Re: Pekkanen on Sitones

>
> As for Sithones, en.wikipedia says:
>
> <<Sithones (Greek: Σίθωνες) is the name of a Thracian tribe[1].
>
> References
>
> 1. ^ The central Balkan tribes in pre-Roman times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians,ISBN-9025607934,
> page 69, by Fanula Papazoğlu, 1978, "were directed against the
> Thracian coast. The Greeks came into contact with the ...
> says that "the outstanding Thracian tribes were the Sithones">>
>
> Is this a mistake?

Detschew
Die thrakischen Sprachreste

'σίθωνες, Sithonii, Sithones, Stamm südlich von Olynthos auf den beiden Halbinseln der Chalkidike Pallene (jetzt Kassandra) und Sitho­nia (jetzt Longos);
σίθων (gen. σίθωνος und σίθονος), Sithon dessen Heros eponymos;
σιθωνίη, σιθωνία, σιθονία dessen Land mit der angeblichen Stadt Sithone;
σιθώνιος, σιθόνιος, Sithonius, σιθωνίς, σιθονίς, Sithŏnis, die dazugehörigen Adjektiva;
Sitoni, Sithonia gens, derselbe Stamm, der angeblich an der Küste des Pontos wohnte.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sithonia


- 1.
Conon. narr. 32: βασιλε`υς δ` `η~ν ´ο κλι~τος σώφρων κα`ι δίκαιος σιθώνων θρα,κίου `έθνους.
Strab. 7, frg. 11: `ηδωνο`ι δ`ε κα`ι βισάλται τ`ην λοιπ`ην μέχρι στρυμόνος. ´ω~ν ο´ι μ`εν α`υτ`ο του~το προσ­ηγορεύοντο βισάλται, `ηδωνω~ν δ` ο´ι μ`εν μιγδόνες, ο´ι δ`ε +`ήδωνες (Appar. crit. `ώδονεσ?), ο´ι δ`ε σίθωνες. τούτων δ`ε πάντων ο´ι `αργεάδαι καλούμενοι κατέστησαν κύριοι - - - `επη~λθον δ`ε κα`ι χαλκιδει~ς ο´ι `εν ε`υβοία, `επ`ι τ`ην τω~ν σιθώνων κα`ι συνώκισαν πόλεις `εν α`υτη,~ περ`ι τριά­κοντα, `εξ ´ω~ν ´ύστερον `εκβαλλόμενοι συνη~ληον ε`ις μίαν ο´ι πλείονς α`υτω~ν, ε`ις τ`ην `όλυνθον.
Schol. in Dion. Per. 323: `άρχονται (ο´ι θρήϊκες) μ`εν `απ`ο μακεδονίας ´ομου~ κα`ι παιονίας. κα`ι παρατείνουσιν `άχρι σκυυίας, ο`ικου~σι δ`ε τ`α μ`εν ´ήμερα μακεδόνες, τ`α δ`ε τραχέα σκύθαι. `επιφανη~ δ`ε `έθνη ε`ισ`ι σιθωνες, τριβαλλοι, βίστονες κα`ι τ`α ´όμοια.
Lycophr. 1406: α´ί τε σιθώνων πλάκες παλληνία τ` `άρουρα.
Hor. carm. 1, 18, 9: monet Sithoniis non levis Euhius.
Ovid. Fasti 3, 719: Sithŏnas (als Adjektiv) et Scythicos - - - narrare triumphos.


