PREAMBLE: IE. reconstructions are usually the result of
etymological analysis and research into later attested words. But these words
are based exclusively on IE data while ignoring the full range of the isogloss
when it extends into non-related languages. Because of this procedure, the field
of Indo European reconstructed linguistics is sometimes the home of many
controversies and disagreements.
This is more evident if the data is extended to cover attested
written work in ancient (or extinct) non Indo-European languages.
Whether this is done by design or is simply the result of an
unintended oversight, IE linguists are still confident that
they have reconstructed the Proto-Indo-European with reasonable certainty.
This goes without saying, despite the lack of
attested written records at the time when this word would have been spoken in
any Indo-European language.
The following PIE
* bhendh- and its
various pertinent IE data are examples which
illustrates the problem:
"Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch
Pokorny
Master PIE Etyma
127 bhendh-IE to tie,
bind
band (v)1520s, "to bind or fasten;" also "to join in a company,"
from band (1) and (2) in various
noun senses, and partly from Fr. bander. The meaning
"to affix an ID band to (a wild animal, etc.)" is attested from 1914. Related:
Banded; banding.
band (1) "a flat strip," also "something that binds," a merger of
two words, ultimately from the same source. In the sense "that by which someone
or something is bound," it is attested from early 12c., from O.N. band "thin strip that ties or constrains," from P.Gmc.
*bindan, from PIE *bendh- "to bind" (cf. Goth bandi "that which binds; Skt. bandhah "a tying, bandage," source of bandana; M.Ir. bainna
"bracelet;" (see bend, bind) Most of the figurative senses of this word have passed
into bond (q.v.), which
originally was a phonetic variant of band.
From Old English bindan, from Proto-Germanic
*bindanan (compare West Frisian bine, Dutch/German binden),
from Proto-Indo-European *bhendh- 'to tie' (compare Welsh benn
'cart', Latin offendix 'knot, band', Lithuanian beñdras 'partner', Ancient Greek
peîsma 'cable, rope', Sanskrit badhnati 'he binds').
bend From Middle English benden, from
Old English bendan (to bind or bend (a bow), fetter, restrain), from
Proto-Germanic *bandijanan (to bend), from
Proto-Indo-European *bhendh- (to bind, tie). Cognate with
Middle High German benden (to fetter), Danish bænde (to bend), Icelandic
benda (to bend). More at band.
bend, bendan band bundum bundana binden. g. bindan; an. binda batt; as. bindan, afries. binda, ags. bindan, engl. bind; ahd. bintan, pintan, mhd. nhd. binden. Vgl. gr. [pei=sma] Tau (aus *[penqsma]). - lat. offendimentum Band. - lit. beñdras Teilnehmer. - ir. bés Sitte (aus bhendh-tu-). - skr. bandh, badhnati binden.
BAND,
n. pl. bönd, [binda; Ulf. bandi,
O. H. G. pfand,
whence the mod. Dan. pant;
N. H. G. band; Engl. band and bond;
Dan. baand.]
I.
prop. in sing. any
kind
of
band; mjótt band, a
thin
cord,
Edda 20, Grág. ii. 119. a
yarn
of
wool,
v. bandvetl- ingar. .
metaph. a
bond,
obligation;
lausn ok b. allra vandamála, Fms. v. 248, Bs. i. 689. II.
in pl. also, 1.
bonds,
fetters,
Lat. vincula;
í
böndum, in
vinculis,
Bs. i. 190, Fms. ii. 87, 625. 95: theol., synda bönd, 656 A; líkams bönd, Blas. 40. 2.
a
bond,
confederacy;
ganga í bönd ok eið, to
enter
into
a
bond
and
oath,
Band. 22; cp. hjónaband, marriage;
handaband, a
shaking
of
hands,
etc. 3.
poët, the
gods,
cp. hapt; of
providence
ruling and uniting the world, Hkm. 10; banda vé, the
temples,
Hkr. i. 204; at mun banda, at
the
will
of
the
gods,
210; vera manu bönd í landi, the
gods
(i. e. lares
tutelares)
are
present
in
the
land,
Bs. i. 10; gram reki bönd af löndum, Eg. (in a verse); blóta bönd, to
worship
the
gods;
vinr banda, the
friend
of
the
gods;
bönd ollu því, the
gods
ruled
it,
Haustl.; vide Lex. Poët.,