S-STEMS
50. "shoulder, arm"
Skt, dó:s. (n.), G. dos.n.ás, Av. daos^, OIr. doë (*dousn.t-s), G. doat, Latv.
pa-duse, Slov. pâzduha, OCS pazucha.
Not an s-stem, but an n(t)-stem.
ST(R) *dá:ws-an(t)-(z) **da:ws-án(t)-a(:)s > *dóusr./*dousn.ts, *déusn(o)s
51. "barley"
Lat. far, farris; fari:na, Goth. bariz-eins, ON barr, OCS bras^ino, Grk.
Perse:phone: (?)
ST(R) **bhá:rs, **bha:rs-ás > *bhórs (*bhárs), *bhérs(e)s
A-vocalism in Latin not entirely clear. If the Greek name belongs here,
probably a static root noun.
52. "dawn"
Skt. us.á:s, G. us.ásas; ús., G. us.ás, Av. us^å:, Grk. e:ó:s, a:ó:s, eó:s, Lat.
auro:ra, Lith. aus^rà, We. gwawr, MIr. fáir, OCS u(s)tro.
Two originally distinct formations:
AD **xáws-as-s, **xaws-ás-âs > *h2áuss, *h2ussós
COLL **xaws-á:s-x, **xaws-a:s-ás > *h2usó:s, *h2uséss,
for the most part merged as *h2áuso:s, *h2usós.
53. "ear"
Av. du. us^i, Arm. unkn, pl. (< du.) akanj^k`, Grk. ô:s, âus, ôus, G. oúatos,
Alb. vesh (*o:s), Lat. auris, auricula, OIr. áu, ó, Goth. auso:, OE e:are, Lith.
ausìs, OCS uxo, G. us^ese.
ST(R) **xá:ws-s, **xa:ws-ás > *h2ó:us(s), *h2áus(e)s
The Armenian forms are difficult. Perhaps n-stem ***xá:us-an-z > *h2ó:usn.(s) >
*u:sW-n > *uk`n > unkn, du. from oblique stem *h2áus(-an-): *h2áus-an-îh1 >
*á(u)sW-n.-ye(:) > *ak`n.ye > akanj^-. We also find n-stem extensions in Greek
(G. ous-n.(t)-os) and Germanic *auzo:n.
54. "family, kin"
Skt. jánas, jánasas, Arm. cin, Grk. génos, Lat. genus
A regular s-stem:
PD **gán-âs, **gan-ás-âs > *g^énos, *g^(e)nésos
The s-stem is then not derived from *g^enh1-, but from unextended *g^en-.
55. "mouse"
Skt. mú:s, Arm. mukn, Grk. mûs, muòs, Alb. mi, Lat. mu:s, OE mu:s, OCS mys^I
ROOT *mús-s, *mus-ás > *mú:ss, *musés
Apparently *ú did not develop to *é after *m-.
56. "goose"
Skt. ham.sás, f. ham.si:, Grk. khé:n, -ós, Lat. a:nser, OIr. géiss (*gansi:),
OHG gans, OE go:s, Lith. z^aNsìs, OCS goNsI
Either:
ST(R) **ghá:ns-z, **gha:ns-ás > *g^há:ns, *g^héns(e)s ?
or:
ROOT **gháns-z, **ghans-ás > *g^há:ns, *ghn.sés ?
57. "hair"
OHG ha:r (*k^é:r-o-), hursti (*kr.s-ti-), Lith. s^ery~s, s^iry~s, OCS sUrstI.
Perhaps:
ROOT(i:) *kí:rs-z, *ki:rs-ás > *k^é:rs, *kr.sés
58. "meat"
Skt. má:s (n.), them. ma:m.sá-, Arm. mis, msoy, Grk. mêninx, me:rós
(*me:(m)s-ro-), Alb. mish, Lat. membrum (*me:ms-ro-), OIr. mír, Goth. mimz, POr.
mensa:, OCS meNso, TochB n.pl. misa
ROOT **míms, **mims-ás > *mé:ms, *m(i)msés
59. "mouth"
Skt. á:s, Av. a:h-, Lat. o:s, o:ris, MIr. ás, ON o:ss, Hitt. ais, G. issas
ST(PD) **há:h-as, **ha:h-ás-âs > *h1óh1s, *h1éh1s(o)s
The Hittite paradigm suggests something like *h1oh1(e)s, *h1eh1sos.
60. "nose"
Skt. nasá:, ná:sa:, Av. na:h-, Lat. na:ris, na:sum, OE no:se, nasu, Lith. nósis,
OCS nasU.
ST(R) **na:(n)s, **na:(n)sás > *ná:s, *nás(e)s
A-vocalism by nasalization.
61. "sky, cloud"
All ordinary s-stems go like this:
PD *nábh-âs, *nabh-ás-âs > *nébhos, *n(e)bhésos
62. "comparative"
Skt. -ya:n (acc. -ya:m.sam), G. -yasas, n. -yas, Grk. -ío:n, G. -íous, n. -íon,
Lat. -ior, G. -io:ris, n. -ius, OCS -(I)jI, G. -jIs^a, n. -je
PD *-yâs-z, *-yás-âs n. *-yâs > *-yo:s, *-yésos ~ *-ísos, n. *-yos
LABIALS
63. "body"
Skt. kr.pá:, Av. k&r&fs^, k&hrp&m, Lat. corpus, -oris, MIr. crí, OHG hrëf, OE
hrif
ROOT **qráp-z, **qrap-ás > *kré:ps, *kr.pés
No real evidence for Nsg. *kré:ps (rather than *kréps).
