Messages 7100-9652 and 14000-18238 are indexed here. See Unindexed Messages for exceptions.
|
Sound Change |
Scope |
|
|---|---|---|
|
dzv- > z- |
Albanian |
|
|
gli > gi |
Albanian |
|
|
gw > g |
Albanian |
|
|
kt > t |
Albanian |
|
|
kW > k |
Albanian |
|
|
kWt > t |
Albanian |
|
|
l. > li |
Albanian |
|
|
Palatalisation |
Albanian |
|
|
tsw > dzv |
Albanian |
|
|
wts > tsw |
Albanian |
|
|
H > h |
Albanian |
|
|
sp >p |
Albanian |
|
|
h1t > d |
Armenian |
|
|
RUKI |
Armenian |
|
|
w > G > g |
Armenian |
|
|
r. > ar |
Armenian |
|
|
th<n> > tH |
Armenian |
|
|
s- > h- |
Armenian |
|
|
H > h |
Armenian |
|
|
V'CiV > 'V~CiV |
Baltic |
|
|
o > o: / _gW, Winter's law |
Balto-Slavonic |
12161, 12164, 12166, 12171 |
|
V:RC > VRC + acute |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
rh1 > i:r | -C_C- |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
erh1 > e:r | -C_C- |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
erh2 > e:r | -C_C- |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
r. > Ir / Ur |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
n. > In / Un |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
V: > V: + acute |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
V: > V: + circumflex |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
Mobilisation of oxytone vowel stems |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
Saussure's law |
Lithuanian |
|
|
Saussure's law |
Slavonic |
|
|
Saussure's law |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
Pedersen's law (polarisation of mobility) |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
CHV > CV: + acute (?) |
Balto-Slavonic |
|
|
pl- (Latin) > l- |
Basque |
|
|
-bb- > -p- |
Basque |
|
|
g > h |
Belorussian |
|
|
s- > h- |
Brythonic |
|
|
st- > s- |
Brythonic |
|
|
lenition |
Brythonic |
|
|
er > re^ > rja |
Bulgarian |
|
|
o~ > & |
Bulgarian |
|
|
L > j |
Catalan dialects |
|
|
p > Ø |
Celtic |
|
|
r > Ri &c |
Celtic |
|
|
rh1 > ra: | -C_C- |
Celtic |
|
|
d > dZ | _i |
Czech |
|
|
er > r^e |
Czech, Slovak |
|
|
ol > la |
Czech, Slovak |
|
|
g > h |
Czech, Slovak |
|
|
ea > a / labial_ |
Daco-Romanian |
|
|
e?G > e?I >aI? |
Danish |
|
|
-g > -G > -w > -v |
Danish |
|
|
ht > t |
Danish |
|
|
ø?G > ø?I > oI? |
Danish |
|
|
-r# > -o |
Danish |
|
|
þ > d |
Danish |
|
|
þ > t |
Danish |
|
|
tj > k |
Danish |
|
|
g > k | _{resonant} |
Danish |
|
|
r > r_0 | {p, t, k} |
Danish |
|
|
g > k | _{resonant} |
Catalan |
|
|
ð > y |
Danish (dialect) |
|
|
B > f, G > x (intervocalic) |
