> we are looking for PIE languages
>
> ****GK: There are no "PIE" languageS. There is just
> (reconstructed} PIE. What comes after is a slew of IE
> languages and dialects.****
Ok maybe I should write IE languages
PIE languages convey the same meaning.
A.F
>
>> between Celtic, Italic and
>> Balto-slavic.
>> Germanic being a family coming from somewhere else
>> far away,
>
> ****GK: No convincing proof has ever been provided for
> this oft-reiterated assertion.****
>
=====================
I will summarize my point of view about Germanic
Western PIE means Italic + Celtic.
1. Declension
Genitive -i: : Latin vir-i = Irish *wir-i:
Ablative plural : -is, -ibus
Nothing like that exists in Germanic.
2. Verbal apophony
Eastern PIE shows a clear use of *e, *o, *zero in verb paradigms.
Western PIE has vowel length or reduplication.
So far, I have never seen any examples of verbal *o in Italic or Celtic.
And I believe the Saussure-Hirt Law does not apply to Western PIE.
Germanic sides east.
3. Preglottalization
Western PIE kept post-glottalization but Eastern became pre-glottalized.
Example :
*bhel-H2-k "beam"
Gaulish *bala:kon
SKrt bhur-i-jau < -H-g-
Greek phalan-g-s
Latin ful-c-io
Germanic *balk- presupposes k < g < ?-k
Germanic sides east.
4. Kartvelian LWs
*sajwa "sea" < zGva
*sa:l "room" < saxli "house"
Igel "hedgehog" < zGar(bi)
Ziege "goat" < dzixgi
Cf. Indic substrate cha:ga "goat"
Kartvelian LWs exists in Greek, Armenian, Germanic, Balto-Slavic,
Indo-iranian.
So far, I know of no Kartvelian LWs in Western PIE or Tocharian.
Germanic sides East.
5. Yenissei LWs
*hu:s "house" < PY xu?s
*dannwo "fir-tree" < PY *dinnje
Germanic sides far-east.
6. Tibetan LWs
pig = Tib phag
rib = rtsib
ride = Cf. rta "horse"
Germanic sides far-east.
Cf. message 50 147,
soft < *s-nab-
Cf. message 50 763,
Cf. 49 702
7. Early PU LWs
hand < *komt-i
hunt < *kunda
Unclear
s-kip = Vogul xaap, kaap
8. Dialectal structure
the north to south structure of German dialects points at an intrusion from
the East.
Intrusion from the North is precluded.
9. The richness of the vocabulary related to horses in Germanic is an
indication that proto-Germanic-speakers took an active part in the horse
domestication.
Cf. mar-ko < LW of Asiatic *mor-(?)-
Cf. colt a non IE word existing in Sanscrit and Germanic.
Germanic sides far-east.
10. Tocharian
Norse skalm = Tocharian kolm "boat"
Standard PIE was *neH2w (Cf. SAlish s-nexw-el)
How do you account for that, M. Knysh ?
On account of Germanic affinities within the IE family, and of the LWs from
Kartvelian, Early Uralic, Yenissei and Tibetan,
Where do you put proto-Germanic on a map ? M. Knysh ?
Another question :
What do you call "convincing proof" ?
A.F