaya | to cause to cut. (i) |
/daa | to give | daape | daapaya | to cause to give. | ||
/dhaa | to place | pidhaape | pidhaapaya | to cause to shut. (vii) | ||
with prefix pi | pidahaape | pidahaapaya | to cause to shut. (v, ii) | |||
/gam | to go | game | gamaya | gaame | to cause to go(iii): | |
/kar | to do | kaare | kaaraya | kaaraape | kaaraapaya | to cause to do. (i) |
/mar | to kill | maare | maaraya | maaraape | maaraapaya | to cause to kill. (i) |
/nii | to lead | naayaya | nayaape | nayaapaya | to cause to lead. (iv, iii) | |
/pac | to cook | paace | paacaya | paacaape | paacaapaya | to cause to cook. (i) |
/pucch | to ask | pucchaape | pucchaapaya | to cause to ask. (ii). | ||
/rudh | to hinder | rodhe | rodhaya | rodhaape | rodhaapaya | to cause to hinder. (i) |
/sam | to be appeased | same | samaya | samaape | samaapaya | to cause to be appeased.(iii) |
/sii | to lie down | saaye | saayaya | sayaape | sayaapaya | to cause to lie down. (iv, iii) |
/su | to hear | saave | saavaya | saavaape | saavaapaya | to cause to hear. (iv) |
/.thaa | to stand | thape | thapaya | to place (vi, with a shortened) |
Double Causal
493. There is a double causal formed by adding aapaape to the root.
Examples | |||||
Root | Simple Causal | Double Causal | |||
/bhuj | to eat | bhoje | bhojaape etc | bhojaapaape | bhojaapaapaya |
/chid | to cut | chede | chedaape ctc | chedaapaape | chedaapaapaya |
/pac | to cook | paace | paacaape etc | paacaapaape | paacaapaapaya |
Remarks. The double causal may be translated by "to get to, or, to make to cause to." For instance: So purisa.m daasa.m odana.m paacaapaapeti. "He causes the man to cause the slave to cook the
food." or "He got the man to make the slave to cook the food."
Note that the first accusative or object purisa.m may be and is often, replaced by an Instrumentive.
494. The causative verbs are declined like the verbs in i, ii of the 1st conjugation, 3rd Division (393, 385) and like the verbs of the 7th conjugation. (379)
Examples /pac to cook | |||||
Causative Base: | |||||
paace | paacaya | paacaape | paacaapaya | to cause to cook | |
PRESENT | |||||
Singular | |||||
1 | paacemi | paacayaami | paacaapemi | paacaapayaami | I cause to cook |
2 | paacesi | paacayasi | paacaapesi | paacaapayasi | thou causest to cook |
3 | paaceti | paacayati | paacaapeti | paacaapayati | he causes to cook |
Plural | |||||
1 | paacema | paacayaama | paacaapema | paacaapayaama | we cause to cook |
2 | paacetha | paacayatha | paacaapetha | paacaapayatha | you cause to cook |
3 | paacenti | paacayanti | paacaapenti | paacaapayanti | they cause to cook |
OPTATIVE | |||||
Singular | |||||
1 | paaceyyaami | paacayeyyaami | paacaapeyyaami | paacaapayeyyaami | I should cause |
2 | paaceyyaasi | paacayeyyaasi | paacaapeyyaasi | paacaapayeyyaasi | thou shouldst cause |
3 | paaceyya | paacayeyya | paacaapeyya | paacaapayeyya | he should cause |
Plural | |||||
1 | paaceyyaama | paacayeyyaama | paacaapeyyaama | paacaapayeyyaama | we should cause |
2 | paaceyyaatha | paacayeyyaatha | paacaapeyyaatha | paacaapayeyyaatha | you should cause |
3 | paaceyyum | paacayeyyum | paacaapeyyum | paacaapayeyyum | they should cause |
And so on for the other tenses |
Remarks.
(a) The bases in e and pe take the Sigmatic Aorist Endings (418, 419).
(b) The bases in aya take the other Endings (407, b). As, paacesi.m, paacesi, paacaapesi.m, paacayi.m, paacayi, paacaapayi.m, paacaapayi, etc.
Causal Passive
495. The passive of a causal verb is formed by joining the suffix ya of the Passive to the Causative Base, by means of i, lengthened to ii, final vowel e of the Causative base having been dropped first. The Causal Passive may be translated by "caused to... , made to do..." the action expressed by the root.
Examples | |||||
Root | Simple Verb | Causal | Causal Passive | ||
/bhuj | to eat | bhu~njati | bhojeti | bhojiiyati | to be caused to eat. |
/kar | to do | karoti | kaareti | kaariiyati | to be caused to do. |
/pac | to cook | pacati | paaceti | paaciiyati | to be caused to cook. |
Remark. Connective vowel i may also be found short.