- 2.
Conon. narr. 10: ´ως σίθων ´ο ποσειδω~νος κα`ι `όσσης, ´ο τη~ς θρα,κίας χερρονήσου βασιλεύς, γεννα,~ θυγατέρα παλλήνην `εκ μενδηίδος νύμφησ· ´`ην πολλω~ν μνηστευομένων `α~θλον `έκειτο τω,~ μάχη, κρατήσαντι σίθωνος κα`ι τ`ην κόρην `έχειν κα`ι τήν βασιλείαν.
Parth. narr. 6: λέγεται <γ`ε> κα`ι σίθωνα, τ`ον `οδομάντων βασιλέα γεννη~σαι θυγατέρα παλλήνην, καλήν τε κα`ι `επίχαριν.
Nonn.
48, 218: ο`ύ σε διδάξω σιθόνος `εχθρ`ον `έρωτα;
48, 185: βάκχος - - - σιθόνα μ`εν πρήνιξε;
48, 226: σιθόνος ο`υ μεθέπεις χθόνιον γένος.
Eust. zu Dion. Per. 327: παλλήνη, πόλις θρά,κης, `απ`ο παλλήνης θυγατρ`ος σίθων`ος.
Steph. Byz. 497, 12: παλλήνη πόλις θρά,κης, `απ`ο παλλήνης τη~ς σίθωνος μ`εν θυγατρ`ος κλείτου δ`ε γυναι­κός, ´ως ´ηγήσιππος `εν τοι~ς παλληνιακοι~ς.
Gellius 14, 6, 4: Thracia ante Sithon dicta est.
Ovid. Metam. 4, 280: ambiguus fuerit modo vir, modo femina Sithon.

- 3.
Hdt. 7, 122: `έπλεε `απιέμενος `ες τ`ον θερμαά~ον κόλπον, κάμπτων δ`ε `άμπελον τ`ην τορωναίην `άκρην παρα­μείβετο `ελληνίδας τάσδε πόλις, `εκ τω~ν νέας τε κα`ι στρατι`ην παρε­λάμβανε, τορώνην, γαληψόν, σερμύλην, μηκνβερναν, `όλυνθον· ´η μέν νυν χώρη α´ύτη σιθωνίη καλέεται.
Steph. Byz.
491, 16: `όλυνθος, πό­λις θρά,κης πρ`ος τη,~ σιθωνία τη~ς μακεδονίασ;
441, 19: μελανδία, χώρα σιθωνίας. θεόπομπος τριακοστω,~ τρίτω, φιλιππικω~ν.
Schol. zu Lycophr.
495: σιθονίη, (nach Euphorion).
Conon. narr. 4: κα`ι βράγγας ´ο `αδελφ`ος πολλ`α κατολοφυρόμενος τ`ην συμφορ`αν `όλυνθον, ´ω~περ `ετελεύτησε τόπω, θάπτει, ε`ις σιθονίαν δ`ε `αφικόμενος πόλιν `έκτισεν ε`υδαίμονα κα`ι μεγάλην, `όλννθον α`υτ`ην `απ`ο τον παιδ`ος `ονομάσας.
Plin. ΝH 4, 38: Acanthus, Stagira, Sithone.

- 4.
Steph. Byz. 566, 14: σιθωνία, μέρος θρά,κης, τ`ο `εθνικ`ον σιθώνιος κα`ι σιθωνίη.
Nonn.
2, 220: σιθωνίης χιονώδεος `αρχ`ος `αρούρησ;
37, 159: σιθονίην ´άρπυιαν;
48, 113: σιθονίς - - - κούρη;
22, 179: σιθωνίδι λόγχη,;
13, 336: σιθωνίδα νύμφην.
Verg. Ecl. 10, 66: Sīthŏniasque nives.
Hor. carm. 3, 26, 10: Memphin carentem Sīthŏnia nive.
Ovid. Metam. 6, 588: Sīthŏniae celebrare nurus;
Heroid. 11, 13: Ille Noto Zephy­roque et Sīthonio Aquiloni imperat;
Am. 3, 7, 8: bracchia Sithonia candidiora nive;
Heroid. 2, 6: Sithŏnis unda.

- 5.
Plin. NH 4, 41: aversa eius (= Haenai) et in Histrum devexa Moesi, Getae, Aedi, Scaugdae, Clariaeque et sub iis Arraei Sarmatae quos Areates vo­cant, Scythaeque et circa Ponti litora Moriseni Sithonique, Orphei vatis genitores, optinent.
Bolin. 10, 8: Ponticum litus Sithonia gens obtinet, quae natio ibi Orpheo vate inter principes iudicatur, quem sive sacrorum sive cantuum secreta in Sperchivo promuntorio agi­tasse tradunt.
Mart. Cap. 6, 656: Pontum Sithonia gens habet, quae gloriam Orphei progeniti vatis perfectione sortita est; nam in Sperchio promuntorio ille vitam aut sacris impendit aut fidibus.

