Re: Urartu.

Assarhaddon provides a single Cimmerian personal name,
Teuspa, possibly a high chief. Teuspa or Teu-spa is
possibly similar to the Greek Teuhw-or proto-celt
Teuga- meaning axe and the root word spa meaning a
scyth's stroke.

Teuhw-spa
Teuga-spadh

Teu may also be derived from the root word found in
Teutates a Celt deity often associated with the war
gods Aries/Mars.

If so Teu-spa may mean something like the war god Teu's
scyth stroke or Teu smites

The Scythians were driven west by the Massagetae.
Herodotus indicates the Massagetae inhabited the
region southern Volga Basin northwest and west of the
Caspian: Hdt. 1.201, Hdt. 1.204-208, Hdt. 1.211-214.

Its clear that when Herodotus states the Scyths were
driven over the Araxen river he's referring to the
Volga. Hdt.1.202.4 to de hen tôn stomatôn tou Araxeô
rheei dia katharou es tên Kaspiên thalassan.

Rendered
However, from it's start to mouth though out the Araxeô
flows unsoiled into the Kaspiên sea.

Turen is the river that the main body crossed
when they departed Kimmeria. Turen or Tyran was a
Greek colonial city on the west bank of the Dniester
near Belgorod-Dnestrovskii. It is mentioned by several
ancient sources and was established in the 6th
century. B.C., was destroyed by the Getae in the
mid 1st century but recovered to be destroyed around
240 A.D. The Greeks called the Dniester, Tytan after
the colony. Thus, Herodotus says indirectly that
after a period of civil war that the main body of
the Kimmeri moved west over the Dniester into
Eastern Europe as a smaller group retreated
southeast and south into Asia Minor. By this
Herodotus indicates the western boundary of Kimmeria
was the Dniester.

The Russian rivers Dnieper and Dniester
(earlier Danapris and Danastius, respectively)
Reconstructable as Danu apara and Danu ast
Danu similar to Danu a proto-celt deity often
associated with riverine settings and pastoralism
apara similar to proto-celt abron Greek aparo Old
Irish iar meaning After

ast similar to Old Irish arsid meaning Before

The Dnieper and Dniester river names have been
linked to the Scythian and an Indo-Iranian language.
However, I suggest that these terms may be more
closely associated with the so-called Kimmeri
culture and a pro-Celt or proto p-Celt/I Euro
language group instead. They may represent the
pre-eight century eastern (Dnieper) and western
(Deniester) boundaries of Greater Kimmeria?
The perceived Indo-Iranian aspect may just be
an overlay?

I know the use of proto p-Celt/I Euro may appear
out of place, but I know of no other descriptive
term for a late Bronze Age east-west differentiation
of proto-I Euro languages. The geographic scope and
diversity-scale of cultural assimilation of this
language group alone demands such a conceptualization.
Maybe it should be called east proto-I Euro and west
proto-I Euro instead of proto-Celt and proto
p-Celt/I Euro.




JS Crary