496. Some verbs, although in the Causative, have merely a transitive sense as:
/car | to go | Causative caareti | to cause to go | to administer (an estate) |
/bhuu | to be | Causative bhaaveti | to cause to | to cultivate, practise |
497. Verbs of the 7th Conjugation form their causal by adding aape or aapaya to the base, the final vowel of the base having first been dropped.
Root | Base | |
/cur | to steal | core |
/kath | to tell | kathe |
/tim | to wet | teme |
Simple Verb | Causal | ||
coreti | corayati | coraapeti | coraapayati |
katheti | kathayati | kathaapeti | kathaapayati |
temeti | temayati | temaapeti | temaapayati |
Denominative Verbs
498. So called because they are formed from a noun stem by means of certain suffixes.
499. The meaning of the Denominative Verb is susceptible of several renderings in English; it generally expresses:
(a) | "to act as, to be like, to wish to be like" | that which is denoted by the noun. |
(b) | "to wish for, to desire" | that which is signified by the noun. |
(c) | "to change or make into" | that which is denoted by the noun. |
(d) | "to use or make use of" | that which is expressed by the noun. |
500. The suffixes used to form Denominative Verbal Stems are:
(i) | aaya, aya, e. |
(ii) | iiya, iya. |
(iii) | a. |
(iv) | aara, aala.(These two rather rare). |
(v) | aape. |
501. The base or stem having been obtained by means of the above suffixes, the Personal Endings of the tenses are added exactly as they are after other verbs.
Examples | |||
Noun Stem | Denominative Verbs | ||
ara~n~na | forest | ara~n~niiyati | to act (in town) as in the forest |
ciivara | monk's robe | ciivariiyati | to desire a robe |
dhana | riches | dhanayati, dhanaayati | to desire riches |
dolaa | a palankin | dolaayati | to desire a or wish for one's own palankin |
dukkha | misery | dukkhaapeti | to make miserable |
gana | a following | ganayati | to wish for a following or disciples |
jataa | matted hair | vijataayati | disentangle, comb out, tangled branches |
karuna | mercy. pity | karunaayati | to pity |
macchara | avarice | macchaarayati | to be avaricious (lit to act avariciously) |
mettam | love | mettaayati | to love |
nadii | river | nadiyiti | to do, act like a river |
pabbata | a mountain | pabbataayati | to act like a mountain |
pariyosaana | end | paariyosaanati | to end. to cease |
patta | a bowl | pattiiyati | to wish for a bowl |
putta | a son | puttiiyati | to desire, or treat as a son |
saarajja | modesty | saarajjati | to be shy, nervous shyness |
samodhaana | a connection | samodhaaneti | to connect. join |
samudda | the ocean | sammuddaayati | to be or act like the ocean |
sukha | happiness | sukhaapeti | to make happy |
tanhaa | craving | Tanhaayati, tanhiiyati | to crave |
unha | heat | unhaapeti | to heat, warm |
upakkama | diligence. plan | upakkkamaalati | to make diligence, to devise plans |
viinaa | a lute | viinaayati | to use the lute, to play on the lute |
502. Denominatives can also be formed from the stems of adjectives and adverbs; as:
a.t.ta | afflicted, hurt | a.t.tayati | to hurt, afflict. |
da.lha | firm, strong | da.lhaayati | to make firm, strong. |
santa.m | being good | santarati | to act well, or handsomely. |
Remarks.
(a) Suffixes aara and aala are simply modifications of aya.
(b) There is an uncommon way of forming Denominative Verbs from nouns: the 1st, 2nd or 3rd syllable of the noun is reduplicated and the suffix iiyisa or yisa added to the word thus reduplicated; the
vowel u or i may or may not be inserted between the reduplication. (Niruttidiipanii).
Noun Stem | Denominative Verb | ||
kamalam | flower | kakamalaayisati or kamamalaayisati or kamalalaayisati | to wish to be (as) a flower |
putta | son | pupputtiiyisati | to wish to be (as) a son |
putta | a son | puttittiyisati | to wish to be (as) a son |
(c) The Causal and Passive of all Denominatives are formed in the usual manner.
Desiderative Verbs
503. As its very name indicates, the Desiderative Conjugation expresses the wish or desire to do or be that which is denoted by the simple root.
504. The Desiderative is not extensively used in Paali; however, it is frequent enough to warrant a careful perusal of the rules for its formation.
505. The suffix sa is the characteristic sign of this conjugation; another characteristic is the reduplication of the root according to the rules already given (372). The student ought first to look carefully over those rules.
Root | Desiderative Base | Desiderative Verb | ||
/bhuj | to eat | bubhukkha | bubhukkhati | to wish to eat (86. 372-5) |
/ghas | to eat | jighaccha | jighacchati | to desire to eat (89. 372-7a) |
/kit | to cure | cikiccha | cikicchati | to desire to cure, to treat (88; 372-2) |
/paa | to drink | pipaasa, pivaasa | pivaasati | to desire to drink (372-7a)(pivaasa, from the root) |
/su | to hear | sussusa | sussusati | to desire to hear = listens (33.372-7c) |
/tij | to bear | titikkha | titikkhati | to endure. be patient (86. 372-7b) |
506. It will be remarked that the initial s of sa is mostly assimilated.
507. The bases being obtained, the personal endings are added as usual.
Remark. The Causal and Passive are formed in the usual way.