Die bei Plin. ΝH 4, 41 erwähnten Sitoni gehören wohl in die Chalkidike, wie dies ganz richtig von WT. Thr. I 37 bemerkt worden ist. Dasselbe gilt auch von der bei Solin, 10, 8 und Mart. Cap. 6, 656 erwähnten Sithonia gens.'


and

'γαλαιοι Stamm an der kikonischen Küste;
γαλλαϊκή dessen Gebiet.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicones

-1. Meritt, Athen. trib. 1, 252-253: γαλαιοι (436-421 vor Chr.).

-2. Hdt 7, 108: ´η δ`ε χώρη α´ύτη (bei Mesembria am Ägäischen Meere) πάλαι μεν `εκαλέετο γαλλαϊκή, νυ~ν δ`ε βριαντική.
WT. Thr. Ι 43 vergleicht γαληψός an der sithonischen und edonischen Küste und γαλλήσιον `όρος und πόλις `εφέσου Strab. 14, 1, 27 und Steph. Byz. 197, 19. Zur Wz. gal-, bzw. ghal- in abr. gal „Macht, Können", abg. golĕm „groß, hoch".
Galatum, siehe κάλλατις.

γάληψος, Galepsus Ort
mit Einwohnern γαλήψιοι.
-1. Stadt zwischen Torone und Sermylia in Sithonia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galepsus
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torone
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sermylia

Hdt 7, 122: (´ο ναυτικός στρατός) παραμείβετο τάσδε πόλις, `εκ τω~ν νέας τε κα`ι στρατιήν παρελάμβανε, τορώνην, γαληψόν, σερμύλην, μηκύβερναν, `όλυνθον· ´η μ`εν νυ~ν χώρη α´ύτη σιθωνίη καλέεται.

-2. Edonische Veste gegenüber Thasos nahe an Oisyme.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thasos
Steph. Byz. 197, 11: γαληψός, πόλις θρά,κης και παιάνων, ´εκαται~ος ε`υρώπη,. θουκυδίδης τετάρτη, (c. 107) ´ετέραν λέγει 'κα`ι γαληψ`ος ο`υ πολλω,~ ´ύστερον κα`ι ο`ισύμη.' - - - ´ο πολίτης γαλήψιος.
Thuc. 5, 6, 1: ´ο δ`ε κλέων - - - γαληψ`ον δ`ε τ`ην θασίων `αποκίαν λαμβάνει κατ`α κράτος.
Harpokr.: γαληψόσ· `αντιφω~ν κατ`α λαισποδίου, πόλις θρά,κης, ´ως ο´ι τ`ας περιόδους γεγραφότες φασίν. `ωνομάσθη δ`ε `απ`ο γαληψου~ του~ `εκ θάσου κα`ι τηλέφης, ´ως μαρσύας ´ο νεώτερος `εν πέμπτω, μακεδονιχω~ν.
Strab. 7 frg. 35: ε`ι~τα γαληψ`ς κα`ι `απολλωνία, κατεσκαμμέναι ´υπ`ο φιλίππου.
Hesych. γάμψηλοι (d. h. γάληψος), πόλις μαχεδονίας.
Meritt. Athen. trib. 1, 252-253: γαληψιοι (454-417 vor Chr.).
Liv. 44, 45, 14:. (accus.) Galepsum.

Kaum richtig vergleicht Jokl EKL 13, 294 die preußische Landschaft Galindo und lit. gãlas „Ende" und deutet den ON als „der am Ende, an der Küste be­findliche Ort".

γαλλαϊκή, siehe γαλαιοι.'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OdrysianKingdom.jpg

*gal- and *sithon- recurs among the Northern Bastarnae. We may tentatively conclude that this Thracian tribe was identical to the Bastarnian one.