64. "navel"
Skt. nábhya-, ná:bhi-, Av. (with *ph instead of *bh) na:fo:, Grk. omphalós, Lat.
umbili:cus, umbo:, OIr. imblin (*embilo:n-), OHG naba, nabala, OE nafu, nafela,
OPr. nabis, Latv. naba.
Perhaps:
ST(R) **pná:bh-z, **pna:bh-ás > *h3nó:bhs, *h3nébhs
DENTALS
65. "foot"
Skt. pá:t, padás, Av. pad-, Arm. otn, pl. otk`, Grk. pó:s/póus, G. podós, Lat.
pe:s, pedis, Goth. fo:tus, Hitt. pata-, Toch A pe, B pai.
ST(R) **pá:d-z, **pa:d-ás > *pó:ds, *péds
66. "heart"
Skt. obl. hr.d-, Arm. sirt, Grk. kêr, kêros, kardía:, Lat cor, cordis, OIr.
cride, Goth. haírto:, Lith. s^irdìs, OCS srUdIce, Hitt. ki:r, kardiyas
ROOT(i:) **kí:rd, **ki:rd-ás > *k^é:rd, *k^r.dés
67. "grandson"
Skt. nápa:t, náptr-, Av. napa:t, naptar-, Grk. (Hom.) népodes, Alb. nip, Lat.
nepo:s, -o:tis, OLith. nep(u)otis, OHG nevo, OE nefa, MIr. nïae, We nei, nai
As in the case *swéso:r, *swésr-, the paradigm *népo:ts, *népt- can only be
explained as a compound of *né + *pot- ("not able", cf. Lat. infans, Grk.
ne:pios, OIr. nóidiu, Pol. niemowle~, etc.)
[compound] **ná pá:t-z, **ná pa:t-ás > *népo:ts, *népt(o)s
68. "beer"
ON o,l, OE ealu(D), OPr. alu, Lith. alùs, OCS olI, Finnish (= PGmc.) olut.
AD **xálu-at, *xalu-át-âs > *h2álut, *h2(a)lutós
Stem ending in -u, extended by *-at-.
69. "honey"
Grk. méli, mélitos (verbal blitto:), Alb. mjal(të), Lat. mel, mellis, OIr. mil,
We. mel, Goth. miliT, Hitt. milit.
PD **máli-at, **mali-át-âs > mélit, *mlitós
Stem ending in -u, extended by *-at-.
Armenian meLr (< *merur), G. meLu belongs with Skt. mádhu, Av. maDu-, Grk.
méthu, OIr. mid, G. medo, MIr medb (*medhwo-) "intoxicated", We. medd, ON
mjo,Dr, OE meodo, Lith. medùs, OCS medU, TochB mit to an u/r paradigm:
**mádh-ûn, **madh-ún-âs > *médhwo(r) [normalized *médhu], *m(e)dhwós
70. "milk"
Latin and Greek only: Grk. gála, gálaktos, Lat. lac. lactis. Perhaps:
PD **Gálaqt, **Galáqtas > *gál(a)kt, *glákts
71. "night"
Skt. nák, nákta:, Grk. núx, nu:któs, Alb. natë, Lat. nox, noctis, OIr. in-nocht,
Goth. nahts, Lith. naktìs, OCS nos^tI, neto-pyrI "bat"< "nightflyer", Hitt. G.
nekkuz. ToA. n(a)ktim
AD(u:) **nú:k-at-z, **nu:k-át-âs > *nókWts, *nukWtós (norm. *nekWtós)
T/S-stems
72. "moon, month"
Skt. má:s, má:sa-, Av. må:, G. må:ngho:, Arm. amis, amsoy, Grk. mé:n (meís,
mé:s), G. me:nós, mé:ne:, Alb. muai, Lat. me:nsis, OIt. mí, G. mís, We. mis,
Goth. me:na (moon), me:no:Ts (month), OHG ma:no (moon), ma:no:t (month), Lith.
mé:nuo, mé:nesis, OCS me:se~cI, TochA mañ, B meñe, mem.
PD **mát-nût-z, **mat-nút-âs > *méh1nots, *m(e)h1nésos
A number of the above forms show a contracted form *mé:(n)s-.
73. ptc.pf.act.
Skt. m. -vá:n, acc. -vá:m.sam, G. -ús.as, n. -vát, f. -us.í:
Grk. m. -ó:s, acc. -óta, G. -ótos, n. -ós, f. -uîa
OCS m. -U, acc. -Us^I, G. -Us^a, n. -U/-Us^e, f. -Us^i
PD m. *-ût-z, acc. *-ût-m, G. *-út-âs -n. *-ût, f. *-út-ih2 >
m. *-wo:ts, acc. *-wotm., G. *-úsos, n. -wot, f. *-úsih2
VELAR STEMS
74. "voice"
Skt. vá:k, vá:c-, Av. va:xs^-, Lat. vo:x, vo:cis, Toch A wak, B wek
ST *wú:kW-s, *wu:kW-ás > wó:kWs, *(w)ukWés (??)
Oblique form hard to determine.
75. "village"
Skt. vík, vís'-, Av. vi:s-, Alb. vis, Goth. weihs, weihsis, OCS vIsI
ROOT *wáyk-s, *wayk-ás > *wéik^s, *wik^és
Thematic form with o-grade (Grk. oikos, Lat. vi:cus, ve:cus). Vrddhi?
76. "nail"
Skt. áNghri-, nakhá- (with *kh for *gh), Arm. eLungn, Grk. ónux, ónukhos, Lat.
unguis, ungula, OIr. ingen, OWe. eguin, OHG nagel, Lith. nãgas, nagà, OCS noga
ROOT(u:) **knú:gh-z (**pn-?), *knu:gh-ás > *h3nóghWs, *h3n(u)ghWés
=======================
Miguel Carrasquer Vidal
mcv@...