Intensive Verbs
508. The Intensive Verbs also called Frequentative Verbs, express the frequent repetition or the intensification of the action denoted by the simple root. The characteristic of the Intensive Conjugation is the reduplication of the root according to the usual rules (372).
509. These verbs are not very frequent in Paali.
Examples | |||
Root | Intensive Verb | ||
/cal | to move | ca~ncalati | to move to and fro. to tremble |
/gam | to go | ja"ngamati | to go up and down |
/kam | to go | ca"nkamati | to walk to and fro |
/lap | to talk | laalappati, laalapati | to lament |
The personal endings are added as usual |
510.Defective and Anomalous Verbs
/as to be | ||||
Present System | ||||
Present | ||||
Singular | Plural | |||
1 | asmi, amhi | I am | asma, amha | we are |
2 | asi | thou art | attha | you are |
3 | atthi | he is | santi | they are |
Imperative | ||||
Singular | Plural | |||
1 | asmi, amhi | let me be | asma, amha | let us be |
2 | ahi | be thou | attha | be ye |
3 | atthu | let him/her/it be | santu | let them be |
Present Participle | ||||
Active | Reflective | |||
Masc | santo | being | samaano | being |
Fem | santii | being | samaanaa | being |
Neut | santam | being | samaanam | being |
Aorist | ||||
Active | Reflective | |||
1 | aasim | I was, I have been | aasimhaa, aasimha | we were we have been |
2 | aasi | thou was, thou hast been | aasittha | you were you have been |
3 | aasi | he was, he has been | aasum, aasimsu | they were they have been |
Conditional | ||||
Active | Reflective | |||
1 | assam | if I were or should be | assaama | if we were or should be |
2 | assa | if thou wert or should be | assatha | if you were or should be |
3 | assa, siyaa | if he were or should be | assu, siyum | if they were or should be |
511.
/huu to be (huu is a contracted form of root bhuu) | |||||
Present System | |||||
Present Imperfect | |||||
Sing | Plur | Sing | Plur | ||
1 | homi | homa | ahuva ahuvam | ahuvamha ahuvamhaa | |
2 | hosi | hotha | ahuvo | ahuvattha | |
3 | hoti | honti | ahuva ahuvaa | ahuvu | |
Imperative | Optative | ||||
Sing | Plur | Sing | Plur | ||
1 | homi | homa | heyyaami | heyyaama | |
2 | hohi | homa | heyyaasi | heyyaatha | |
3 | hotu | hontu | heyya | heyyum | |
Present Participle | |||||
Masc: honto | Fem: hontii | Neut: hontam | |||
Aorist | |||||
Singular | Plural | ||||
1 | ahosim ahum | ahosimhaa ahumhaa | |||
2 | ahosi | ahosittha | |||
3 | ahosi ahu | ahesum ahum | |||
The Future has already been given (436) | |||||
Infinitive | Gerund | Future PP | |||
hotum | hutvaa | hotabbo |
512.
/kar to do, make | ||||||||
The present Active has already been given (403) | ||||||||
Present System | ||||||||
Present | ||||||||
Reflective | ||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||
1 | kubbe | kubbamhe | kurumhe | |||||
2 | kubbase | kuruse | kubbavhe | kuruvhe | ||||
3 | kubbate | kurute | kubbati | kubbante | kurunte | |||
Optative | ||||||||
Active | ||||||||
Singular | Plural | |||||||
1 | kare | kubbe | kubbeyya | kareyyaama | kubbeyyaama | kayiraama | ||
kareyya | kayiraa | kayiraami | ||||||
2 | kare | kubbe | kubbeyyaasi | kareyyaatha | kubbetha | kayiraatha | ||
kareyyaasi | kayiraa | kayiraasi | ||||||
3 | kare | kubbe | kayiraa | kareyya.m | kubbeyya.m | kayira.m | ||
kubbeyya | kareyya | |||||||
Imperfect | ||||||||
Active | Reflective | |||||||
Sing | Plur | Sing | Plur | |||||
1 | akara akaram | akaramhaa | akari.m | akaramhase | ||||
2 | akaro | akarattha | akarase | akaravha.m | ||||
3 | akara | akaru | akarattha | akaratthu.m | ||||
The Aorist has been given (412) | ||||||||
Imperative | ||||||||
Active | Reflective | |||||||
Sing | Plur | Sing | Plur | |||||
1 | karomi | karoma | kubbe | kubbaamase | ||||
2 | kuru karohi | karotha | kurussu | kuruvho | ||||
3 | karotu kurutu | karontu kubbantu | kuruta.m | kubbanta.m | ||||
Present Participle | ||||||||
Active | Reflective | |||||||
Masc | kara.m karonto | karamaano kurumaano karaano kubbaano | ||||||
Fem | karonti | karamaanaa kurumaanaa karaanaa kubbaanaa | ||||||
Neut | kara.m karonta.m | karamaana kurumaana.m karaana.m kubbaana.m |
Future Passive Part. | |||||
kattabbo | kaatabbo | kaariyo | kayiro | kayyo | kara.niiyo |
Remarks. All the forms in yira are obtained through metathesis, in kayyo the r has been assimilated. | |||||
Present Passive Part | |||||
kariiyamaano | kariyyamaano | kayiiramaano | kariyamaano | ||
Passive Base | |||||
The Passive Base has several forms: | |||||
kariiya | kariyya | kariya | kayira |
513. /da, to give.