Danish dialect (Sønderjysk) |
|
|
f > x |
Dutch |
|
|
w > V |
Dutch |
|
|
Apparent swapping of /v/ and /w/ |
Dutch, Victorian Cockney |
|
|
el > olo |
East Slavic |
|
|
er > ere |
East Slavic |
|
|
ol > olo |
East Slavic |
|
|
ht > t |
English |
|
|
ju: > u: / C_ |
English |
|
|
Merger of <ee> and <ea> |
English |
|
|
sk > S |
English |
|
|
sk > S |
English |
|
|
er > ar | _C |
English |
|
|
Vh > V: |
English |
|
|
gj > ddZ |
English, Old |
|
|
þ > f |
English dialects |
|
|
r > V |
English idiolect |
|
|
t > ?t |
English |
|
|
t > ? |
Estuarine |
|
|
Ca > Ø | #_ |
Etruscan |
8650 , 8652 , 8655 , 8662 , 8694 , 8698 , 8701 , 8708 , 8710 |
|
e > Ø | _# |
French |
|
|
o > Ø | _# |
French |
|
|
œ~ > E~ |
French |
|
|
st > :t / V_ |
French |
|
|
w > V > v |
French |
|
|
e: > oi |
French |
|
|
h > Ø |
French |
|
|
d > dZ | _I |
French (Quebecois) |
|
|
h > hp |
Gaelic, Scots |
|
|
n > Ø | V_V |
Gascon |
|
|
ll > th |
Gascon |
|
|
ll > r |
Gascon |
|
|
r > arr | #_ |
Gascon |
|
|
f > h |
Gascon |
|
|
d > r ( r- > d-) |
|
|
|
VsC > V?C |
General |
|
|
w > B > b |
General |
|
|
w > G |
General |
|
|
w > G > g |
General |
|
|
w > GW > gW |
General |
|
|
w > V > v |
General |
|
|
w > W > f |
General |
|
|
w > xW |
General |
|
|
g > k | _{resonant} |
General |
|
|
tt > d |
General |
|
|
palatalisation |
General |
|
|
g > j |
German (Berlin) |
|
|
Voicing of initial fricatives |
German, Dutch |
|
|
s > z |
German |
|
|
g > x |
German |
|
|
Grimm's Law |
Germanic |
|
|
gw > g/w |
Germanic |
|
|
kW > kw |
Germanic |
|
|
kW > f |
Germanic |
|
|
gWH > b |
Germanic |
|
|
ml > bl (?) |
Germanic |
|
|
Mobile to fixed stress |
Germanic |
|
|
mr > br (?) |
Germanic |
|
|
Nasal gemination |
Germanic |
|
|
o > a & a: > o: |
Germanic |
|
|
r > ur &c |
Germanic |
|
|
Verner's law |
Germanic |
|
|
VN > / V:_x |
Germanic |
|
|
rh1 > ur | -C_C- |
Germanic |
|
|
glide gemination |
Germanic |
|
|
& > a |
Germanic |
|
|
r. > ur |
Germanic |
|
|
-ln- > -ll- |
Germanic |
|
|
-ln- > -nn- |
Germanic |
|
|
e > ja |
Germanic, North |
|
|
e > jo |
Germanic, North |
|
|
er > jer, el > jel |
Germanic, North |
|
|
gj > ggj &c |
Germanic, West |
|
|
p > pp | V'_ |
Germanic, West |
|
|
t > tt | V'_ |
Old English |
|
|
dl > gl |
Greek |
|
|
gj/dj/gWj > z-/d-/-z-/-sd-/-dd- |
Greek |
|
|
h2o > a |
Greek |
|
|
kj,tj > t-/s-/-tt-/-ss- |
Greek |
12390 |
|
-tw- > -tt-/-ss- |
Greek |
12390 |
|
tw- > s- |
Greek |
|
|
-tHj-, -kHj-, -kWj-, kWHj- > -tt-, -ss- |
Greek |
12390 |
|
kW > p / ? |
Greek |
|
|
kW > t /_{e, I} &c |
Greek |