Pekkanen
The Ethnic Origin of the Î"ουλοσπόροι
pp. 89-93
'In the latter group of six names, the chances of identification with the Sithones are better. This group has been located immediately to the east of the former, its southern boundary being formed by the Mountains of the Peucini (τ`α πενκιν`α `όρη). Since Tacitus locates the Sithones between the Aestii and the Peucini, and the Ptolemaic γαλίνδαι, σουδινοί, στανανοί, `Ιγυλλίωνες, κοιστοβω~κοι, τρανσμοντανοί dwell ´υπ`ο το`υς ο`υενέδας - μέχρι τω~ν πευκινω~ν `ορέων, there is every reason to suppose that at least some of the Ptolemaic tribes are represented by the Sithones - provided that we accept Senn's well-founded view of the identity of the ο`υενέδαι and the Aestii. It must, however, be admitted that the Ptolemaic tribes in question may also partly be included with the Venethi, whom Tacitus mentions as northern neighbours of the Peucini. In these circumstances the connection of the southern tribes in this group with the Sithones remains rather hypothetical, but the probability of identity becomes the greater the closer we come to the baltic shore occupied by the Aestii - ο`υενέδαι, for this is the geographical starting point of both Tacitus and Ptolemy. This means that among the six Ptolemaic tribes the γαλίνδαι is the one more likely to belong to the Sithones than the others, whereas the inland tribes of σουδινοί, στανανοί, `Ιγνλλίω­νες, κοιστοβω~κοι, τρανσμοντανοί may have been either unknown to Tacitus or included by him with the Venethi.

It seems to me that the identity of the γαλίνδαι with the northernmost part of the Sithones, made plausible by the geographical order of Ptolemy com­pared with that of Tacitus, is supported by other facts concerning these two groups. It was established above that the Tacitean words Hic Suebiae finis were written across the map he used to indicate the eastern frontier of Suebia occupied by the Sithones.3 Now the Ptolemaic name γαλίνδαι is in all pro­bability identical with that of the Galindite, the Galindians,4 mentioned in 1326 by Peter of Dusburg, the chronicler of the Teutonic Order.1 In the Lau­rentian and Hypatian texts of the earliest native Russian chronicle, the Galindians appear in 1058 and 1147 in the Slavic form Goljad'.2 The etymo­logy of this name is explained by the Lithuanian word galas, 'end', and it has been translated as 'people of the frontier' ('Grenzbewohner', 'Grenzleute', 'Markmanner').3 The eastern Galindians were so named because they were the Baltic tribe farthest to the east. The western Galindians, with whom the Ptolemaic γαλίνδαι are identical, had the same name because they lived farthest to the west of the Prussian tribes.4 The western frontier of the Prussians, occupied by the γαλίνδαι, is naturally identical with the eastern frontier of Suebia, Suebiae finis, on which the Sithones were living, a fact which gives strong support to the presumed identity of these two groups. It has been suggested that the name Sithones might be derived from the German *sīðōn-'side', 'edge' ('Seite', 'Rand') and be translated as 'inhabitants of the seashore' ('Küstenbewohner').5 I think it might equally be possible to take the German word in the sense of 'side', 'border' and to translate Sithones as 'inhabitants of the border', which would be equivalent to γαλίνδαι. The name of the Sithones, if we take it to be a German one, might in that case be a translation of the Prussian name of the Galindians. Nor is the fact that the Sithones were said to have been ruled by a woman (femina dominatur) in any way incon­sistent with the above considerations. On the contrary, this decidedly con­firms the assumption that the Galindians belonged to them, for even among the latter, according to Peter of Dusburg,6 there was quaedam domina, que se­cundum ritum ipsorum sacra et prophetissa reputabatur, ad cujus imperium hujus terre facta singula regebantur. The fact that the γαλίνδαι, belonged to the Sithones is also supported by archaeological evidence. As the Romans never came into political or military contact with most of the tribes mentioned in Tac. Germ. 43-46, it is generally agreed that Tacitus' information about them must for the most part have been derived from the reports of merchants engaged in the amber trade, who traversed the route from Carnuntum to the mouth of the Vistula and Samland.1 The fact that Tacitus mentions the Sithones immedi­ately after his long account of amber may, at least to some extent, be due to their connection with amber. This is also suggested by their geographical position between the Aestii and the Peucini. Viewing matters from this stand­point it may be noticed that Ed. Šturms has connected the so-called Masurian-Germanic culture (in 550 - 570 A.D.) with the western Galindians, who according to him were »anscheinend eine Vereinigung fahrender Kaufleute, die, zunächst auf die ausgiebigen Bernsteingruben im eigenen Lande gestützt, im Laufe der Zeit den Bernsteinhandel Ostpreussens an sich gerissen haben, hierfür die Streuung ihrer Volksgenossen in Ost- und Mitteleuropa effektiv ausnützend».2 On the other hand, E. Petersen holds the view that the amber trade between the Prussian coast and Southern Europe was carried on by the Bastarnae.3 One might, of course, presume that the trade was formerly car­ried on by the Bastarnae and later taken over by the Galindians. Since the Sithones, however, being identical with the Sidones of Strabo, also represent the northern group of the Bastarnae, I think the view of Petersen coincides with that of Šturms. By placing the γαλίνδαι among the tribes of the Sithones, we may conclude that the amber merchants, at one period Bastarnae, at another Galindians, were actually of the same group in both periods: the amber trade was not taken over by the Galindians from the Bastarnae, but the γαλίνδαι of Ptolemy, part of the Sithones, already represented the northern group of the amber-trading Bastarnae. These conclusions give a most in­teresting approach to the much disputed problem of the ethnic origin of the Bastarnae, to be more closely examined in the last chapter.