The Present Optative and Imperative have already been given.(395). The student will remark that some of the tenses are formed directly on the root: the Radical Aorist, the Sigmatic Aorist, the Future
and the Conditional.
Radical Aorist | Sigmatic Aorist | |||
Sing | Plur | Sing | Plur | |
1 | adam | adamhaa | adaasim | adaasimhaa |
2 | ado | adattha | adaasi | adaasittha |
3 | ada | adamsu, adum | adaasi | adaasu.m, adaasi.msu |
Future | ||||
a. From the Base | b. From the Root | |||
Sing | Plur | Sing | Plur | |
1 | dadissaami | dadissaama | dassaami | dassaama |
2 | dadissasi | dadissatha | dassasi | dassatha |
3 | dadissati | dadissanti | dassati | dassanti |
Conditional | ||||
Sing | Plur | |||
1 | adassam | adassamhaa | ||
2 | adasse | adassatha | ||
3 | adassaa | adassamsu | ||
Participles (Masculine) | ||||
Present | PPP | Active PP | ||
dadam, dadanto | dinno | dinnavaa | ||
Fut P | Fut P P | |||
dadassam, dadassanto | daatabbo, daayo | |||
Pres Reflect Part | ||||
dadamaano | dadamaanaa | dadamaanam |
Verbal Prefixes
514. The Prefixes or Prepositions, called in Paali: Upasagga (23, Remark), are prefixed to verbs and their derivatives; they have been, on that account, called Verbal Prefixes. They generally modify the meaning of the root, or intensify it, and sometimes totally alter it; in many cases, they add but little to the original sense of the root.
515. The usual rules of sandhi apply when these prefixes are placed before verbs. When a prefix is placed before a tense with the augment a, the augment must not change its position, but remain between the prefix and the root, as; agaa+ati=accagaa (74, i), and not; aatigaa
516. These prefixes are as follows:
aa | to, at, towards, near to, until, as far as, away, all round. | ||
Examples | |||
/chad | to cover | = acchaadeti, to cover over or all around, to put on clothes (33, 35). | |
/cikkh | to show, tell | = aacikkhati, to point out, tell to (to communicate). | |
/kir | to pour, scatter | = aakirati, to scatter all over or around, to fill. | |
/ka.d.dh | to drag, draw | = aaka.d.dhati, to draw towards, to drag away. | |
Remarks. This prefix reverses the meaning of some roots; | |||
/daa | to give | but aadaati, to take | |
/gam | to go, base:gaccha | = aagacchati, to come | |
abbh | (abhi before vowel) | ||
abhi | to, unto, towards, against, in the direction of. It also expresses excess, reverence, particularity. (Before a vowel=abbh). | ||
Examples | |||
/gam | to go | = abhigacchati, to go towards, approach | |
/ka"nkh | to desire | = abhika"nkhati, to desire particularly, to long for, yearn | |
/jal | to blaze | = abhijalati to blaze excessively, viz, fiercely | |
/vand | to salute | = abhivandati, to salute reverentially | |
acc | (ati before vowel) | ||
adhi | (before vowels=ajjh), over, above, on, upon, at, to in, superior to, great, it expresses sometimes superiority. | ||
Examples | |||
/bhaas | to speak | = adhibhaasati, to speak to, to address. | |
/gam | to go | = ajjhagamaa, he approached = adhi + augment a + gamaa(Aorist) | |
/vas | to live | = to live in, to inhabit. | |
ajjh | (adhi before vowel) | ||
anu | after, along, according to, near to, behind, less than, in consequence of, beneath. | ||
Examples | |||
/dhaav | to run | = anudhaavati, to run after to pursue. | |
/gah | to take | = anuga.nhati, to take near, beneath = to protect. | |
/kam | to go | = anukkamati, to go along with, to follow. | |
/kar | to do | = anukaroti, to do like, viz., to imitate, to ape. | |
apa | off, away, away from, forth: it also implies detraction, hurt, reverence. | ||
Examples | |||
/ci | to notice,observe | = apacaayati, to honour, respect; apaciti, reverence. | |
/gam | to go | = apagacchati, to go away | |
/man | to think | = apama~n~nati, to despise | |
/nii | to lead | = opaneti, to lead away, viz., to take away, remove. | |
api | on, over, unto, close upon. This prefix is very seldom used; it is prefixed mostly to the roots: /dhaa, to put, set, lay, and /nah, to bind, join. It is moreover found abbreviated to pi in most instances. | ||