|
|
kWV > ku (optional?) |
Greek |
|
|
rh2 > ra: |
Greek |
|
|
rh3 > ro: |
Greek |
|
|
VkW > uk (optional?) |
Greek |
|
|
km, khm, gm > Nm |
Greek |
|
|
rh1 > re: | -C_C- |
Greek |
|
|
r. > ra / ar |
Greek |
|
|
py > pt |
Greek |
|
|
s- > h- |
Greek |
|
|
bh > ph |
Greek |
|
|
w > Ø |
Greek |
|
|
w > v |
Greek, dialects |
|
|
ph > f |
Greek, modern |
|
|
n. > a |
Greek, Sanskrit |
|
|
h1t > tH |
Greek, Sanskrit |
|
|
h2t > tH |
Greek, Sanskrit |
|
|
th<n> > tH |
Greek, Sanskrit |
|
|
v > b |
Hindi |
|
|
g^H > k | #_ |
Hittite |
|
|
VyV > VV |
Hittite |
|
|
r. > ar |
Hittite |
|
|
p > hp |
Icelandic |
|
|
ks > s^ |
Iranian |
|
|
s > h |
Iranian |
|
|
w > W > f |
Irish |
|
|
gw > b |
Irish |
|
|
lenition |
Irish |
|
|
degemination |
Irish |
|
|
-dd > -t |
Irish |
|
|
r. > or |
Italic |
|
|
th<n> > tH |
Italic |
|
|
bh > f |
Italic |
|
|
e > Ø | _# ?! |
Italian |
|
|
p > h |
Japanese |
|
|
tu > ts(u) |
Japanese |
|
|
or > ar | _C |
Kashubian |
|
|
bH > b / f |
Latin |
|
|
dH > b/ d / f |
Latin |
|
|
e > i | _N |
Latin |
|
|
eu > i: |
Latin |
|
|
h2o > a |
Latin |
|
|
ke > ka |
Latin |
|
|
kw > k |
Latin |
|
|
kw -> k / _{V round} |
Latin |
|
|
l > r |
Latin |
|
|
Lachmann's law – VGt > V:Ct |
Latin |
14125 , 14129 , 14138 , 14139 , 14140 , 14144 , 14145 , 14146 , 14153 , 14154 , 14155 , 14157 , 14159 |
|
rh1 > ra: | -C_C- |
Latin |
|
|
ai > ae |
Latin |
|
|
oi > oe |
Latin |
|
|
tl > ll |
Latin |
|
|
tl > cl |
Latin |
|
|
tn > nn |
Latin |
|
|
rl > ll |
Latin |
|
|
ae > e: |
Latin, 'rural' |
|
|
au > o: |
Latin, 'rural' |
|
|
ks > ss |
Latin, Late |
|
|
Hirt's law |
Lithuanian |
|
|
Leskien's law (final acutes shorten) |
Lithuanian |
|
|
Nieminen's law |
Lithuanian |
|
|
RUKI |
Lithuanian |
|
|
g > j |
Low German |
|
|
k^ > S (TBC) |
Luwian |
|
|
g^H > Ø |
Luwian |
|
|
o~ > a |
Macedonian |
|
|
cv > sp |
Median, Avestan |
|
|
kt > xt |
Modern Greek |
|
|
h > Ø |
Modern Greek |
|
|
kt > tt (TBC) |
Modern Greek – of Italy |
|
|
w- > v- |
Most IE |
7623 , 7625 , 7636 , 7637 , 7638 , 7640 , 7643 , 7658 , 7661 , 7662 , 7663 , 7664 , 7690 , 7788 |
|
hw > kv |
Norwegian |
|
|
hw > kw |
Norwegian |
|
|
Ur > rU |
OCS |
|
|
Liquid metathesis |
Old English |
|
|
p- > k- (loans) |
Old Irish |
|
|
a-Breaking |
Old Norse |
|
|
a-Umlaut |
Old Norse |
|
|
i-Umlaut |
Old Norse |
|
|
-nt/k- > -tt/kk- |
Old Norse |
|
|
u-Breaking |
Old Norse |
|
|
u-Umlaut |
Old Norse |
|
|
w > Æ / #_o,u |
Old Norse |
|
|
j > Æ / #_o,u |
Old Norse |
|
|
wr- > r- |
Old Norse |
|
|
cv > s |
Old Persian |
|
|