The next Ptolemaic tribe after the γαλίνδαι, the σονδινοί (var. σουδηνοί), are generally considered identical with the Prussian Sudovians (Sudowite), mentioned by Peter of Dusburg among the neighbours of the Galindians.4 Their belonging to the Sithones remains a hypothesis based solely on their geographical position. We do not know what the bond of union between the different tribes of the Sithones was. The most plausible hypothesis is that it was at least to some extent of a religious nature.1 A common cult in itself does not necessarily imply the use of the same language, although this use naturally facilitates and promotes the spread of religious ideas. From this point of view, it is probable that among the Sithones there were other tribes that spoke the same language as the Galindians. The Ptolemaic names γαλίνδαι and σουδινοί show that Prussian tribes had had their own individual names at a very early period. Peter of Dusburg mentions ten of them and, apart from the Galindite and Sudowite, also includes the Pomesani, Pogesani, Warmienses, Nattangi, Sambite, Nadrowite, Scalowite, and Barthi with the Prussians.2 It is quite possible that some of these groups already existed in Tacitus' time, although the Sudovians and Galindians are the only individual Prussian tribes that we know by name from the ancient sources. In these circumstances, it cannot be denied that, besides the Galindians, the Sudovians and even other Prussian tribes, enumerated by Peter of Dusburg, may also have been among the tribes of the Sithones.

The third Ptolemaic tribe in the group, whose identity with the Sithones is suggested by their geographical position, is the σταυανοί (var. σταύανοι, σταυα~νοι, σταυ~νοι). This otherwise unknown name has been corrected by Šafařík to στλαυανοί or σλανανοί and connected with the σκλαβηνοί (< slo­věne),3 the name of the Slavs, known for the first time from Pseudo-Caesa­rius, who wrote in the beginning of the sixth century.4 Šafařík also thinks that Ptol. Geog. 6, 14, 9 σουοβηνοί is a transferred repetition of the same name. His suggestion, however, is disapproved of by Müllenhoff, who considers the σταυανοί an otherwise unknown Baltic tribe.5 Even Diels considers the views of Šafařík untenable, and writes as follows: »,Slaven' werden mit Sicherheit erst am Beginn des 6. Jh. genannt. . . Dass schon Kl. Ptolemaios (100-170 n. C.) den Namen gekannt und genannt habe, is eine blosse Vermutung, die im einen Falle eine Verderbnis des Textes (σταυανοί), im anderen (σουοβηνοί) einen groben Irrtum über die Sitze der S. voraussetzen lässt».6 In his work Die slavischen Völker (1963) Diels does not even mention these Ptolemaic names. Yet as late as 1952 Schütte undertook to defend the theory of the Slavonic origin of the σταυανοί.1 If we accept this hypothesis and at the same time also consider the στανανοί a Sithonian group, the conclusion would be that the Sithones, who represented the northern group of the Bastarnae, consisted of both Baltic and Slavonic tribes. Reflections of this kind in this connection are rather hypothetical, but in the light of the evidence presented in the last two chapters of this book they may not be wholly unjustified.'



Torsten