Examples | |||
/dhaa | to put, set, lay | = pidahati, to cover, close, shut. apidhana.m, pidahana.m, pidhaana.m, covering, lid, cover. | |
/nah | to bind, join | = pinayhati, to bind on, join on. | |
ati | (before vowel=acc.) beyond, across, over, past, very much, very; it expresses excess. | ||
Examples | |||
/car | to act | = aticarati, to act beyond, too much, in excess = to transgress | |
/kam | to step, go | = atikkamati (33), to step over to go across, go past, to escape, overcome, transgress, excell, to elapse | |
/nii | to lead | = atineti, to lead over or across, to irrigate. | |
ava | down off away back aside little less Implies also: disrespect disregard | ||
Remarks ava is often contracted to o | |||
Examples | |||
/jaa | to know | = avajaanaati, to despise | |
/har | to take | = avaharati, to take away. avahaaro, taking away | |
/khip | to throw | = avakhipati, to throw down | |
/lok, luk | to look | = oloketi to look down = avaloketi | |
ud | (=the u of native grammarians; for the assimilation of final d to the following consonants see 58, 60, 62, 65. Before h, sometimes final d is lost and the u lengthened.) | ||
Upwards, above, up, forth, out. | |||
Examples | |||
/chid | to cut | = ucchindati, to cut off | |
/har | to take | = uddharati (96) to draw out. uddhara.na.m, pulling out. | |
/khip | to throw | = ukkhipati, to throw up, get rid of; ukkhepana.m, excommunication. | |
/.thaa | to stand | = u.t.thahati to stand up, rise, u.t.thaana.m, rising. | |
Remark. ud reverses the meaning of a few verbs | |||
/nam | to bend | = unnamati, to rise up, ascend | |
/pat | to fall | = uppatati, to leap up, spring up. | |
upa | unto, to, towards, near, with, by the side of, as, like, up to, (opposed to apa), below, less. | ||
Examples | |||
/ka.d.dh | to drag | = upaka.d.dhati, to drag or draw towards, to draw below or down. | |
/kam | to go, step | = upakkamati, to attack, (lit. to go towards). | |
/kar | to do | = upakaroti, to do something towards unto; viz, to help, upakaaro, help, use; upakara.na.m, instrument (lit. doing with). | |
ni | (sometimes lengthened to nii, and before a vowel=nir) out, forth, down, into, downwards, in, under. | ||
Examples | |||
/dhaa | to place | = nidahati or nidheti, to deposit, hide. | |
/han | to strike | = nihanti, to strike down | |
/har | to take | = niiharati, to take out | |
/kam | to go | = nikkhamati, to go out, to depart. | |
o | contracted form of ava | ||
pa | onward, forward to, forth, fore, towards, with. It expresses beginning. | ||
Examples | |||
/bhaa | to shine | = pabhaati, to shine forth, to dawn. pabhaa, radiance. | |
/bhuu | to be | = pabhavati, to begin to be, viz., to spring up, to originate. | |
/jal | to burn | = pajjalati, to burn forth, to blaze. | |
pali | pari is often written: pali(72). | ||
paraa | away, back, opposed to, aside, beyond. | ||
Examples | |||
/kam | to go | = parakkamati, to strive put forth effort | |
/ji | to conquer | = paraajeti, to overcome | |
pari | around, all around, about, all about, all over. Expresses completeness, etc.. pari is often written: pali (72). | ||
Examples | |||
/car | to walk | = paricarati, to walk around, viz,. to serve, honour. | |
paricaaro, attendance; paricca, having encircled (=pari + i + tya). | |||
/chid | to cut | = paricchindati, to cut around, to limit, mark out. | |
/dhaav | to run | = paridhaavati, to run about. | |
/jaa | to know | = parijaanaati, to know perfectly, exactly. | |
pati, pa.ti | against, back to, in reverse direction, back again in return, to, towards, near. | ||
Examples | |||
/bhaas | to speak | = pa.tibhaasati. to speak back, to reply. | |
/kam | to step | = pa.tikkamati, to step back, to retreat | |
/khip | to throw | = pa.tikkhipati, to refuse. pa.tikkhepo, refusing. | |
sam | with, along, together, fully, perfectly. | ||
/bhuj | to eat | = sambhu~njati, to eat with. | |
/vas | to live | = sa.mvasati, to live together with; sa.mvaaso, living with. | |