accent shift |
Old Prussian |
|
|
kW > p |
Osco-Umbrian |
|
|
rj -> l |
Ossetic |
|
|
w > b |
Pali |
|
|
bh > b + low tone |
Panjabi |
|
|
w > G |
Parachi |
|
|
|
Pre-PIE (Glen) |
|
|
Laryngeal smoothing |
PIE |
|
|
g^h2 > g^H |
PIE |
|
|
h1k > g |
PIE |
|
|
h2y > y |
PIE |
|
|
h1t > tH |
PIE |
|
|
h2t > tH |
PIE |
|
|
Loss of /y/ next to stressed thematic |
PIE |
|
|
m > Ø | V:_s (Stang's law) |
PIE |
|
|
n > r | _# |
PIE |
|
|
y > Ø | VH_C#, VH_CC |
PIE |
|
|
Miguel's rules |
PIE |
|
|
a:, u: > o, e: > e |
PIE |
|
|
a:, u: > a |
PIE |
|
|
Edgerton's law |
PIE |
|
|
t > t? / {high tone} (?) |
PIE |
|
|
tW > s |
PIE |
|
|
ke > ka |
PIE |
|
|
kWe > kWa |
PIE |
|
|
h2e > h2a |
PIE |
|
|
eh2 > ah2 |
PIE |
|
|
h3e > o |
PIE |
|
|
eh3 > o |
PIE |
|
|
-V:NC- > -aC- |
PIE |
|
|
mbH ~ mb |
PIE |
|
|
Szemerényi lengthening |
PIE |
|
|
Rasmussen's initial accent rule |
PIE |
|
|
&2 > a |
IE (except Indo-Iranian) |
|
|
er > re > rze |
Polish |
|
|
gje > ge |
Polish |
|
|
õ > om &c. |
Polish |
|
|
ol > lo |
Polish |
|
|
e^ > a |
Polish |
|
|
Ir > Ur |
Polish |
|
|
r^ > r | _{apical} |
Polish |
|
|
Ur > &r > ar |
Polish |
|
|
Ir > j&r > ir / er |
Polish |
|
|
I > Ø or e + palatal |
Polish |
|
|
ir(z) > ier(z) |
Polish |
|
|
U > Ø or e |
Polish |
|
|
Ur > ar | _C |
Polish |
|
|
e~, o~ > a~ |
Polish |
|
|
compensatory lengthening |
Polish |
|
|
a~ > e~ |
Polish |
|
|
a~: > o~ |
Polish |
|
|
#o- > #wo- |
Polish dialects |
|
|
L > j |
Portuguese dialects |
|
|
-anum > a~w |
Portuguese |
|
|
-onem > a~w |
Portuguese |
|
|
-anem > a~w |
Portuguese |
|
|
-anes > a~y |
Portuguese |
|
|
-ones > o~y |
Portuguese |
|
|
r. > ri |
Prakrit |
|
|
n > r |
Proto-Hattic |
|
|
e: > ik |
Rhaeto-Romance |
|
|
ae > e: | k_ |
Romance |
|
|
di- > j- |
Romance |
|
|
g > Ø |
Romance |
|
|
k>c |
Romance |
|
|
kw > k |
Romance |
|
|
oe > e: |
Romance |
|
|
oe > e: | k_ |
Romance |
|
|
Palatalisation |
Romance |
|
|
ske >, ski > |
Romance |
|
|
v > b | #_ |
Romance |
|
|
h > Ø |
Romance |
|
|
w > v |
Romance |
|
|
b > v |
Romance |
|
|
ae > E |
Romance |
|
|
au > au |
Romance, Eastern |
|
|
e > E |
Romance |
|
|
e: > e |
Romance |
|
|
i > e |
Romance |
|
|
i: > i |
Romance |
|
|
o > O |
Romance, Eastern |
|
|
o: > o |
Romance, Eastern |
|
|
-s > -i |
Romance, Eastern |
14398 , 14414 , 14418 , 14426 , 14439 , 14550 , 14650
|
|
u > u |
Romance, Eastern |
|
|
u: > u |
Romance, Eastern |
|
|
au > O (sporadic) |
Romance, Western |
|
|
o > O |
Romance, Western |
|
|
o: > o |
Romance, Western |
|
|
u > o |
Romance, Western |
|
|
u: > u |
