_ mid tone
$ syllable
r, syllabic r
r. retroflex r
kY palatalized k
x velar fricative
xY/x/xW = H1 / H2 / H3
In most positions IE x(Y/W), > a in PGer indicating
an earlier merger x(Y/W), > x,; but between syllables
x(Y/W), > -syllabic > 0 as in Baltic, Slavic, and
Iranian.
However, in some words it seems x() remained between
syllables and became u or i depending on the
environment.
When next to KY, x,>xY, so later xY, > e > i.
When next to K, x, > u. However, also after r.
Since I've already described why I believe PIE had
only retroflex r. and a whole retro. series this also
indicates that x, > u after any dental+retro.
Rules:
x(Y/W), > x,
x, > xY, / KY$_ or _$KY
x, > u / K$_
x, > u / T.$_
x, > 0 / C$_$C
xY, > e
x, > a
Examples:
kónx,mó+
kónx,mo+
kónmo+
kánma+
kámma+
xámma+
hamma 'ham, shank' OHG
gYh(e_)lxW,t.ó+
gYhl_,xWt.ó+
gYhl_,xWt.o+
gYhl_,t.o+
gYhl',t.o+
gYhúlt.o+
etc
gYúlþa+
gulþ 'gold' Goth.
bYh(e_)r.gYxY,w+
bYh(e_)r.xY,gYu+
bYhe_r.xY,gYu+
bYhe_r.x,gYu+
bYhe_r.xY,gYu+
bYhér.xY,gYu+
bYhér.egYu+
etc
bYír.ikYu+
birihha 'birch' OHG
me_gYx,ló+
me_gYx,lo+
me_gYxY,lo+
mégYxY,lo+
mégYelo+'
etc
míkYila+
mikils 'great' Goth.
xàn.x,s xàn.x,t+
xàn.x,t+
xàn.ut+
xán.ut+
etc
án.ud+
anut 'duck' OHG
kY(e_)r.x,fr.ó:n. -r.,n.+
kYe_r.x,fr.,n.+
kYe_r.x,fn.+ (dissim.)
kYe_r.ufn.+
kYér.ufn.+
kYér.usn.+
etc
xYír.uz.n.(an.)+
hirni 'brain' OHG
xWo_LkxY,n.ó+
xWo_Lkx,n.yó+
xWo_Lkx,n.yo+
xWo_Lkun.yo+
xWo_Lun.yo+
xWóLun.yo+
xWóLuin.o+
etc
áluin.a+
aleina 'ell' Goth.
Further, there are no known cases of kW $ x, > kW $
xW,>o (since o>a later it wouldn't be visible). It's
also possible final -x,s > -x,s. > -us. > -uz and so
on but the evidence isn't certain.
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