vi | asunder, apart, away, without. Implies separation, distinctness, dispersion. | ||
Examples | |||
/chid | to cut | = vicchindati, to cut or break asunder, to break off, interrupt. | |
/jaa | to know | = vijaanaati, to know distinctly, to discern; vijaana.m, knowing. |
Remarks It should be borne in mind that two and sometimes three of the above prefixes may combine The most common combinations are:
ajjhaa | ( = adhi + a) | ajjhaavasati to dwell in (vas) ajjhaaseti to lie upon (/sii) |
ajjho | ( = adhi + o, o= ava) | ajjhottharati to overwhelm (/thar to spread) |
anupa | ( = anu + pa) | anupakhaadati to eat into (khad); anupabbajati to give up the world (/vaj to go) |
anupari | ( = anu + pari) | anuparidhaavati to run up and down (dhav); anupariyaati to go round and round (/yaa) |
anusam | ( = anu + sam) | anusa"ngito chanted together rehearsed; anusa~ncarati to cross |
samaa | ( = sam + aa) | samaaharati to gather (/har); samaagamo assembly (/gam) |
samabhi | ( = sam + abhi) | samabhisi~ncati to sprinkle (/si~nc) |
samud | ( = sam + ud) | samukka msati to exalt; samucchindati to extirpate (/chid); samudeti to remove (/i) |
samudaa | (sam + ud + aa) | samudaacarati to address practise (/car); samudaaha to produced (/har); samudaagamo beginning (/gam) |
samupa | ( = sam + upa) | samupeti to approach (/i); samupagacchati: to approach |
upasam | ( = upa + sam) | upasa mharati to bring together (/har); upasa mvasati to take up one's abode in (/vas to live) |
vyaa | written byaa ( = vi + aa); | vyaakaroti to explain (/kar); vyaapajjati to fall away (pad to go) |
Remark The student must be prepared to meet with some other combinations; the general meaning of a word can always be traced from the sense of the several combined prefixes |
517. It is important to note that the prefixes or prepositions are used, not only with verbs, but also with verbal derivatives, nouns and adjectives, as:
anutiire | along the bank |
adhicitta.m | high thought |
abhiniilo | very black |
518. pari is often written: pali (72).
519. pari, vi and sam very often add merely an intensive force to the root.
520. After prefixes, sam upa, paraa, pari, and the word pura, in front,
/kar sometimes assumes the form: khar. E.g. | ||
purakkharoti | to put in front, to follow | = pura + /kar |
parikkharo | surrounding | = pari + /kar |
521. A few adverbs are used very much in the same way as the Verbal Prefixes, but their use is restricted to a few verbs only. They are:
aavi | in full view, in sight, in view, manifestly, visibly. | It is prefixed to the verbs: bhavati (/bhuu) and karoti (/kar). |
Examples | ||
aavibhavati | to become manifest, visible, to appear, be evident | |
aavikaroti | to make manifest, clear, evident; to explain, show. | |
ala.m | fit, fit for | used with verb, karoti in the sense of decorating. |
Examples | ||
ala"nkaroti | to adorn, embellish, decorate. | |
antara | among within, between | used with /dhaa, to put, place, |
Examples | ||
antaradhaayati | to vanish, disappear, hide; | |
antaradhaapeti | to cause to vanish or disappear. | |
attha.m | (adv. and noun) = home; disappearance, disappearing, setting | used with verbs of going=to set, disappear (of moon, sun and stars). Mostly used with the verbs gacchati and eti (/i), to go. |
Examples | ||
attha"ngacchati | to disappear, to set, atthameti, to set (of the sun). | |
paatu | (before a vowel: patur) = forth to view, manifestly, evidently | used with bhavati and karoti. |
Examples | ||
paatubhavati | to become manifest, evident, clear, to appear, to arise | |
paatubhaavo | appearance, manifestation; | |
paatukaroti | to manifest, make clear, evident; to produce. | |
pura | in front, forward, before | used almost exclusively with karoti, (520). |
Examples | ||
purakkharoti | to put or place in front, to appoint or make a person (one's) leader, and thence: to follow, to revere. | |
tiro | out of sight; across, beyond | prefixed to roots kar and dhaa, in the sense of covering, hiding, etc. |
