Hi there,

"Here below are extract from Conrector's example of verb's
conjugation [year 1859: RjettritunarReglur]."

I was emphasizing that concept "simple form of Voice Passive" was in
usage by learned Icelanders in 19. hundred century.

Kallaðu, kalla þú, Þú skalt kalla, ,, examples of free expression.

The problem of not having conformed (standard) orthography was in
the year 1859 as always before.

I admit in the extract I spelled ðs in stead of z in book.
It is also obvious to my after reading Snorra Eddu Vol.II with the
especial observation of the minuscules that. The Glyphs presented by
(e)ð, (e)t, e(dd), (e)tt serve amongst other things as functions of
time. And as they were censured more or less may some one could
symbolize t as k, who knows.
enn (still) end(end) (h)ent out of (hand).

When "að" is blunt sound "at" at is sharp sound. If it is against
clerical interests [the pope] to make literary distinguishing.
We make just "at" for both "að" and "at", as native can figure that
out as I do to day. "Gera at" means as proverb to teasing.
I'm not an hole, tee-a-sing or gera að to operate.
What do you know about former censorship?
The sound-glyph matters more the vision-glyph under censorship.


Icelandic "rú" rimes perfectly with Swedish "ro" and the morphems
are in etymological harmony.
ró of rú (derivation) and does not rime at all with Swedish "ro".
You figure that out. ró=roú as in (rain)bow or the encircled ú.
From rú comes rua in Portuguese.

Falo in Portuguguese rimes with Icelanding spelling falú.

Scopo Or skopu depends on if the alphabet loyal to sounds as
as "vorar tryggði" or what sounds it is reflecting.

Thanks Uoden

--- In norse_course@yahoogroups.com, "llama_nom" <600cell@...> wrote:
>
>
> The paradigm of the verb 'kalla' that was posted here last night
> contains a number of odd features which are not part of the modern
> Icelandic language, and aren't familiar to me from medieval texts.
> For example, the 3rd person indicative and subjunctive plural forms
> seem to be the wrong way round, the 2nd/3rd person singular
indicative
> 'kallar' has been printed in place of the imperative singular:
> 'kalla', 'kallaðu' (=kalla + þú). And u-umlaut is missing in the
2nd
> and 3rd person plural past tense, where we would
expect: 'kölluðuð',
> 'kölluðu', etc.
>
> I would suggest that anyone trying to learn Icelandic / Old Norse
verb
> conjugations look elsewhere. You can find the early Old
> Norse/Icelandic paradigm for 'kalla' here:
>
> http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/norol-9-
R.html#Nor09_GP41
>
> And the Modern Icelandic paradigm here:
>
> http://www.lexis.hi.is/beygingarlysing/so/vb/kalla.html
>
> In fact you can use this site to check the inflections of other
Modern
> Icelandic words [
http://www.lexis.hi.is/beygingarlysing/ ]. 'leita'
> = "search". A useful list of Modern Icelandic grammatical terms:
> http://www2.hu-
berlin.de/bragi/b3/tho/b3tho_17_malfraediheiti_fs.htm
>
> Over the course of the middle ages, verbal inflections changed, so
> that late medieval texts show many features of the modern paradigm,
> e.g. the use of indicative forms in place of the subjunctive, and
3rd
> person forms for the 1st person. The middle voice endings in
> particular have gone through a lot of changes, sk > z > zt, zst,
> before the modern 'st' became common in the 16th century. In the
1st
> person of the middle voice, 'ek köllumk' very early appeared with
the
> same form as the plural, 'ek köllumsk', which was soon brought into
> line with the rest of the singular: 'ek kallask', hence the
modern 'ég
> kallast'.
>
> If this sounds daunting, don't worry. The texts we're using have
been
> normalised, whether to an early Old Icelandic standard (as in the
case
> of Gordon's text of Hrafnkels saga) or to a modern standard (as in
the
> case of this text of Njáls saga that we're looking at now). So the
> textbook paradigms should be sufficient.
>
> Okay, that might still seem like a lot of inflections to learn, but
> it's not as bad as it looks. You can split up the task and
> concentrate on learning these tables a little bit at a time. When
you
> know one section of the paradigm, the rest becomes easier as you
start
> to see the patterns. For the purpose of reading sagas, you don't
need
> to know the tables off by heart, just to be able to recognise verb
> forms when you find them.
>
> It can be a useful excercise to compare the old and modern standard
> paradigms, and take note of where they differ. They're almost the
> same, but note:
>
> 1st pl. subjunctive, kallim > köllum
> 1st sg. past indicative/subjunctive, kallaða > kallaði
>
> And the past plural subjunctive forms kallaðim, kallaðið, kallaði
have
> now become the same as the indicative: kölluðum, kölluðuð, kölluðu.
>