Romance, Western |
|
|
a > ä | _C(C)i# |
Romanian |
|
|
a > â | nC |
Romanian |
|
|
a > e after palatal |
Romanian |
|
|
a > ä (unstressed) |
Romanian |
|
|
a > e (unstressed, after palatal) |
Romanian |
|
|
a > â | _N |
Romanian |
|
|
cl > chi |
Romanian |
|
|
di > dZ |
Romanian |
|
|
dz > z |
Romanian |
|
|
e > ã | {labial}_(C)u |
Romanian |
|
|
e > I | _nC |
Romanian |
|
|
E > e | _nc |
Romanain |
|
|
e > ie |
Romanian |
|
|
e > iea / '_C©[e|a] |
Romanian |
|
|
e: > ea / '_C©[e|a] |
Romanian |
|
|
ea > a | P_ |
Romanian |
|
|
ea > e / _Cne |
Romanian, Northern |
|
|
-ella > -ea |
Romanian |
|
|
en > in |
Romanian |
|
|
en > în (unstressed) |
Romanian |
|
|
En > ien |
Romanian |
|
|
-ge-, -gi- > S |
Romanian |
|
|
gn > mn |
Romanian |
|
|
i > a (composite rule) |
Romanian |
|
|
i > 1 | _NC |
Romanian |
|
|
i > ^ (final, unstressed) |
Romanian |
|
|
iea > ia / s_ |
Romanian |
|
|
iea > ia | _C©[e|a] |
Romanian |
|
|
iea > ia |
Romanian |
|
|
in > în |
Romanian |
|
|
kl > ki |
Romanian |
|
|
ks > ps |
Romanian |
|
|
kt > pt |
Romanian |
|
|
kw > p |
Romanian |
|
|
kwe > ke |
Romanian |
|
|
li > i | _V |
Romanian |
|
|
o > oa / _C©[e|a] |
Romanian |
|
|
o > u (unstressed) |
Romanian |
|
|
o > u | _nC |
Romanian |
|
|
l > r |
Romanian |
|
|
n > r |
Romanian |
|
|
r > n |
Romanian |
|
|
ri > rî |
Romanian |
|
|
ll > r |
Romanian |
|
|
ll > l |
Romanian |
|
|
a > o |
Romanian |
|
|
st > St | _e |
Romanian |
|
|
st > St | _I |
Romanian |
|
|
stS > St |
Romanian |
15326 , 15334 , 15336 , 15341 , 15369 , 15378 , 15406 , 15409 |
|
t > tz / i, j |
Romanian |
14579 , 15440 , 15441 , 15446 , 15458 , 15462 , 16972 , 16973 , 16984 , 17016 , 17175 , 17291 |
|
ky, ty > tz or tS |
Romanian |
|
|
bl > b (no!) |
Romanian |
|
|
rl > l |
Romanian |
|
|
ps > s | "V |
Romanian |
|
|
u > i after palatal |
Romanian |
|
|
u > 0 | _# |
Romanian |
|
|
ks > S | #_ |
Romanian (via substrate) |
|
|
dZ > Z |
Romanian subdialects |
|
|
g^ > dZ |
Romanian subdialects |
|
|
k, t > k^ | _{e,I} (TBC) |
Romanian subdialects |
|
|
p > k^ | _{e,I} (TBC) |
Romanian subdialects |
|
|
sk > Sk | _{e,I} |
Romanian subdialects |
|
|
sl > skl |
Romanian subdialects |
|
|
Fricative /G/ <-> /v/ |
Russian |
|
|
g > h or G |
Russian (dialects) |
|
|
Bartholomae's Law |
Sanskrit |
|
|
l.d > ud. |
Sanskrit |
|
|
Brugmann's law |
Sanskrit |
|
|
Grassmann's Law |
Sanskrit |
|
|
h2 (vocalic) > hi |
Sanskrit |
|
|
ks > ks. |
Sanskrit |
|
|
mr > br |
Sanskrit |
|
|
S > s. |
Sanskrit |
|
|
St > s.t. |
Sanskrit |
|
|