Examples | ||
tirodhaapeti | to veil, to cover, put out of sight | |
tirodhaana.m | a covering, a veil; |
522. Prefixes du and su are never used with verbs. (See Chapter on Adverbs), and prefix a (an), is very seldom so used.
523. To finish this chapter on Verbs, we will now give the paradigm of a verb fully conjugated:
Present System. | |||||||
/pac to cook. (stem paca). | |||||||
Present. I cook, etc. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1 | pacaami | pacaama. | pace | pacaamhe. | |||
2 | pacasi | pacatha. | pacase | pacavhe. | |||
3 | pacati | pacanti | pacate | pacare, pacante. | |||
Imperfect. I cooked. etc. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1 | apaca, apaca.m | apacamhaa, apacamha. | apaci.m | apacaamhase. apacamhase. | |||
2 | apaco | apacattha. | apacase | apacavha.m. | |||
3 | apaca | apacu. | apacattha | apacatthu.m. | |||
Imperative. Let me cook etc. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1 | pacaami | pacaama | pace | pacaamaase. | |||
2 | pacaahi, paca | pacatha | pacassu | pacavho. | |||
3 | pacatu | pacantu | pacata.m | pacanta.m. | |||
Optative. I should. would. could. can etc. cook. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1 | paceyyaami, pace | paceyyaama. | paceyya.m | paceyyaamhe. | |||
2 | paceyyaasi, pace | paceyyaatha, pacetho | paceyyavho. | ||||
3 | paceyya, pace | paceyyu.m. | pacetha | pacera.m. | |||
Present Participle. | |||||||
Active | Reflective | ||||||
Masc. | paca.m | pacanto | pacamaano. | pacaano. | |||
Fem. | pacatii | pacantii | pacamaanaa. | pacaanaa. | |||
Neut. | paca.m | pacanta.m | pacamaana.m. | pacaana.m. | |||
Aorist System. | |||||||
(Stem pac). | |||||||
Aorist. I cooked or I have cooked. etc. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1 | apaci.m | apacimhaa. | apaca | apacimhe. | |||
2 | apaci | apacittha. | apacise | apacivha.m. | |||
3 | apaci, apacii | apacu.m, apaci.msu. | apacaa, apacuu | apacu.m, apaci.msu. | |||
Remarks. The augment a may be left out. | |||||||
Perfect System. | |||||||
(Stem: papac) | |||||||
Perfect. I cooked.etc. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1. | papaca | papacimha. | papaci | papacimhe. | |||
2. | papace | papacittha. | papacittho | papacivho. | |||
3. | papaca | papacu. | papacittha | papacire. | |||
Perfect Participle Active. Having cooked. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Masc. | pacitavaa, pacitavanto, pacitaavii | pacitavaa, pacitavanto, pacitaavii | |||||
Fem. | pacitavatii, pacitavantii, pacitaavinii | pacitavatii, pacitavantii, pacitaavinii. | |||||
Neut. | pacitava.m, pacitavanta.m, pacitaavi | pacitava.m, pacitavanta.m, pacitaavi. | |||||
Remark.The Perfect Participle is the same for the Reflective as for the Active Voice. (For formation. see 465). | |||||||
Future System. | |||||||
(Stem: pacissa) | |||||||
Future. I shall cook. etc. | |||||||
Active Voice | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1. | pacissaami | pacissaama | pacissa.m | pacissaamhe | |||
2. | pacissasi | pacissatha | pacissase | pacissavhe | |||
3. | pacissati | pacissanti | pacissate | pacissante | |||
Conditional. If I could cook. etc. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | ||||
1. | apacissa.m | apacissamhaa | apacissa.m | apacissaamhase | |||
2. | apacisse | apacissatha | apacissase | apacissavhe | |||
3. | apacissaa | apacissa.msu | apacissatha | apacissi.msu | |||
Future Participle. | |||||||
Active Voice. | Reflective Voice. | ||||||
Masc. | pacissa.m, pacissanto | pacissamaano, pacissaano | |||||
Fem. | pacissatii, pacissantii | pacissamaanaa, pacissaanaa | |||||
Neut. | pacissa.m, pacissanta.m | pacissamaana.m, pacissaana.m | |||||
Infinitive. | pacitu.m | ||||||
Gerund. | pacitvaa | pacitvaana | pacituuna | paciya | |||
Fut. P.P. | pacitabba | pacaniiya | |||||
P.P.P. | pacita |
Fem. | corayissatii | corayissantii | coressatii. | coressantii. |
Present System. Active Voice | ||||
First form. (base, coraya). | Second form (base, core). | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
1 | corayaami | corayaama. | coremi | corema. |
2 | corayasi | corayatha. | coresi | coretha. |
3 | corayati | corayanti. | coreti | corenti. |
Imperfect. (from base, coraya only). | ||||
Sing. | Plur. | |||
1 | acoraya | acoraya.m | acorayamhaa. | acorayamha. |
2 | acorayo | acorayattha. | ||
3 | acoraya | acorayu. | ||
Imperative. | ||||
First form. (base, coraya). | Second form (base, core). | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
1 | corayaami | corayaama. | coremi | corema. |
2 | corayaahi | corayatha. | corehi | coretha. |
3 | corayatu | corayantu. | coretu | corentu. |
