> However earlier I have argued that the word ‘zarkara’
> (=sugar/brown sugar) is derived from ‘karkara’ via
> ‘carkara’. This is another example for similar change –
> ka > ca.
I can't agree w this particular example. In:
krokále: = pebble G; çárkara:- = gravel/grit/pebbles AV S;
sakkhara:- = sugar Pa:;
an exact corr. is seen from IE * kYrókala: (w earlier accent
seen in króke: = pebble G; which must shift forward in Greek
due to final long V).
This must be kept separate for now from those from IE * k- :
karkara- = hard/firm S;
karkaça- = hard/firm/rough/harsh S;
which go w:
kraterós \ karterós = strong G; * kar.tina- > kat.hina =
rough/harsh/stiff Pa:;
(also showing met. in kra- / kar-)
w the same range of meaning as (related):
hardus Go; hard E; kratús = strong G; karcr = hard Ar;
none of which show kY > cY > c^ / s^ / s / etc.
From IE to In-Ir there are apparent cases in which kY > cY
did not occur, now mostly seen in loans. Apart from Bangani,
there is:
kraggó:n = crab G; horn = horn/corner ON; corn = drinking
horn OIr; çr,´Nga- = horn S; surùng = horn Khow;
kuluNgá-s / kulaNgá-s / kuraNga-s = antelope S;
(w horn/horned animal in both:
çr,´Nga- = horn S; {kraNgó:n} kraggó:n = crab G;
surùng = horn Khow; ? >> kuluNgá-s = antelope S;
)
However, going beyond currently accepted corr., the oddity
of:
krókai \ krókkai (p) Hsch = pebbles G;
makes:
króke: \ krokále: = pebble G;
kókkos = kernel/grain/seed, kókkalos = kernel of a pine
cone G;
seem to indicate older:
*
krókka: \ krókkala:
kókkos \ kókkalos
perhaps from
*
króxka: \ króxkala:
kórxkos \ kórxkalos
and if:
sosna = pine Slav; kókkalos = kernel of a pine cone G;
is valid it leaves open the possibility of xY and met.
(already seen in met. of r) with kxY > kx or kYxY , etc.