Szeremény lengthening (morphological o > a:) |
Sanskrit |
|
|
VzC > V?C |
Sanskrit |
|
|
rh1 > i:r / u:r | -C_C- |
Sanskrit |
|
|
& > i |
Sanskrit |
|
|
Palatalisation |
Sanskrit |
|
|
ae > e |
Sardinian |
|
|
au > a |
Sardinian |
|
|
e > e |
Sardinian |
|
|
e: > e |
Sardinian |
|
|
I > I |
Sardinian |
|
|
I: > I |
Sardinian |
|
|
kW > p |
Sardinian |
|
|
o > o |
Sardinian |
|
|
o: > o |
Sardinian |
|
|
u > u |
Sardinian |
|
|
u: > u |
Sardinian |
|
|
kW > k |
Satem |
|
|
sk > S |
Scandinavian |
|
|
er > re / r(I)je / ri |
Serbo-Croat |
|
|
b > ?b |
Sindhi |
|
|
-dm- > -m- |
Slavonic |
|
|
-e:r > I |
Slavonic |
|
|
ge > z^e |
Slavonic |
|
|
S (Germanic) > x (Slavonic) (No!) |
|
|
|
Latin, Greek f > Slav p |
|
|
|
I, U > Ø |
Slavonic |
|
|
Havlík's law |
Slavonic, some |
|
|
f > h |
Sardinian |
|
|
k > b, k > v (No!) |
Slavonic |
|
|
kt > t |
Slavonic |
|
|
kti > tjI |
Slavonic |
|
|
Liquid metathesis (generally) |
Slavonic |
|
|
-o:n > y |
Slavonic |
|
|
-o:r > y |
Slavonic |
|
|
o~ > u |
Slavonic (most) |
|
|
r. > Ir or Ur |
Slavonic |
|
|
r. > various |
Slavonic |
|
|
RUKI |
Slavonic |
|
|
-tm- > -dm- (?) |
Slavonic |
|
|
-tn- > -n- |
Slavonic |
|
|
V > V: | _{b,d,g,j} Winter's law (TBC) |
Slavonic |
|
|
Dybo's law |
Slavonic |
|
|
Stang's law |
Slavonic |
|
|
-sy- > -s- |
Slavonic |
|
|
0 > h, w | #_ |
Slavonic |
|
|
s > h | _# |
Slavonic |
|
|
o~ > o |
Slovene |
|
|
ol > la |
South Slavic |
|
|
e > Ø | _# |
Spanish |
|
|
f > h > Ø |
Spanish |
|
|
Ø > e | p_# |
Spanish |
|
|
VsC > V?C |
Spanish |
|
|
w > B > b |
Spanish |
|
|
L > j |
Spanish dialects |
|
|
g~ > m |
Sumerian |
|
|
g > j |
Swedish |
|
|
k > ç |
Swedish |
|
|
d > t |
Thracian |
|
|
di > z |
Thracian |
|
|
g^H > z |
Thracian |
|
|
k^w > sb |
Thracian |
|
|
kW > p (No!) |
Thracian |
|
|
w > b |
Thracian |
|
|
kW > k |
Thracian |
|
|
p, b, bH > p |
Tocharian |
|
|
t, d, dH > t No! |
Tocharian |
|
|
k, g, gH > k |
Tocharian |
|
|
i > y |
Ukrainian |
|
|
o > i |
Ukrainian |
|
|
e > i |
Ukrainian |
|
|
g > G or h |
Ukrainian |
|
|
g > h |
Upper Sorbian |
|
|
t > tz / _i, j (no!) |
Vegliote |
|
|
Loss of epenthetic vowels |
Welsh |
|
|
w > GW > gW |
Welsh |
|
|
tt > th |
Welsh |
|
|
-tt- > -ss- |
Western IE |
Web page last updated 15 December 2019. Index last updated 8 August 2003.
Faults may be reported to Richard Wordingham. Broken links and unreadable pages will be dealt with urgently. Indexing errors have much lower priority. Before reporting omissions, please check that the message is not listed in the list of Unindexed Messages.