Optative. | ||||
First form. (base, coraya). | Second form (base, core). | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
1 | corayeyyaami | corayeyyaama. | coreyyaami | coreyyaama. |
2 | corayeyyaasi | corayeyyaatha. | coreyyaasi | coreyyaatha. |
3 | corayeyya coraye. | corayeyyu.m | coreyya | coreyyu.m. |
Present Participle | ||||
First form. (base, coraya). | Second form (base, core). | |||
Masc. | coraya.m | corayanto. | corento. | |
Fem. | corayatii | corayantii. | corentii. | |
Neut. | coraya.m | corayanta.m. | corenta.m. | |
Aorist System. | ||||
Aorist. | ||||
First form. (base coraya). | Second form (base core). | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
1 | corayi.m | corayimhaa. corayimha. | coresi.m | coresimhaa coresimha. |
2 | corayi | corayittha. | coresi | coresittha. |
3 | corayi | corayu.m corayi.msu. | coresi | coresu.m coresi.msu. |
Perfect System. | ||||
(The Perfect Tense of these verbs is not generally met with but it would be: cucora, cucore, cucorimha, etc.). | ||||
Perfect Participle Active. | ||||
Base: coraya. | Base: core. | |||
Masc. | corayitavaa, corayitavanto, corayitaavii | coritavaa, coritavanto, coritaavii | ||
Fem. | corayitavatii, corayitavantii, corayitaavinii | coritavatii, coritavantii, coritaavinii | ||
Neut. | corayitava.m, corayitavanta.m, corayitaavi | coritava.m, coritavanta.m, coritaavi | ||
Future System. | ||||
Future. | ||||
First form. (base, coraya). | Second form (baes, core) | |||
1 | corayissaami | corayissaama. | coressaami | coressaama. |
2 | corayissasi | corayissatha. | coressasi. | coressatha. |
3 | corayissati | corayissanti. | coressati | coressanti. |
Conditional. | ||||
First form. (base coraya). | Second form (base core). | |||
1 | acorayissa.m | acorayissamhaa. | ||
2 | acorayisse | acorayissatha. | ||
3 | acorayissaa | acorayissa.msu. | ||
Future Participle. | ||||
Active. | ||||
First form. (base, coraya). | Second form (base, core). | |||
Masc. | corayissa.m | corayissanto | coressa.m. | coressanto. |
Fem. | corayissatii | corayissantii | coressatii. | coressantii. |
Neut. | corayissa.m | corayissanta.m | coressa.m. | coressanta.m. |
Pres. Participle Reflective. | ||||
Masc. | corayamaano | corayaano. | ||
Fem. | corayamaanaa | corayaanaa. | ||
Neut. | corayamaana.m | corayaana.m. | ||
Infinitive. | corayitu.m | coretu.m. | ||
Gerund. | corayitvaa | coretvaa. | ||
P.P.F. | corayitabbo | coretabbo |
525. The Reflective Voice presents no difficulty; it is generally formed on the base in aya:
Reflective. | ||||
Present. | Imperfect. | |||
Sing. | Plur. | Sing. | Plur. | |
1 | coraye | corayaamhe | acoraya.m | acorayaamhase. |
2 | corayase | corayavhe. | acorayase | acorayavha.m. |
3 | corayate | corayante | acorayattha | acorayatthu.m |
Passive Voice
526. The Passive Voice is formed in the usual way by joining ya to the base by means of vowel i lengthened to ii, the final vowel of the base being dropped before ii.
Present. | ||||
Singular | Plural. | |||
1 | coriiyaami | I am robbed | coriiyamaa | we are robbed |
2 | coriiyasi | thou art robbed | coriiyatha | you are robbed |
3 | coriiyati | he is robbed | coriiyanti | they are robbed |
And so on for the other tenses.
527. The Causal and the Denominative Verbs are conjugated exactly like coreti.
528. The following paradigm will familiarize the student with the changes which take place in the principal forms of the Verb:
Root | Special Base | Active | Reflect. | Passive | Causal | Causal Passive |
/pac, to cook | paca | pacati | pacate | paccate, paccati | paaceti, paacaapeti, paacayati, paacaapayati. | paaciyati, paacaapiyati. |
/daa, to give | dadaa | dadaati | dadate | diyate, diyati | daapati, daapaapeti | daapiyati |
/nii, to lead | ne, naya | neti, nayati | nayate | niyate, niyati, niyyati | naayayati, nayaapeti, nayaapayati | nayaapiyati |
/han, to kill | hana | hanati, hanti | hanate | ha~n~nate, ha~n~nati | haneti, hanaapeti, hanayati, hanaapayati | hanaapiyati, hanayiyati |
/khaad, to eat | khaada | khaadati | khaadate | khaajjate, khaajjati | khaadeti, khaadayati, khaadaapeti, khaadaapayati | khaadapiyati, khaadaapiyati |
/lu, to cut | lunaa | lunaati | lunate | luuyate, luuyati | laaveti, laavayati | laaviyati |
/bhuu, to be | bhava | bhavati | bhavate | bhuuyate, bhuuyati | bhaaveti, bhaavayati, bhaavaapeti, bhaavaapayati | bhaaviyati |
/labh, to get | labha | labhati | labhate | labbhate, labbhati | labheti, labhayati, labhaapeti, labhaapayati | labhaapiyati |
/su, to hear | su.naa, su.no | su.naati, su.noti | su.nate | suuyate, suuyati | saaveti, su.napeti | saaviyati |
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